Suchergebnisse

The European space is marked by the recent beginning of the dualism nation-region. In it the cities take on a fundamental role because their success becomes the success of the territories around. Manuel Castell has maintained that the city is the social structure in which any territorial phenomena (from the economical development processes to the relations between classes or ethnic groups, from the public intervention to the financial accumulation) takes on its bigger strength because in it are concentrated the focusing in the territorial transformations. Obvious the cities are not the same, for physical or functional dimension; besides every innovation adds and modifies the relational system previously created. Aim of the paper is to analyse the factors generating the urban hierarchies to the European level and the impact on it of the new high velocity nets. In the first section it is carried out a reading/analysis of the hierarchies in the urban European system, as outlined in a series of studies. The second section analyses the role of the communication infrastructures in the building of the hierarchies and, in the third, is deepen the impact of the building of European high speed network on the fluctuations in the cities hierarchy. The paper asserts that the hierarchy is influenced by the growing of this infrastructure only for the second level positions, while the head positions are not influenced by it. One of the possible conclusion is that in a mature situation as the European territorial system, the urban structure seems to be well organized around poles with a strong persistence. This does not mean that a city could not climb the hierarchies, although this is possible only if a number of preconditions and of support policies are verified and with the remarks that this does not seem to affect the head positions, characterized by large stability. ; Lo spazio europeo si contraddistingue per il dualismo nazione-regione. In questo dualismo le città assumono un ruolo fondamentale in quanto il proprio successo tende a divenire il successo dei territori contermini. Manuel Castell, nel 1983, sosteneva che la città è la struttura sociale in cui qualsiasi fenomeno territoriale (dai processi di sviluppo economico alle relazioni tra classi o tra gruppi etnici, dall'intervento pubblico all'accumulazione, ecc.) assume la sua maggiore forza in quanto in essa si concentrano le polarizzazioni nelle trasformazioni territoriali. Ovviamente le città non sono tutte uguali, sia per dimensione fisica che per dimensione funzionale. Inoltre ogni innovazione aggiunge e modifica il sistema di relazioni che si è generato in precedenza. Obiettivo del saggio è analizzare i fattori che generano le gerarchie urbane a livello europeo e l'impatto sulle stesse delle nuove reti ad alta velocità. Esso si articola in una prima parte in cui si effettua una lettura ed una analisi di alcuni studi relativi alla costruzione di gerarchie nel sistema urbano europeo; successivamente si passa ad analizzare il ruolo delle infrastrutture di comunicazione nella costruzione delle gerarchie ed, infine, si approfondisce l'impatto della costruzione della rete europea dell'alta velocità sulle variazioni nella gerarchia delle città.

Lo spazio europeo si contraddistingue per il dualismo nazione-regione. In questo dualismo le città assumono un ruolo fondamentale in quanto il proprio successo tende a divenire il successo dei territori contermini. Manuel Castell, nel 1983, sosteneva che la città è la struttura sociale in cui qualsiasi fenomeno territoriale (dai processi di sviluppo economico alle relazioni tra classi o tra gruppi etnici, dall'intervento pubblico all'accumulazione, ecc.) assume la sua maggiore forza in quanto in essa si concentrano le polarizzazioni nelle trasformazioni territoriali. Ovviamente le città non sono tutte uguali, sia per dimensione fisica che per dimensione funzionale. Inoltre ogni innovazione aggiunge e modifica il sistema di relazioni che si è generato in precedenza. Obiettivo del saggio è analizzare i fattori che generano le gerarchie urbane a livello europeo e l'impatto sulle stesse delle nuove reti ad alta velocità. Esso si articola in una prima parte in cui si effettua una lettura ed una analisi di alcuni studi relativi alla costruzione di gerarchie nel sistema urbano europeo; successivamente si passa ad analizzare il ruolo delle infrastrutture di comunicazione nella costruzione delle gerarchie ed, infine, si approfondisce l'impatto della costruzione della rete europea dell'alta velocità sulle variazioni nella gerarchia delle città. ; The European space is marked by the recent beginning of the dualism nation-region. In it the cities take on a fundamental role because their success becomes the success of the territories around. Manuel Castell has maintained that the city is the social structure in which any territorial phenomena (from the economical development processes to the relations between classes or ethnic groups, from the public intervention to the financial accumulation) takes on its bigger strength because in it are concentrated the focusing in the territorial transformations. Obvious the cities are not the same, for physical or functional dimension; besides every innovation adds and modifies the relational system previously created. Aim of the paper is to analyse the factors generating the urban hierarchies to the European level and the impact on it of the new high velocity nets. In the first section it is carried out a reading/analysis of the hierarchies in the urban European system, as outlined in a series of studies. The second section analyses the role of the communication infrastructures in the building of the hierarchies and, in the third, is deepen the impact of the building of European high speed network on the fluctuations in the cities hierarchy. The paper asserts that the hierarchy is influenced by the growing of this infrastructure only for the second level positions, while the head positions are not influenced by it. One of the possible conclusion is that in a mature situation as the European territorial system, the urban structure seems to be well organized around poles with a strong persistence. This does not mean that a city could not climb the hierarchies, although this is possible only if a number of preconditions and of support policies are verified and with the remarks that this does not seem to affect the head positions, characterized by large stability.

