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This article intends to argue that the movement of students through the Brazilian mandatory school only acquires signs of an educational political problem from the 1930's on. It indicates that the current sense of the notion of student failure came to be defined only in the twentieth century, although it was possible to fail students since before. It intends to show further that, in articulation with political and cultural changes in education – such as the emergence of compulsory school, the definition of grade-based model of school, and the primacy of homogeneity of classes – the emergence of better and systematic statistics after 1931 contributed decisively in defining the conditions for the possibility of inclusion of student failure as a problem on the political agenda.

Der UN-Human Development Report 1990 stellt fest, Brasilien habe seine Chancen für eine menschliche Entwicklung verpasst. Diese Einschätzung geht auf die hohe Analphabetismusrate (18,7%) und die niedrige Lebenserwartung (65 Jahre) zurück. Trifft die Diagnose zu? Wie ist dieser Sachverhalt zu erklären? - In diesem Artikel wird die Bildungskrise als Ergebnis der Politik der Militärregierung (1964-1984) und der darauf folgenden Redemokratisierung (1985-1990) gedeutet. Die Bildungspolitik der letzten 30 Jahre wird anhand von drei Themenschwerpunkten (Finanzierung des Bildungswesens, öffentliche und private Schulen und Hochschulen sowie Bildungsqualität) untersucht. Für den Zeitraum von 1990-2000 werden Chancen einer Verbesserung der "menschlichen Entwicklung" (im Bildungsbereich) gesehen. Dies ist jedoch noch keine Garantie dafür, dass Brasilien im Jahre 2000 zu den reichen Industrienationen zählen wird. (DIPF/Orig.) ; According to the UN-Human Development Report 1990 Brazil is a country which has missed its opportunities for a human development, taking into account its high illiteracy rate (18,7%) and its low life expectation (65 years). Is this diagnosis correct? How can the problem be explained? This article makes the attempt to explain the educational crisis as a result of the military regime's policy (1964-1984) and further redemocratization efforts (1985-1990). The educational policy in the last 30 years as analysed by foccusing three main aspects (economic resources, relationship between private and public schools and quality of education). There are good possibilities to promote "human development" (especially education) in the next ten years but this does not necessarily mean that Brazil will have a chance to join the rieh industriahzed countries until the year 2000. (DIPF/Orig.)

Altres ajuts: EDU2008-00816/EDUC ; The article analyses the 'soft power' that the Federal government of Brazil has gained by designing and implementing a very ambitious Plan for the Development of Education. It draws on fieldwork carried out in the country in 2009 and 2010 in order to conduct a discourse analysis of the strategy deployed by the key political agents. The results show to what extent the Federal government has used some catchwords to underpin a general consensus. It has also convinced the international organisations and civil society organisations that the 'programme ontology' of the programme (e.g. hypotheses on the beneficial impacts of multi-dimensional intervention) is reliable enough to wait for a decade until having a whole evaluation. However, since these agents eventually recall varied kinds of political mobilisation, some contradictions and tensions are already apparent. In general, the analysis unveils a complex interplay of national and supra-national politics of education.

5th International Conference on New Horizons in Education (INTE) -- JUN 25-27, 2014 -- Paris, FRANCE ; WOS: 000383740200122 ; Since its foundation EU aims to increase the number of members, to make the collaboration among its members. EU having the economic characteristics at this point has focuses its politic in some areas such as agriculture, social politics and economics. In order to arrive to its economical targets the education has been considered as instrument.In the field of education EU education cooperation initiatives carried out in accordance with economic objectives of the community. After the Second War, the knowledge, the developments in the communication technologies and the globalisation fact have played great role in the education approach of EU. According to respond the growing expectation of indviduals, EU has been forced to develop education policy with quality and efficient. Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals. Therefore All member states perceive a need to increase the quality of their education, develop accessed to learning at all stages of life. Its clear that Life-long learning has become the basic point in EU's educational strategy. This concept includes in itself all the stages and forms of education and besides combines them. The aim of this study was to focus on the educational policy of European Union which has the goal of maintaining collaboration and integration among the members of the union within the framework of common cultural values. And also with this study was stressed historical perspective of EU education programmes. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

In this article we intend to elaborate, in narrative-descriptive form, a brief reconstruction of the trajectory covered by the History of Brazilian education and, especially of History teaching, in the period between the colonial period until the 1990s, through documentary research as well as, and mainly, through bibliographic research from the works produced in the last decades by relevant authors on this theme.

