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This article starts from the thesis that every "historiosophic system" is based on a certain set of features of a mentalite, on an ensemble of preconscious collective ideas about history and society. Thus, the philosophy of history of Marx and Engels has tobe conceived as a specific amalgam of the "traditional humanism" inherited from European Enlightenment and of a "revolutionary complex" resulting from a radicalization of the socio-economic contradictions during the 19th century in Western Europe, parallel to the economic and social developments in the 20th century, ,,traditional humanism" was succeeded by a "modern type humanism" - the former being characterized by a belief in the rationality of human nature, in progress and in the possibility of a planned realization of an ideal social order, the latter being based on a more individualistic and complex but also more pessimistic perception of the individual and the society. This has led to an increased distance of Western European intellectuals from Marxist philosophy ofhistory. In contrast to this, in post-revolutionary USSR the mentalite underlying Marxism was preserved and made to serve as an instrument for legitimizing the existing political system. This is the background of Koposov's analysis of the main methodological and thematic trends in Soviet historiography and its relation to the regime up to the present. ; This article starts from the thesis that every "historiosophic system" is based on a certain set of features of a mentalite, on an ensemble of preconscious collective ideas about history and society. Thus, the philosophy of history of Marx and Engels has tobe conceived as a specific amalgam of the "traditional humanism" inherited from European Enlightenment and of a "revolutionary complex" resulting from a radicalization of the socio-economic contradictions during the 19th century in Western Europe, parallel to the economic and social developments in the 20th century, ,,traditional humanism" was succeeded by a "modern type humanism" - the former being characterized by a belief in the rationality of human nature, in progress and in the possibility of a planned realization of an ideal social order, the latter being based on a more individualistic and complex but also more pessimistic perception of the individual and the society. This has led to an increased distance of Western European intellectuals from Marxist philosophy ofhistory. In contrast to this, in post-revolutionary USSR the mentalite underlying Marxism was preserved and made to serve as an instrument for legitimizing the existing political system. This is the background of Koposov's analysis of the main methodological and thematic trends in Soviet historiography and its relation to the regime up to the present.

This article gives an overview over agricultural historiography of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Switzerland between the First World War and today. While the interwar period produced only a few but interesting studies, technical aspects and political topics dominated the writing of agricultural history in the first three decades of the post-war period. The 1980s are characterized by a number of substantial works on the nineteenth century focusing on the mutual impacts of the agricultural sector and the process of industrialization. Since the early 1990s a growing interest in and a new interpretation of agriculture and the farming population in modern societies of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries can be observed. The third part focuses on the big potential of the agricultural history as a modern Integrationswissenschaft, incorporating environmental, biological, economic, social and cultural aspects for a better understanding of the general historical development of industrialized societies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. ; This article gives an overview over agricultural historiography of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Switzerland between the First World War and today. While the interwar period produced only a few but interesting studies, technical aspects and political topics dominated the writing of agricultural history in the first three decades of the post-war period. The 1980s are characterized by a number of substantial works on the nineteenth century focusing on the mutual impacts of the agricultural sector and the process of industrialization. Since the early 1990s a growing interest in and a new interpretation of agriculture and the farming population in modern societies of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries can be observed. The third part focuses on the big potential of the agricultural history as a modern Integrationswissenschaft, incorporating environmental, biological, economic, social and cultural aspects for a better understanding of the general historical development of industrialized societies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Oeuvre and biography of the Mexican author Fray Servando Teresa de Mier, an early protagonist of Mexican independence, are of twofold interest for an analysis of the relationship between fiction and historiography. On the one hand, Fray Servando's historiographical oeuvre (especially his Historia de la Revolución de Nueva España, 1813) constituted a radical counter concept to colonial historiography based on its syncretistic historical myths. De Mier's rediscovery of a - basically culturally and religiously motivated - autochthonous history of the Latin-American continent - which originally met with the fiercest opposition from the Spanish inquisition - on the other hand acquired an unbelievably explosive political moment and grew into one of the fundamental legitimizations of the Mexican independence movement. ; Oeuvre and biography of the Mexican author Fray Servando Teresa de Mier, an early protagonist of Mexican independence, are of twofold interest for an analysis of the relationship between fiction and historiography. On the one hand, Fray Servando's historiographical oeuvre (especially his Historia de la Revolución de Nueva España, 1813) constituted a radical counter concept to colonial historiography based on its syncretistic historical myths. De Mier's rediscovery of a - basically culturally and religiously motivated - autochthonous history of the Latin-American continent - which originally met with the fiercest opposition from the Spanish inquisition - on the other hand acquired an unbelievably explosive political moment and grew into one of the fundamental legitimizations of the Mexican independence movement.

