Suchergebnisse

Public Health England (PHE) worked with the Association of Directors of Public Health (ADPH) and the Local Government Association (LGA) to develop a masterclass to understand what PHE could do to support directors and consultants of public health to embed health and health equity in all policies at a local level. These documents provide a full report and executive summary of 2 pilot masterclasses held on: 25 February 2015 in London 17 March 2015 in Manchester The masterclasses aimed to: frame public health challenges and use appropriate language within the context of overarching local authority priorities effectively position health and wellbeing in the context of competing (and sometimes conflicting) policy agendas engage wider service and policy areas in the pursuit of health and health equity within current economic and funding contexts

People of color and the poor die younger than the White and prosperous. And when they are alive, they are sicker. Health inequity is morally tragic. But it is also economically inefficient, raising the nation's healthcare bill and lowering productivity. The COVID pandemic only, albeit dramatically, highlights these pre-existing inequities. COVID sufferers of color die at twice the rate of Whites. The cause, in large part, is structural inequality and racism. Neither the popular nor the scholarly discussion of healthcare inequity, while robust, has translated into palpable and rapid progress. This article describes why health inequity has so far proven intractable. In the healthcare system, no one actor has both adequate incentive and adequate wherewithal to create progress. The healthcare system cannot solve the problem alone. To jumpstart reform, the article suggests a new regulatory approach, grounded in principles of democratic experimentalism and cooperative federalism. It draws inspiration from the examples that the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the Clean Air Act provide. A federal health equity mandate, with funding and penalties for state non-compliance, will spur collaboration between federal, state, local, public, and private entities and start the USA on the path to remediating healthcare's inequities.

This paper examines the social and theoretical underpinning of women's participation in health equity and safety. Despite various policies and legal entitlements health inequities have been persistence at a national and global level. Women's risk factors associated with age, geographical domain, political turbulence and with a different section of groups namely childhood, adolescence, pregnancy, elderly, working, urban, rural, etc. Health equity as human rights, need women's active participation to accelerate development. The theory of Education/participation by Freire (1968) provides social strategies and psychological understanding of the oppressed mass to induce a change in the larger systems. The theories directed to the social system's objectives and all its components with practical orientation kindle functionalities that are precise and clearer. Based on the education theory four levels of participation have been examined to study women's participation for health equity at Perambakkam (South Chennai) displaced community. The health assumption has been examined with the support of empirical evidence to justify the incidence of health inequity in the community which is a matter of concern. The analysis suggests twelve principles of participation of women to demand health equity. The finding suggest that effective participation is one that is initiated from below, voluntary, organized, direct, continuous, and broad in scope and empowered. Indirect participation may be quite appropriate and satisfactory in some situations. Ideal performance is the result of ideal conditions. Although advocacy for participation waxes and wanes, in today's context it has been recognized as the most important governance principle for change in health equity.

Intro -- Cancer Health Equity Research -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1. Ovarian cancer -- 2. Breast cancer -- 3. Prostate cancer -- 4. Cervical cancer -- 5. Patient navigation -- 6. Community outreach and engagement -- 7. Summary -- Reference -- Chapter One: Racial/ethnic disparities in ovarian cancer research -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Disparities in ovarian cancer incidence rates in the United States -- 3. Disparities in ovarian cancer mortality rates in the United States -- 4. Disparities in ovarian cancer survival in the United States -- 5. Differences in tumor characteristics by race/ethnicity -- 6. Epidemiologic characteristics contributing to ovarian cancer etiology -- 7. Genetic and molecular epidemiology of ovarian cancer -- 7.1. Genetic susceptibility and mutations -- 7.1.1. Highly penetrant susceptibility genes -- 7.1.2. Common variants -- 7.2. Gene expression subtypes of high-grade serous ovarian cancer -- 8. Disparities in treatment and access to care by race/ethnicity -- 9. Challenges in studying racial/ethnic disparities in ovarian cancer -- References -- Chapter Two: Age-related disparities in older women with breast cancer -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Prognosis in older breast cancer survivors -- 3. Age-related differences in tumor biology -- 4. Breast cancer screening in older women -- 5. Breast cancer treatment in older women -- 5.1. Treatment considerations -- 5.2. Patterns of locoregional treatments -- 5.2.1. Surgery -- 5.2.2. Radiation therapy -- 5.3. Systemic therapy -- 5.3.1. Endocrine therapy -- 5.3.1.1. Primary endocrine therapy -- 5.3.2. Chemotherapy -- 5.3.3. Anti-HER2 therapy -- 5.4. Summary -- 6. Breast cancer survivorship in older women -- 7. Clinical trial considerations -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading.