Many countries have implemented policies to prevent or combat educational disadvantage associated with socioeconomic factors in the students home environment. Under such policies, educational institutions generally receive extra support from the central or local government. The support is normally based on indicators available in the home environment of the children, mostly family-structural characteristics. In the Netherlands, the core of educational disadvantage policy is the so-called weighted student funding scheme, which awards schools with disadvantaged students additional financial resources. When this scheme was developed in 1984, three indicators of disadvantage were selected, namely3A parental education, occupation, and ethnicity. Analyses conducted at the time established a predictive validity estimate of 0.50, amounting to 25 percent of explained variance. Nowadays, some thirty years later, the funding scheme is based on only one indicator, namely parental education. Analyses performed on data collected in 2014 show a validity estimate of 0.20, thus accounting for no more than four percent of variance. This dramatic decrease of the indicators predictive validity shows that the empirical basis of the Dutch weighted student funding scheme has become highly problematic. It is suggested that instead of employing family characteristics as educational disadvantage indicators, the actual performance of students based on test achievement and teacher observations may offer a more valid alternative.

The article shows that the improvement of the quality, accessibility, and efficiency of education, its continuous and innovative nature, the growth of social mobility and activity of young people, and their involvement in various educational environments make the education system an important political factor that ensures the development of the economy, the growth of the welfare of citizens, and the strengthening of the statehood and national security of Russia. This, in turn, requires a revision of the role and functions of the state in the organization of education. At the same time, one of the deepest problems arising in the interaction of the state and education is that now the functions of the state in education are often considered in a purely financial or legislative manner. Meanwhile, the purpose of the state in the field of education is much higher than this level, therefore, the range of its functions should be much wider.

The increasing distrust of vaguely expressed political and social ideals that is perhaps best symbolized by the title of Daniel Bell's The End of Ideology has made it increasingly difficult to relate educational problems to societal problems with any degree of logical or scientific warrant. But is this distrust of political and social philosophy, this distrust of ideology, merely another ideological proclamation? What accounts for our hesitancy to venture into thinking about the educational development of persons who are capable of alleviating or resolving contemporary societal difficulties? Is this hesitancy due to the indirect support of education resting upon suppressed premises, i.e., upon an ideology?

This paper discusses the change of educational governance by developing and using a theory of policy instrumentality. It is based on the policy instruments approach in political studies and on the cultural-historical activity theory. It is used to study the relationships and changes of policy instruments and objectives of a major school development program in Taiwan launched in 2007. The group in charge of the program evaluated and changed both the objectives and instruments of the program in 2010. The direction of this transformation was from an approach based on competition and control towards an approach that emphasizes school autonomy, quality of curriculum and collaboration and learning between schools. The paper distinguishes three dimensions of policy instruments to analyze how the new orientation became embedded in the instruments used in the program implementation. The paper further suggests that policy learning can be analyzed in terms of remediation, that is, collective redesign of the system of instruments. ; Peer reviewed

The author paid attention to the importance of small cities in the country, the mechanisms of implementation of educational policy in the state-public management of general secondary education in such cities of Ukraine, the management of the department of education in small cities was modernized, the legislative acts regulating its activities were submitted, as well as strategic documents, which define the conceptual guidelines for the development of general secondary education. The peculiarities of cooperation between the two components of the state and public administration for its development are considered, there were proposed some mechanisms for the implementation of educational policy at the local level.Звернено увагу на значущість малих міст в країні, розкрито механізми реалізації освітньої політики при державно-громадському управлінні загальною середньою освітою в таких містах України, модернізації управління відділу освіти в громадах малих міст, подано законодавчі акти, що регулюють його діяльність, а також стратегічні документи, що визначають концептуальні орієнтири розвитку загальної середньої освіти. Розглянуто особливості співпраці обох складових державно-громадського управління її розвитком, а також запропоновано певні механізми щодо реалізації освітньої політики на місцевому рівні.

This paper is focused on rural education in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The rural areas have verylow educational indicators. As a result of historical processes of urbanization and industrialdevelopment, the rural areas have been excluded of political, social and educationalmodernization. This text looks at the understanding of complex relations amid people, educationalactivities and local territories. This texts is focused on the subjects and pedagogical approachesby teachers working in one-classroom schools in southern Recôncavo (Amargosa, Bahia).Specifically the paper aims to identify and analyze teachers' representations of rural schools onspace (the countryside and the school), the subjects (both teachers and pupils), and one-classroomschools.

Individuals' choices of educational content are often shaped by the political economy of government policies that determine the incentives to acquire various skills. We first present a model to show how differences in educational content emerge as an equilibrium outcome of private decisions and government policy choices. We then illustrate these dynamics in two historical circumstances. In medieval Europe, states and the Church found individuals trained in Roman law valuable, and eventually supported investments in this new form of human capital. This had positive effects on Europe's commercial and institutional development. In late 19th-century China, elites were afraid of the introduction of Western science and engineering and continued to select civil servants - who enjoyed substantial rents—based on their knowledge of Confucian classics. As a result, China lacked skills useful in modern industry. Finally, we present a variety of other contemporary and historical applications of this theory.