In the GDR, historiography of agriculture and rural society was strongly shaped by the political aims of the leadership of the Socialist Unity Party (SED). Based on the doctrines of Marxism-Leninism, policies ultimately aimed at freeing peasants and workers, establishing a firm alliance between them and abolishing the gulf between urban and rural areas. Historians as well as sociologists and ethnologists, however, increasingly highlighted the ambivalences and ambiguities of everyday life, which did not conform to the dichotomous Marxist class analysis of rural society. Thus, empirical research on the social structure of the big landowners in the German Empire and the Weimar Republic gradually changed interpretations of the political role of the Junkers. Similarly, detailed studies of the development of agriculture and rural society in the GDR showed that the radical transformation in Eastern Germany was by no means universally controlled by the supposedly almighty vanguard of the SED leaders. In the last resort, professional identities and criteria partially escaped the strict political control imposed by the ruling elite. ; In the GDR, historiography of agriculture and rural society was strongly shaped by the political aims of the leadership of the Socialist Unity Party (SED). Based on the doctrines of Marxism-Leninism, policies ultimately aimed at freeing peasants and workers, establishing a firm alliance between them and abolishing the gulf between urban and rural areas. Historians as well as sociologists and ethnologists, however, increasingly highlighted the ambivalences and ambiguities of everyday life, which did not conform to the dichotomous Marxist class analysis of rural society. Thus, empirical research on the social structure of the big landowners in the German Empire and the Weimar Republic gradually changed interpretations of the political role of the Junkers. Similarly, detailed studies of the development of agriculture and rural society in the GDR showed that the radical transformation in Eastern Germany was by no means universally controlled by the supposedly almighty vanguard of the SED leaders. In the last resort, professional identities and criteria partially escaped the strict political control imposed by the ruling elite.

Departing from the question of ›European blackness‹ at all, this essay wants to specify how to link two specific perspectives of contemporary historiography: on the one hand the paradigm of transnational history, and on the other hand the study of processes of the othering. The reason for this attempt: In recent research one may notice a precarious interaction between a divided discourse on globalization and an anti-essentialist manner of researching the other (and corresponding topoi: racism, anti-Semitism, Orientalism) having become stuck in an epistemologic dualism (fluidism versus essentialism). Both points of view are obstructing a macroanalytic proceeding of research on the ›globalization of ethnicity‹, appropriate to the effective political perils. In a first step existing interpretations are reminded, and prevailing assumptions and boundaries of explication are scrutinized (Paul Gilroy's concept of the Black Atlantic; Stuart Hall's model of the Black Triangle). Subsequently the case is made that it requires new ways of talking about bodily inheritance, in order not to get caught in the trap of colour-blind scholarship. This will be exemplified by analyzing Jean-Luc Godards One Plus One and the ›transnational‹ image of blackness in the anti-fordist movement of 1968. It is argued, that a post-humanist epistemology (terms of race, subjectivity, rationality and agency) is needed to get an idea of the role of racialization in post-national and global processes. ; Departing from the question of ›European blackness‹ at all, this essay wants to specify how to link two specific perspectives of contemporary historiography: on the one hand the paradigm of transnational history, and on the other hand the study of processes of the othering. The reason for this attempt: In recent research one may notice a precarious interaction between a divided discourse on globalization and an anti-essentialist manner of researching the other (and corresponding topoi: racism, anti-Semitism, Orientalism) having become stuck in an epistemologic dualism (fluidism versus essentialism). Both points of view are obstructing a macroanalytic proceeding of research on the ›globalization of ethnicity‹, appropriate to the effective political perils. In a first step existing interpretations are reminded, and prevailing assumptions and boundaries of explication are scrutinized (Paul Gilroy's concept of the Black Atlantic; Stuart Hall's model of the Black Triangle). Subsequently the case is made that it requires new ways of talking about bodily inheritance, in order not to get caught in the trap of colour-blind scholarship. This will be exemplified by analyzing Jean-Luc Godards One Plus One and the ›transnational‹ image of blackness in the anti-fordist movement of 1968. It is argued, that a post-humanist epistemology (terms of race, subjectivity, rationality and agency) is needed to get an idea of the role of racialization in post-national and global processes.