La politica dell'Unione Europea pone grande importanza ad uno sviluppo del trasporto efficiente e sostenibile, da attuarsi attraverso il rafforzamento dei traffici intermodali e la liberalizzazione dei porti con tariffe competitive nei servizi di movimentazione container. Il Mediterraneo, in particolare, ha visto una notevole espansione di tale tipologia di traffico, dovuta a una rinnovata centralità per il trasferimento del fulcro dell'economia mondiale verso l'Estremo Oriente. La programmazione europea al 2020 ha, inoltre, ridefinito il Corridoio I delle reti TEN-T, estendendo l'asse da Helsinki a Malta, includendo la Sicilia. In una situazione globale di questo genere i porti di queste aree potrebbero acquisire una condizione di vantaggio competitivo. Questo lavoro analizza la situazione attuale e le potenzialità del sistema portuale siculo-maltese, tema d'interesse per la valutazione di politiche d'intervento infrastrutturale e organizzativo. Il presente articolo, dopo aver analizzato l'andamento dei traffici, la dotazione di infrastrutturale e il ruolo che tali porti ricoprono nel Mediterraneo, si sofferma sulle politiche europee e nazionali rilevanti per questi scali. In tale scenario emerge una traiettoria di sviluppo necessaria ma anche rischiosa, che deve considerare attentamente i costi-opportunità nella realizzazione di grandi opere di ammodernamento e di collegamento. L'obiettivo del rilancio del sistema portuale siculo-maltese è possibile perché vi sono i presupposti non solo geografici ma anche commerciali. E' però necessario investire sulle infrastrutture per rendere funzionale la circolazione delle merci all'interno di tale sistema logistico integrato. In assenza di tali interventi si rischia di non cogliere possibili opportunità ma, addirittura, di scomparire come porti container. Il lavoro si conclude formulando alcune proposte di policy per evitare tale rischio e prospettando un percorso di sviluppo basato su nuove, e possibili, sinergie.

This article explores the capacity of the concept of multi-level governance to respond to the analytical, empirical & normative challenges posed to political science by EU decision-making processes & structures. After exploring the relationship between governance & multi-level governance (MLG), the article tackles the question of the empirical fruitfulness of this latter concept. It argues that the concept is best understood as describing those decision-making processes in which territorial jurisdictions with different competencies end up collaborating on a par, thus upsetting & recasting traditional territorial hierarchies. It also discusses whether MLG, by involving different groups of citizens & fostering the diffusion of shared norms & convictions, contributes to more legitimate decision-making. The conclusions, on all counts, are somewhat mixed. Although MLG appears to describe effectively a new class of phenomena & to suggest intereasing novel hypotheses as to the transformation of the structures of democratic rule, it has not yet succeeded in generating new testable propositions nor in suggesting new convincing criteria of legitimacy. References. Adapted from the source document.

The village, in contemporary India, represents the pre-modern basic feature of the cultural community as well as the basic element of the national community. The center must be embodied in its peripheral units: the state should become the country (desh), miniaturizing itself whenever the power merges the countless places which are at the basis of its constituents. In this way we can understand the conflict which takes place between democratic authorities and those that emanate from a moral function internal to each belonging community. The political paradox between subjection (imposition and violence) and participation is by now the outcome. The attempt to minimize disparities coming from the ancient system of caste hierarchies, the governmental provision of reserved seats, subsidies and special lists for the marginalized groups has on the contrary strengthened the historical hierarchies and the claims for supremacy inside the Indian political system. Adapted from the source document.

The signing of the Memorandum of Understanding for cooperation on the Belt and Road Initiative marks the culmination of several years of deepening relations between Italy and China. While many observers have emphasised the international implications of the first G-7 country formally adhering to Chinese President Xi Jinping's signature foreign policy agenda, more attention needs to be devoted to the domestic politics and political economy rationales underlying Italy's choices. This article argues that the contentious foreign policy move made by Rome's populist government in 2019 is premised on a trade-off between international status and greater bargaining power on critical trade and investment negotiations.

