This article explores the sources available and the methodology to study crises involving the parlements during the ancien regime. The copious sources generated by a crisis often reveal elements that are absent from longer term sources, whether institutional or ideological. Although micro-history is usually employed to study social and cultural phenomena, the technique can also be usefully applied to political history. The wide range of sources can be used to build up a very detailed and dynamic picture of the complex elements involved in a crisis between institutions. It is also possible to identify networks of information and processes of decision-making both by the ministry and the magistrates. A very different picture of governance and motivation is presented that challenges ideological interpretations. Based on primary sources.
Mode of access: Internet. ; Reprint edition "published under the direction of the Centre d'étude du Québec and the Centre de recherche en histoire économique du Canada français;" 1841- ; by Centre de recherche en histoire, Concordia University, -1856.
Abstract: The Godesberg programme (1959) is considered a major shift in European social democratic ideology. This article explores its genesis and offers a history of both the written text and its subsequent uses. It does so by shedding light on the organizational constraints and the personal strategies of the players involved in the production of the text in the Social Democratic Party of Germany. The article considers the partisan milieu and its transformations after 1945 and in the aftermaths of 1968 as an important factor accounting for the making of the political myth of Bad Godesberg. To do so, it explores the historicity of the interpretations of the programme from the 1950s to the present day, and highlights the moments at which the meaning of Godesberg as a major shift in socialist history has become consolidated in Europe, focusing on the French Socialist Party. ; Abstract: The Godesberg programme (1959) is considered a major shift in European social democratic ideology. This article explores its genesis and offers a history of both the written text and its subsequent uses. It does so by shedding light on the organizational constraints and the personal strategies of the players involved in the production of the text in the Social Democratic Party of Germany. The article considers the partisan milieu and its transformations after 1945 and in the aftermaths of 1968 as an important factor accounting for the making of the political myth of Bad Godesberg. To do so, it explores the historicity of the interpretations of the programme from the 1950s to the present day, and highlights the moments at which the meaning of Godesberg as a major shift in socialist history has become consolidated in Europe, focusing on the French Socialist Party.
It is often mentioned that the "Silk Road" was a trade route between theEast and the West. Conceptually, it represents the history of communicationbetween China and the West: goods and merchants frequently travelledalong this route. The meaning of the Silk Road and its formation processand scope of influence has been documented in different records, and hadan impact on academic research in several countries: in the field of researchon the history of China, the study of the Silk Road is a subject that manyresearchers have tackled and discussed. Early historical chronicles have beenanalyzed and discussed as well as documents and unearthed artefacts foundalong the Silk Road; these studies involve political, cultural, and economicaspects. Research has not been limited to China, but has also interested thecountries which were along the Silk Road and those which were affected bythe Silk Road culture. The Silk Road acted as a cultural bridge between Eastand West: it did not only promote commerce but also cultural exchanges.For example, Buddhism, as one of the religions of the Kushan kingdom,reached China thanks to this route.
International audience ; The history of writing Kabyle, the largest Berber variety of Algeria, is often reduced simply to the history of the development of its currently dominant Latin orthography; Kabyle before the 20 th century is often viewed as essentially an unwritten language. This oversimplification obscures an extensive, though somewhat peripheral, corpus of Kabyle written in Arabic script starting before the 19 th century and continuing in some contexts up to the present. Unlike Berber varieties in some other regions, however, Kabyle shows few signs of ever having developed a standard Arabic-script orthography, and the transcription conventions used show little or no continuity between manuscripts from different periods. This lack of stan-dardisation reflects discontinuities in the region's educational and political history, in combination with certain differences between Kabyle and Arabic phonology.