Humanistic Mythograms in Old Prussian Historiography before and after the Decline of the State of the Teutonic Order (1466–1550)The decline of the Teutonic Order in Prussia caused some kind of amnesia in historiographical narrative. This can be shown on the fictional reports on tribal history and kingship in heathen Prussia even though these narrative is mostly regarded as ridiculous and without any value as historical source. These reports given by Simon Grunau, the so called Brutenia-chronicle and further merely unique material depends on concepts drawn in the chancerllery of the last decades of the knights administration that was used by the Order's enemies as well and read in both Royal and Ducal Prussia. Pre-historical Prussia was projected on ancient Greek and Roman literature, and though completely speculatively, raised to a high and philologically condensed level of humanism. It is based on tribal descriptions given by Ptolemy and developed by humanistic etymology. But due to the mental confusion at the Orders decline there was no possibility to keep that level. Allusions to Ptolemy or Dion of Prusa were misunderstood or twisted around. Simon Grunau, for instance, worked on confused and partially corrupted tradition, though not all of his wonderous stories lack historiographical background such as allusion to Lithuanian and Slavonic tradition (Legend of Palemon, Wolhynia chronicles). In mid 16th century when regional historiography was rebuilt under duke Albrechts patronage, manuscript tradition was full of confusion. In their quest for the best sources scholars like Christoph Falk and Stenzel Bornbach put the first hints for reconstructing lost narrative. ; This can be shown on the fictional reports on tribal history and kingship in heathen Prussia even though these narrative is mostly regarded as ridiculous and without any value as historical source. These reports given by Simon Grunau, the so called Brutenia-chronicle and further merely unique material depends on concepts drawn in the chancerllery of the last decades of the knights administration that was used by the Order's enemies as well and read in both Royal and Ducal Prussia. Pre-historical Prussia was projected on ancient Greek and Roman literature, and though completely speculatively, raised to a high and philologically condensed level of humanism. It is based on tribal descriptions given by Ptolemy and developed by humanistic etymology. But due to the mental confusion at the Orders decline there was no possibility to keep that level. Allusions to Ptolemy or Dion of Prusa were misunderstood or twisted around. Simon Grunau, for instance, worked on confused and partially corrupted tradition, though not all of his wonderous stories lack historiographical background such as allusion to Lithuanian and Slavonic tradition (Legend of Palemon, Wolhynia chronicles). In mid 16th century when regional historiography was rebuilt under duke Albrechts patronage, manuscript tradition was full of confusion. In their quest for the best sources scholars like Christoph Falk and Stenzel Bornbach put the first hints for reconstructing lost narrative. ; Humanistic Mythograms in Old Prussian Historiography before and after the Decline of the State of the Teutonic Order (1466–1550)The decline of the Teutonic Order in Prussia caused some kind of amnesia in historiographical narrative. This can be shown on the fictional reports on tribal history and kingship in heathen Prussia even though these narrative is mostly regarded as ridiculous and without any value as historical source. These reports given by Simon Grunau, the so called Brutenia-chronicle and further merely unique material depends on concepts drawn in the chancerllery of the last decades of the knights administration that was used by the Order's enemies as well and read in both Royal and Ducal Prussia. Pre-historical Prussia was projected on ancient Greek and Roman literature, and though completely speculatively, raised to a high and philologically condensed level of humanism. It is based on tribal descriptions given by Ptolemy and developed by humanistic etymology. But due to the mental confusion at the Orders decline there was no possibility to keep that level. Allusions to Ptolemy or Dion of Prusa were misunderstood or twisted around. Simon Grunau, for instance, worked on confused and partially corrupted tradition, though not all of his wonderous stories lack historiographical background such as allusion to Lithuanian and Slavonic tradition (Legend of Palemon, Wolhynia chronicles). In mid 16th century when regional historiography was rebuilt under duke Albrechts patronage, manuscript tradition was full of confusion. In their quest for the best sources scholars like Christoph Falk and Stenzel Bornbach put the first hints for reconstructing lost narrative.