Intro -- THE QUEST FOR HEALTH EQUITY -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1: Health and Health Inequity: Definitions, Epidemiology and Data Sources -- Abstract -- Defining Health and Health Inequity -- Epidemiology of Health Inequities: Do Health Inequities Exist? -- National Statistics on Health Inequities -- State-Level Health Inequities Statistics -- Health Inequities Statistics by Neighborhood -- Small Numbers or No Numbers -- Appendix: Additional Data Sources on Health Disparities -- Chapter 2: Health Disparities Measurements: No Tools is No Excuse for Bad Tools -- Abstract -- Race and Ethnicity Measurements -- The Black-White Mortality Crossover -- The Hispanic Mortality Paradox -- Statistical Discrimination, A.K.A. Clinical Uncertainty -- Chapter 3: Institutionalized Causes of Health Inequities and the Social Determinants of Health -- Abstract -- The Vicious Cycle of Health Disparities -- Chapter 4: Personally-Mediated Mechanisms of Health Disparities -- Abstract -- Chapter 5: Internalized Causes of Health Disparities or "The White Man's Ice Is Colder" -- Abstract -- Stereotype Threat -- Historical Trauma -- The "Doll" Experiments -- Chapter 6: Cultural Competence and Cross-Cultural Communication in Health Care -- Abstract -- Cross-Cultural Communication Models -- Acculturation -- When Cultures Are Wrong -- Stereotype Control -- Chapter 7: Language Related Barriers: Interpretation and Translation in Health and Health Care -- Abstract -- Chapter 8: Academic and Financial Aspects in Health Inequities -- Abstract -- Under-Representation of Minorities in the Health care Professions -- Cost and Business Aspects of Health Inequities -- Market Justice versus Social Justice -- Chapter 9: Community Engagement, Empowerment and Capacity-Building -- Abstract.

Informal settlement upgrading is widely recognized for enhancing shelter and promoting economic development, yet its potential to improve health equity is usually overlooked. Almost one in seven people on the planet are expected to reside in urban informal settlements, or slums, by 2030. Slum upgrading is the process of delivering place-based environmental and social improvements to the urban poor, including land tenure, housing, infrastructure, employment, health services and political and social inclusion. The processes and products of slum upgrading can address multiple environmental determinants of health. This paper reviewed urban slum upgrading evaluations from cities across Asia, Africa and Latin America and found that few captured the multiple health benefits of upgrading. With the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) focused on improving well-being for billions of city-dwellers, slum upgrading should be viewed as a key strategy to promote health, equitable development and reduce climate change vulnerabilities. We conclude with suggestions for how slum upgrading might more explicitly capture its health benefits, such as through the use of health impact assessment (HIA) and adopting an urban health in all policies (HiAP) framework. Urban slum upgrading must be more explicitly designed, implemented and evaluated to capture its multiple global environmental health benefits.

Informal settlement upgrading is widely recognized for enhancing shelter and promoting economic development, yet its potential to improve health equity is usually overlooked. Almost one in seven people on the planet are expected to reside in urban informal settlements, or slums, by 2030. Slum upgrading is the process of delivering place-based environmental and social improvements to the urban poor, including land tenure, housing, infrastructure, employment, health services and political and social inclusion. The processes and products of slum upgrading can address multiple environmental determinants of health. This paper reviewed urban slum upgrading evaluations from cities across Asia, Africa and Latin America and found that few captured the multiple health benefits of upgrading. With the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) focused on improving well-being for billions of city-dwellers, slum upgrading should be viewed as a key strategy to promote health, equitable development and reduce climate change vulnerabilities. We conclude with suggestions for how slum upgrading might more explicitly capture its health benefits, such as through the use of health impact assessment (HIA) and adopting an urban health in all policies (HiAP) framework. Urban slum upgrading must be more explicitly designed, implemented and evaluated to capture its multiple global environmental health benefits.