International audience ; The history of writing Kabyle, the largest Berber variety of Algeria, is often reduced simply to the history of the development of its currently dominant Latin orthography; Kabyle before the 20 th century is often viewed as essentially an unwritten language. This oversimplification obscures an extensive, though somewhat peripheral, corpus of Kabyle written in Arabic script starting before the 19 th century and continuing in some contexts up to the present. Unlike Berber varieties in some other regions, however, Kabyle shows few signs of ever having developed a standard Arabic-script orthography, and the transcription conventions used show little or no continuity between manuscripts from different periods. This lack of stan-dardisation reflects discontinuities in the region's educational and political history, in combination with certain differences between Kabyle and Arabic phonology.
International audience ; The history of writing Kabyle, the largest Berber variety of Algeria, is often reduced simply to the history of the development of its currently dominant Latin orthography; Kabyle before the 20 th century is often viewed as essentially an unwritten language. This oversimplification obscures an extensive, though somewhat peripheral, corpus of Kabyle written in Arabic script starting before the 19 th century and continuing in some contexts up to the present. Unlike Berber varieties in some other regions, however, Kabyle shows few signs of ever having developed a standard Arabic-script orthography, and the transcription conventions used show little or no continuity between manuscripts from different periods. This lack of stan-dardisation reflects discontinuities in the region's educational and political history, in combination with certain differences between Kabyle and Arabic phonology.
Book Review: Nadège Ragaru, "Et les Juifs bulgares furent sauvés": Une histoire des saviors sur la Shoah en BulgarieThis presentation reviews a recent book by the French historian and political scientist Nadège Ragaru, analyzing how Bulgarian society has been dealing with the fate of the Bulgarian Jews during World War II. Pressurized by its Nazi German ally to send 20,000 Bulgarian Jews to extermination camps then located in the General Government, a part of the former Republic of Poland, the Bulgarian wartime government participated in the deportation of 11,343 Jews from the territories under Bulgarian administration in Greek Thrace and Yugoslav Macedonia, while withholding, after protests by some politicians and intellectuals, the Church and a part of the Bulgarian population, from completing the number of 20,000 by sending another 8,000 Jews from Bulgaria proper. In three consecutive chapters, Ragaru discusses how the People's Courts dealt with the persecutors of the Jews, analyzes the ideological sensibilities raised by a film (a Bulgarian-DDR coproduction) about the deportation, and examines the use of three original short documentary shootings of the events. In the two final chapters, Ragaru deals with the relative pluralism of opinions that has been the case since the fall of the communist regime and the internationalization of the topic, especially as the tense relations with North Macedonia are concerned. Ragaru's general conclusion is that in spite of the increased preparedness to admit Bulgaria's involvement, the salvation continues to be overstated, while the complicity is smuggled away.Boek recensie: Nadège Ragaru, "Et les Juifs bulgares furent sauvés": Une histoire des saviors sur la Shoah en BulgarieDit recente boek van de Franse historica en politieke wetenschapster Nadège Ragaru analiseert de manier waarop de Bulgaarse samenleving is omgegaan met het lot van de Bulgaarse Joden gedurende de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Onder druk van haar Nazi-Duitse bondgenoot om 20.000 Bulgaarse Joden naar uitroeiingskampen toen gesitueerd in het Generaal-Gouvernement, een deel van de voormalige Republiek Polen te sturen nam de Bulgaarse regering deel aan de deportatie van 11.343 Joden uit