Humanistic Mythograms in Old Prussian Historiography before and after the Decline of the State of the Teutonic Order (1466–1550)The decline of the Teutonic Order in Prussia caused some kind of amnesia in historiographical narrative. This can be shown on the fictional reports on tribal history and kingship in heathen Prussia even though these narrative is mostly regarded as ridiculous and without any value as historical source. These reports given by Simon Grunau, the so called Brutenia-chronicle and further merely unique material depends on concepts drawn in the chancerllery of the last decades of the knights administration that was used by the Order's enemies as well and read in both Royal and Ducal Prussia. Pre-historical Prussia was projected on ancient Greek and Roman literature, and though completely speculatively, raised to a high and philologically condensed level of humanism. It is based on tribal descriptions given by Ptolemy and developed by humanistic etymology. But due to the mental confusion at the Orders decline there was no possibility to keep that level. Allusions to Ptolemy or Dion of Prusa were misunderstood or twisted around. Simon Grunau, for instance, worked on confused and partially corrupted tradition, though not all of his wonderous stories lack historiographical background such as allusion to Lithuanian and Slavonic tradition (Legend of Palemon, Wolhynia chronicles). In mid 16th century when regional historiography was rebuilt under duke Albrechts patronage, manuscript tradition was full of confusion. In their quest for the best sources scholars like Christoph Falk and Stenzel Bornbach put the first hints for reconstructing lost narrative. ; This can be shown on the fictional reports on tribal history and kingship in heathen Prussia even though these narrative is mostly regarded as ridiculous and without any value as historical source. These reports given by Simon Grunau, the so called Brutenia-chronicle and further merely unique material depends on concepts drawn in the chancerllery of the last decades of the knights administration that was used by the Order's enemies as well and read in both Royal and Ducal Prussia. Pre-historical Prussia was projected on ancient Greek and Roman literature, and though completely speculatively, raised to a high and philologically condensed level of humanism. It is based on tribal descriptions given by Ptolemy and developed by humanistic etymology. But due to the mental confusion at the Orders decline there was no possibility to keep that level. Allusions to Ptolemy or Dion of Prusa were misunderstood or twisted around. Simon Grunau, for instance, worked on confused and partially corrupted tradition, though not all of his wonderous stories lack historiographical background such as allusion to Lithuanian and Slavonic tradition (Legend of Palemon, Wolhynia chronicles). In mid 16th century when regional historiography was rebuilt under duke Albrechts patronage, manuscript tradition was full of confusion. In their quest for the best sources scholars like Christoph Falk and Stenzel Bornbach put the first hints for reconstructing lost narrative. ; Humanistic Mythograms in Old Prussian Historiography before and after the Decline of the State of the Teutonic Order (1466–1550)The decline of the Teutonic Order in Prussia caused some kind of amnesia in historiographical narrative. This can be shown on the fictional reports on tribal history and kingship in heathen Prussia even though these narrative is mostly regarded as ridiculous and without any value as historical source. These reports given by Simon Grunau, the so called Brutenia-chronicle and further merely unique material depends on concepts drawn in the chancerllery of the last decades of the knights administration that was used by the Order's enemies as well and read in both Royal and Ducal Prussia. Pre-historical Prussia was projected on ancient Greek and Roman literature, and though completely speculatively, raised to a high and philologically condensed level of humanism. It is based on tribal descriptions given by Ptolemy and developed by humanistic etymology. But due to the mental confusion at the Orders decline there was no possibility to keep that level. Allusions to Ptolemy or Dion of Prusa were misunderstood or twisted around. Simon Grunau, for instance, worked on confused and partially corrupted tradition, though not all of his wonderous stories lack historiographical background such as allusion to Lithuanian and Slavonic tradition (Legend of Palemon, Wolhynia chronicles). In mid 16th century when regional historiography was rebuilt under duke Albrechts patronage, manuscript tradition was full of confusion. In their quest for the best sources scholars like Christoph Falk and Stenzel Bornbach put the first hints for reconstructing lost narrative.

The article focuses on the role of contemporary agrarian history in Spanish historiography. A new epistemological frame opened up after Franco's Dictatorship. The importance of the agrarian sector until the 1960s in Spanish economy, society and culture served as a basis for new historical research from the 1980s. The new historical trends as well as regional and local history had a significant impact on agrarian history. Moreover, new studies in the 1990s succeeded in incorporating Spanish agrarian history into the discussions in other European countries. In relation to the agrarian reforms of the nineteenth century, the regional diversity and the variety of economic activities of agents emerged as new subjects of research. Furthermore, the old political history was transformed into the social and economic study of persistent clientelism in agrarian society. Recently, political mobilization and social protest (as a form of political participation outside the political institutions) from the point of view of individual experiences belong to the most important items of historical studies. Additionally, research on the rural family or the role of women in agrarian society is a recent contribution of Spanish agrarian historiography. During the last years, environmental history emerged as a new field for rural historians. In this respect, the use of water as a scarce resource in agrarian society and the consequences of the destruction of the common land are studied from an environmental perspective. ; The article focuses on the role of contemporary agrarian history in Spanish historiography. A new epistemological frame opened up after Franco's Dictatorship. The importance of the agrarian sector until the 1960s in Spanish economy, society and culture served as a basis for new historical research from the 1980s. The new historical trends as well as regional and local history had a significant impact on agrarian history. Moreover, new studies in the 1990s succeeded in incorporating Spanish agrarian history into the discussions in other European countries. In relation to the agrarian reforms of the nineteenth century, the regional diversity and the variety of economic activities of agents emerged as new subjects of research. Furthermore, the old political history was transformed into the social and economic study of persistent clientelism in agrarian society. Recently, political mobilization and social protest (as a form of political participation outside the political institutions) from the point of view of individual experiences belong to the most important items of historical studies. Additionally, research on the rural family or the role of women in agrarian society is a recent contribution of Spanish agrarian historiography. During the last years, environmental history emerged as a new field for rural historians. In this respect, the use of water as a scarce resource in agrarian society and the consequences of the destruction of the common land are studied from an environmental perspective.