Suchergebnisse

Background Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a severe condition associated with high mortality. Early brain injury (EBI) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of SAH, and inflammation is a major contributor to EBI. Inflammation is a widely studied topic in both experimental and clinical conditions; however, just a few clinical studies have focused primarily on the early inflammatory response after SAH, and detailed information about the association between the dynamics of early inflammatory response with main clinical characteristics is lacking. This study analyzes the early dynamics of inflammatory response after SAH and evaluates the possible associations between the markers of early inflammatory response and main clinical characteristics.
Patients and Methods A total of 47 patients with a diagnosis of aneurysmal SAH within the last 24 hours were enrolled in the study. All treatments, including treatment of aneurysm (surgery/coiling) and implantation of a drainage system (external ventricular drainage/lumbar catheter), were conducted in the same way as in other patients with this diagnosis. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected three times a day for 4 days. The dynamics of proinflammatory cytokines were assessed, and associations between levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and main clinical characteristics were evaluated using linear mixed-effect models.
Results The CSF levels of IL-6 were massively increased initially after SAH (up to 72 hours) with an additional increase in later phases (after 72 hours), but there was high variability in IL-6 levels. A significant association was noted between the Glasgow Outcome Scale score and both overall levels of IL-6 (p = 0.0095) and their dynamics (p = 0.0208); the effect of the Hunt and Hess scale was borderline (p = 0.0887). No association was found between IL-6 levels and Fisher grade, modality of treatment (surgery, coiling, no treatment), and later development of cerebral vasospasm. Plasmatic levels of IL-6 increased slightly, but no significant association was found. The levels of IL-1β and TNFα were within the physiologic range in both CSF and plasma.
Conclusions Early dynamics of IL-6 in CSF are associated with a patient́s outcome. But it is difficult to use IL-6 alone for outcome prediction due to its high variability. The question is whether the dynamics of IL-6 could be used in combination with other early markers associated with brain injury. More detailed research is required to answer this question.

Der Autor setzt sich u.a. mit folgenden Problemen der Entwicklung der Bilungschancen der Schüler in Deutschland auseinander: mit der sozialen Lage und der sozialen Herkunft der Schüler, mit dem Anteil der Schüler an der gleichaltrigen Wohnbevölkerung, mit der Verteilung der Schüler auf die verschiedenen Schulformen, mit der Abiturientenquote von 1960-1994, mit den Hauptschulquoten im Regionalvergleich in Bayern 1990/91, mit den Schulabschlüssen an allgemeinbildenden und berufsbildenden Schulen, mit Geschlechtsunterschieden. Es wird hervorgehoben, dass trotz der erfolgreichen Bemühungen der Bildungsreform seit den 60er Jahren sich strukturell an der Ungleichheit der regionalen und sozialen Bildungschancen wenig geändert hat. So zeigt sich z.B. eine deutliche Zunahme der Benachteiligung von männlichen Kindern der Migrantenfamilien. Strukturelle Änderungen des Bildungssystem sind kaum zu erwarten. Es bleibt Aufgabe der Schulen, an den spezifischen Benachteiligungen zu arbeiten. (DIPF/Sch.)

Dobrowolsky, Alexandra. The Politics of Pragmatism: Women, Representation,
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403Dion, Stéphane. Straight Talk: Speeches and Writings on Canadian Unity.
By Ines Molinaro 404Mellon, Hugh and Martin Westmacott, eds. Political Dispute and Judicial
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Christopher P. Manfredi 406Sossin, Lorne M. Boundaries of Judicial Review: The Law of Justiciability
in Canada. By James B. Kelly 407Swainger, Jonathan. The Canadian Department of Justice and the Completion
of Confederation, 1867-78. By Peter J. Smith 408Madar, Daniel. Heavy Traffic: Deregulation, Trade, and Transformation in
North American Trucking. By Anthony Perl 410Elkin, Stephen and Karol Soltan, eds. Citizen Competence and Democratic
Institutions. By Henry Milner 411Bauer, Julien. Politique et religion. Par Stéphane Labranche 413Waldner, David. State Building and Late Development. By Saime
Ozcurumez 415Mink, Gwendolyn. Welfare's End By Margaret Little 417Sabatier, Paul A., ed. Theories of the Policy Process By Grace
Skogstad 419Mintrom, Michael. Policy Entrepreneurs and School Choice. By
Frederick M. Hess 420Shaiko, Ronald G.. Voices and Echoes: Public Interest Representation in
the 1990s and Beyond. By Eric Mintz 422White, John Kenneth and Daniel M. Shea. New Party Politics: From
Jefferson and Hamilton to the Information Age. By Rosalind Blanco
Cook 423Raymond, Joad, ed. News, Newspapers, and Society in Early Modern
Britain. By Brian Richardson 424Bennett, Rab. Under the Shadow of the Swastika: The Moral Dilemmas of
Resistance and Collaboration in Hitler's Europe. By Lynne Taylor
426Bhatia, G. S., J. S. O'Neill, G. L. Gall and P. D. Bendin, eds. Peace,
Justice and Freedom: Human Rights Challenges in the New
Millennium. By Marlies Glasius 427Brinks, Jan Herman. Children of a New Fatherland: Germany's Post-War
Right-Wing Politics. By Adrienne Wallace 429Gorbachev, Mikhail. Gorbachev: On My Country and the World. By
Margaret Ogrodnick 430Greven, Michael Th. and Louis W. Pauly, eds. Democracy beyond the
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Alexandra Kogl 432Krishna, Sankaran. Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the
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Labranche 444