de territoria in Grieks Thracië en Joegoslavisch Macedonië onder Bulgaars bestuur, maar zag, na protesten van enkele politici en intellectuelen, de kerk en een deel van de Bulgaarse bevolking, af van de uitlevering van het resterende aantal van 8.000 Joden uit Bulgarije zelf. In drie opeenvolgende hoofdstukken, Ragaru beschrijft hoe de Volksrechtbanken omgingen met de vervolgers van de Joden, welke ideologische gevoeligheden werden opgeroepen door een film (een Bulgaars-Oost-Duitse coproductie) over de deportatie, en het gebruik dat gemaakt werd van drie originele korte documentaire filmfragmenten over de gebeurtenissen. In de laatste twee hoofdstukken behandelt Ragaru de relatieve verscheidenheid aan opinie na de val van het communistische regime en de internationalizering van het onderwerp, in het bijzonder in verband met de relaties met de Republiek van Noord-Macedonië. Haar algemene conclusie luidt dat, ondanks te toenemende bereidheid om de betrokkenheid van Bulgarije te erkennen, de redding toch overbelicht blijft, terwijl de medeplichtigheid wordt weggemoffeld.Recenzja książki: Nadège Ragaru, "Et les Juifs bulgares furent sauvés": Une histoire des saviors sur la Shoah en BulgarieNadège Ragaru, francuska historyczka i politolożka, w swej najnowszej książce analizuje, w jaki sposób społeczeństwo bułgarskie traktowało bułgarskich Żydów w czasie II wojny światowej. Rząd Bułgarii, ulegając naciskom swego sojusznika, nazistowskich Niemiec, w sprawie wysłania dwudziestu tysięcy bułgarskich Żydów do obozów Zagłady w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie, wcześniej Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej, deportował 11 343 Żydów z terytoriów greckiej Tracji i jugosłowiańskiej Macedonii, znajdujących się wówczas pod rządami władz Bułgarii. Jednak po protestach nielicznych polityków, intelektualistów i Cerkwi oraz części bułgarskiej ludności władze Bułgarii ostatecznie odstąpiły od procederu wydalenia z kraju pozostałych 8 000 Żydów. W trzech kolejnych rozdziałach Ragaru opisuje, jak Trybunały Ludowe traktowały prześladowców Żydów, jaką podatność na ideologię wśród społeczeństwa bułgarskiego ukazała filmowa koprodukcja bułgarsko- -enerdowska o deportacjach, a także wyjaśnia, do czego posłużyły trzy krótkie oryginalne fragmenty filmów dokumentalnych ukazujące tamte wydarzenia. W ostatnich dwóch rozdziałach Ragaru przedstawia różnorodność opinii po upadku reżimu komunistycznego oraz internacjonalizację tematu, w szczególności kwestię stosunków z Republiką Północnej Macedonii. Autorka wysnuwa ogólny wniosek, że mimo przejawiającej się skłonności Bułgarii do uznania swego zaangażowania [w Zagładę], kwestia ocalenia Żydów [przez społeczeństwo bułgarskie] jest nadal bardziej eksponowana, a współsprawstwo jest wciąż zamiatane pod dywan.
International audience ; The term maritimity, defined by geographers in the early 1990s, offers an interesting conceptual framework for analysing the evolution of the relationship with the maritime world during the 19th century. A century of revolutions, this period is marked by deep and lasting changes in the relationship with the sea, especially affecting cultural, social and artistic practices. It was also affected by the emergence of heritage concerns which paved the way for new disciplines such as naval archaeology or nautical ethnography. Representations of the maritime world have been fundamentally changed as a result. ; Le terme de maritimité, défini par les géographes au début des années 1990, offre un cadre conceptuel intéressant pour analyser l'évolution du rapport au monde maritime pendant le xixe siècle. Siècle des révolutions, cette période est marquée par des changements profonds et durables concernant le rapport à la mer, en particulier en matière de pratiques culturelles, sociales et artistiques. Elle n'échappe pas à l'émergence des préoccupations patrimoniales qui ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles disciplines telles que l'archéologie navale ou l'ethnographie nautique. Les représentations du monde maritime s'en trouventbouleversées.