The research deals with the subject of protection, development and reuse of disused extraction landscapes; the overall aim is to develop policies and tools for the reinterpretation of these areas through proposals which are able to take the opportunities arising from a systemic and interdisciplinary approach. The study analyzes both ancient and modern quarries, in accordance with the definition suggested by the research and highlights, through context analysis, the different methodological approaches aimed at tackling the main issues of the disused quarry sites. The sphere of analysis is that of coastal areas, with particular reference to the situation in Sardinia. The regional case of study, and the specific case of the city of Cagliari, allow to contextualise the planning scenario, offering the opportunity to verify the effectiveness of policies and tools which are already in place and to define new operational proposals. The experiences analysed provide the elements needed to set up guidelines, designed as support instruments for the policies for reinterpretation of the quarry areas. The guidelines are put together using a multi-criteria evaluation model based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) (Saaty, 1980, 1988, 2001); this experimentation uses a scientific method and guarantees the identification of functional criteria for the definition of intervention priorities and long-term policies to be implemented in disused areas. The sites under examination are characterized by the presence of features related to the extractive history which deserve to be valued even if the quarries have ceased their activity in recent years. The research codifies existing policies and tools which support the reinterpretation of the quarry areas, the critical issues related to the processes, the opportunities arising from the scenario which has been analysed, and missed opportunities. The problematic issues which are found are addressed by proposals aimed at encouraging the paths of intervention in quarry sites and formulating policies and tools in structured paths. These proposals are aimed at outlining scenarios which are compatible with the territorial dynamics in place, and with renewed principles of protection and enhancement of the landscape, in order to overcome the fragmentation of the planning framework that emerges clearly from the performed context analysis.

This essay offers an analysis of J. Rancière's "politics of literature" through the style of G. Flaubert's realist novel. Literature as a "new regime of the art of writing" is characterized by its distancing from the rules of the representative regime of Aristotelian origin, based on the hierarchy of themes and subjects of art. Literature, and in particular the realist style, suspends all forms of hierarchy and raises the anyone and the anonymous to the dignity of artistic subjects, thus defining one's own democratic politics. ; Il saggio propone un'analisi della "politica della letteratura" di J. Rancière attraverso lo stile del romanzo realista di G. Flaubert. La letteratura come "nuovo regime dell'arte dello scrivere" si caratterizza per la presa di distanza dalle regole del regime rappresentativo di matrice aristotelica fondato sulla gerarchia dei temi e dei soggetti d'arte. La letteratura e in particolare lo stile realista sospende ogni forma di gerarchia e innalza alla dignità di soggetti artistici il qualunque e l'anonimo definendo in tal modo la propria politica democratica.

[The Bishop of Rome, primate of Italy] Historical and political significance, the legal role of the primate office in the Catholic hierarchy. The special relationship of the Italian ecclesiastical reality with the Roman Pontiff and the connection of the Italian episcopate to the Roman See. The legal connotation of the Hungarian and Italian primacy, the current primary action.

LIUC PAPERS-41 Serie Economia e Impresa 10, maggio 1997 In this essay I suggest a first-best solution to the collusion problem in a three-levels principal-supervisor-agent hierarchy (Tirole 1986, Laffont-Tirole 1993) in the context of a repeated games model. I introduce a new player in the component game i.e. a group of consumers which is also modelled as the constituency of the principal. An ex ante incomplete constitutional contract of authorisation links the principal to the group of consumer. At the next move in the game the group of consumers has a choice on the level of support and compliance to the principal's authority, which I intend as a specific investment. Due to the incompleteness of contracts problem, according to the economic theory of corporate culture (Kreps 1990) and code of ethics (Sacconi 1997), the principal may only announce a code of basic principles of good administration, being not automatically enforceable. In the repeated game among the three levels hierarchy and an infinite series of short-lived groups of consumers/supporters, I prove by a reputation effects construction (Fudenberg-Levine 1989, 1992) that the first best contract offered by the principal to the supervisor and the agent is part of a self-enforcing equilibrium profile making possible to the principal to get a payoff that approximates the Stakelberg payoff in nearly all the component games.

The use of monuments in urban space is often bounded to political power and social hierarchy; through spatial distribution, form and meanings of public statues one social group can convey political myths and stabilize or legitimize political authority. In Mitrovica, the divided city of Kosovo, since the conflict of 1999, and during the apartheid-like regime preceding it, uses of the past became more and more entangled with present-day political objectives connected to territory and national identity. here different interpretations of the past are manifested in public space by Kosovo Serbs and Kosovo Albanians.