"Der Erwerb von Lesen, als eine der zentralen Kulturtechniken unserer Gesellschaft, wird bereits früh angebahnt und durch die sozialen Interaktionen des Kindes mit seiner Umwelt gefördert. Als bedeutsamste Umwelt kann wohl die Familie angesehen werden, welche als erste Sozialisationsinstanz die Kinder entscheidend prägt. Doch welche Praktiken genau für die verschiedenen Vorläufer des Lesens von Bedeutung sind, ist bislang, vor allem im deutschsprachigen Raum, recht wenig erforscht. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im vorliegenden Beitrag die Bedeutsamkeit unterschiedlicher Facetten der familiären Anregung bei 554 Kindern der Längsschnittstudie BiKS-3-10 im Alter von ca. 3-4 Jahren für verschiedene Kompetenzen, die als Vorläufer des Lesens gelten können, untersucht. Es werden drei Dimensionen der familiären Lernumwelt unterschieden: Qualität der Interaktion, formelle Instruktion in Schriftsprache und Erfahrungen mit Büchern. Mit Hilfe eines Pfadmodells wird der Zusammenhang zwischen diesen verschiedenen Dimensionen der familiären Lernumwelt, unter Kontrolle des Ausgangsniveaus kindlicher Kompetenzen und familiärer Hintergrundvariablen (sozioökonomischer Status und sprachlicher Hintergrund), mit schriftsprachlichen Vorläuferfähigkeiten (Wortschatz, Grammatik, inhaltliches Wissen und Buchstabenkenntnis) analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die verschiedenen Dimensionen der familiären Anregung mit unterschiedlichen Vorläufern schriftsprachlicher Fähigkeiten assoziiert sind. Die Befunde werden vor dem Hintergrund theoretischer und praktischer Implikationen diskutiert." (Autorenreferat)

'Bislang sind in der empirischen Sozialforschung nur recht wenige direkte Anwendungen der Theorie rationalen Handelns (RCT) zu finden. Um solche empirischen Anwendungen zu erleichtern, wird ein ausgearbeiteter Vorschlag zur Operationalisierung und Messung der zentralen RC-Variablen präsentiert. Im Zentrum steht die Messung von Nutzen und subjektiven Wahrscheinlichkeiten im Sinne der Wert-Erwartungs- / SEU-Theorie. Am Beispiel einer Untersuchung zur Umstellung auf ökologische Landwirtschaft werden die Ergebnisse der Messmethode diskutiert.' (Autorenreferat)

PurposeEradicating extreme poverty remains one of the most significant and challenging sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region. The latest World Bank statistics from 2018 show that extreme poverty in MENA increased from 2.6% to 5% between 2013 and 2015. MENA ranks third among developing regions for extreme poverty and fell short of halving extreme poverty by 2015 – the target established by the United Nations' (UN) millennium development goals, the precursor to the SDGs. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of financial inclusion on extreme poverty for a sample of 34 countries over the period 1990–2017.Design/methodology/approachUsing system general method of moments dynamic panel estimation methodology on annual data for 11 MENA countries and 23 emerging markets (EMs) over the period 1990 – 2017, this study begins by estimating the impact of financial inclusion – using measures of access and usage – on the eradication of extreme poverty by 2030, the first goal of the SDGs.FindingsThe results of the study indicate that, on one hand, financial access measures have a positive, statistically significant impact on reducing extreme poverty for the full sample and the MENA region. The second part of the study uses a gap analysis against four poverty targets – 0%, 1.5%, 3% and 5% – and shows that no MENA country and few EM countries will be able to close the extreme poverty gap and reach the target of 0% by 2030 by depending solely on improvements in financial access. These targets are based on the two benchmarks set by the World Bank and the UN, with intermediaries to capture error and give a fuller picture of what is possible. However, if improvements in financial inclusion alone can bring every EM and MENA country except Djibouti and Romania to bring the most accessible target of reducing global extreme poverty to no more than 5% by 2030.Originality/valueWhile research on poverty reduction in the region tends to focus on financial development and governance, less attention has been paid to the role of financial inclusion. SDG 1 – eliminating poverty in all its forms – explicitly highlights the importance of access to financial services. Indeed, evidence from Argentina, India, Kenya, Malawi, Niger and other countries demonstrates the ways in which financial inclusion can impact poverty (Klapper, El-Zoghbi and Hess, 2016). When people are included in the financial system, they are better able to improve their health, invest in education and business and make choices that benefit their entire families. Financial inclusion advances governments, too: introducing vast segments of the population into the financial system by digitizing social transfers, for example, can cut government costs and reduce leakage, with benefits that ripple across society. Yet, the links between financial inclusion and poverty reduction in MENA are less established. This study aims to analyze the importance of financial inclusion in addressing extreme poverty by 2030, the year UN member states set as a target for achieving the SDGs.

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