International audience ; The term maritimity, defined by geographers in the early 1990s, offers an interesting conceptual framework for analysing the evolution of the relationship with the maritime world during the 19th century. A century of revolutions, this period is marked by deep and lasting changes in the relationship with the sea, especially affecting cultural, social and artistic practices. It was also affected by the emergence of heritage concerns which paved the way for new disciplines such as naval archaeology or nautical ethnography. Representations of the maritime world have been fundamentally changed as a result. ; Le terme de maritimité, défini par les géographes au début des années 1990, offre un cadre conceptuel intéressant pour analyser l'évolution du rapport au monde maritime pendant le xixe siècle. Siècle des révolutions, cette période est marquée par des changements profonds et durables concernant le rapport à la mer, en particulier en matière de pratiques culturelles, sociales et artistiques. Elle n'échappe pas à l'émergence des préoccupations patrimoniales qui ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles disciplines telles que l'archéologie navale ou l'ethnographie nautique. Les représentations du monde maritime s'en trouventbouleversées.
International audience ; The term maritimity, defined by geographers in the early 1990s, offers an interesting conceptual framework for analysing the evolution of the relationship with the maritime world during the 19th century. A century of revolutions, this period is marked by deep and lasting changes in the relationship with the sea, especially affecting cultural, social and artistic practices. It was also affected by the emergence of heritage concerns which paved the way for new disciplines such as naval archaeology or nautical ethnography. Representations of the maritime world have been fundamentally changed as a result. ; Le terme de maritimité, défini par les géographes au début des années 1990, offre un cadre conceptuel intéressant pour analyser l'évolution du rapport au monde maritime pendant le xixe siècle. Siècle des révolutions, cette période est marquée par des changements profonds et durables concernant le rapport à la mer, en particulier en matière de pratiques culturelles, sociales et artistiques. Elle n'échappe pas à l'émergence des préoccupations patrimoniales qui ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles disciplines telles que l'archéologie navale ou l'ethnographie nautique. Les représentations du monde maritime s'en trouventbouleversées.
International audience ; Las dictaduras militares que gobernaron en Chile y en Argentina durante los años setenta y ochenta tuvieron un impacto importante en los escritores. Estudiaremos cómo algunos textos literarios contemplan el problema mediante una reconstrucción de la memoria y de la historia, nacional o familiar, recurriendo al testimonio de las víctimas y de los verdugos. A veces, el autor representa su experiencia personal, otras fabrica una ficción compleja y ambigua. Este estudio nos ayudará a distinguir dos generaciones, la primera preocupada en resolver los traumas propios (Daniel Moyano, Libro de navíos y borrascas, 1983 ; Juan Gelman, Interrupciones 2, 1988), la segunda comprometida en acusar a los responsables de la represión (Roberto Bolaño, Nocturno de Chile, 2000 ; Martín Kohan, Dos veces junio, 2002). ; Les dictatures militaires qui gouvernèrent le Chili et l'Argentine dans les années soixante-dix et quatre-vingt eurent un impact considérable sur les écrivains. Nous étudierons comment certains textes littéraires abordent la question à travers une reconstruction de la mémoire et de l'histoire, nationale ou familiale, en recourant au témoignage des victimes ou des bourreaux. Parfois l'auteur médiatise son expérience personnelle, d'autres fois il fabrique une fiction complexe et ambiguë. Cette étude nous permettra de distinguer à ce propos deux générations, la première soucieuse de résoudre les traumatismes propres (Daniel Moyano, Libro de navíos y borrascas, 1983 ; Juan Gelman, Interrupciones 2, 1988), la seconde engagée dans un réquisitoire envers les responsables de la répression (Roberto Bolaño, Nocturno de Chile, 2000 ; Martín Kohan, Dos veces junio, 2002).
International audience ; Las dictaduras militares que gobernaron en Chile y en Argentina durante los años setenta y ochenta tuvieron un impacto importante en los escritores. Estudiaremos cómo algunos textos literarios contemplan el problema mediante una reconstrucción de la memoria y de la historia, nacional o familiar, recurriendo al testimonio de las víctimas y de los verdugos. A veces, el autor representa su experiencia personal, otras fabrica una ficción compleja y ambigua. Este estudio nos ayudará a distinguir dos generaciones, la primera preocupada en resolver los traumas propios (Daniel Moyano, Libro de navíos y borrascas, 1983 ; Juan Gelman, Interrupciones 2, 1988), la segunda comprometida en acusar a los responsables de la represión (Roberto Bolaño, Nocturno de Chile, 2000 ; Martín Kohan, Dos veces junio, 2002). ; Les dictatures militaires qui gouvernèrent le Chili et l'Argentine dans les années soixante-dix et quatre-vingt eurent un impact considérable sur les écrivains. Nous étudierons comment certains textes littéraires abordent la question à travers une reconstruction de la mémoire et de l'histoire, nationale ou familiale, en recourant au témoignage des victimes ou des bourreaux. Parfois l'auteur médiatise son expérience personnelle, d'autres fois il fabrique une fiction complexe et ambiguë. Cette étude nous permettra de distinguer à ce propos deux générations, la première soucieuse de résoudre les traumatismes propres (Daniel Moyano, Libro de navíos y borrascas, 1983 ; Juan Gelman, Interrupciones 2, 1988), la seconde engagée dans un réquisitoire envers les responsables de la répression (Roberto Bolaño, Nocturno de Chile, 2000 ; Martín Kohan, Dos veces junio, 2002).
International audience ; In 1970, Henri Dessens, director of the Clermont-Fd Observatory, wanted to use radar to study the physics of the atmosphere. The idea became a reality with Serge Godard, who took over from Dessens at the head of the Observatory. He succeeded in recovering a military radar that was diverted from its original function to become a study and research instrument called ANATOL (ANAlyse et Trajectoire d'Orages Locaux). ANATOL's long career came to an end in 1995 after more than 45 years of good and loyal service in atmospheric research. However, the idea of using radars continued to grow and in 1993, under the direction of Daniel Ramon, an ST (Stratosphere-Troposphere) radar was installed with Météo-France. Then, in the mid-1990s, Jacques Kornprobst, director, launched the Observatory on the design and technical production of a prototype "volcanological" Doppler radar, VOLDORAD-1. Responding to volcanological needs, it was tested in a pioneering way at Etna in 1998. This success led to the construction of two other unique volcanological radars (VOLDORAD-2 and 2B) and a third (VOLDORAD-3). Since 2002, these radars have been combined into a dedicated observation service within the OPGC and are used for monitoring volcanic eruptions but also for atmospheric studies. ; En 1970, Henri Dessens, directeur de l'Observatoire de Clermont-Ferrand, souhaite utiliser des radars pour l'étude de la physique de l'atmosphère. L'idée se concrétise avec Serge Godard, qui prend la suite de Dessens à la tête de l'Observatoire. Il réussit à récupérer un radar militaire qui va être détourné de sa fonction première pour devenir un instrument d'étude et de recherche baptisé ANATOL (ANAlyse et Trajectoire d'Orages Locaux). La longue carrière d'ANATOL s'achève en 1995 après plus de 45 ans de bons et loyaux services dans la recherche atmosphérique. Mais l'idée d'utiliser des radars poursuit son chemin et dès 1993, sous la direction de Daniel Ramon, c'est l'installation d'un radar ST (Stratosphère-Troposphère) menée avec Météo-France. Puis, au milieu des années 1990, Jacques Kornprobst, directeur, lance l'Observatoire sur la conception et la réalisation technique d'un prototype de radar « volcanologique » à effet Doppler, VOLDORAD-1. Répondant à des besoins en volcanologie, il fut testé de façon pionnière sur le site de l'Etna en 1998. Ce succès conduisit dans la foulée à la construction de deux autres radars uniques en volcanologie (VOLDORAD-2 et 2B) puis d'un troisième (VOLDORAD-3). Réunis en un service d'observation dédié au sein de l'OPGC depuis 2002, ces radars sont utilisés pour la surveillance des éruptions volcaniques mais également pour des études atmosphériques.
