Suchergebnisse

Projects on the establishment of world peace in the late Middle Ages were initially marked by religious views on the world. Christian church was the subject of war and peace and it did not make differences among peoples. It had universal aspirations. This dogmatic comprehension will be abandoned by the appearance of national states where the state becomes subject of war and peace. A division among nations appears and the possibility of their mutual recognition. In that way relations among states are being regulated from the point of view of international relations. His basic principle becomes the one of sovereign equality, this could happen after the termination of religious wars which got its peak by Westphalia peace. Starting from Dubois, Podjebrady, Penn, Duke of Silly, via Hobbes, Grotius end Puffendorf, it will be possible to determine how changes in society political systems and way of production influenced the developments of ideas on perpetual peace. The achievements of these thinkers were revolutionary and were still valid. It is worth mentioning the principles of sovereign equality of states, the presence of realism in international relations and the existence of judicial institutions such as the International Court of Justice.

L'evolució històrica de la Mediterrània formulada per Henri Pirenne encara marca una part de la historiografia. La progressiva desmembració de l'imperi romà i, sobretot, les crisis de l'imperi de Bizanci varen facilitar la ràpida expansió de l'Islam i, com a conseqüència, la progressiva conversió del Mare Nostrum pràcticament en un mar islàmic. Davant d'aquesta perspectiva, el cristianisme va girar el seu horitzó marítim cap les costes dels mars del nord de la Península i d'Europa. Un dels propòsits de les sobiranies europees es va centrar en la recuperació de les costes mediterrànies i de Terra Santa. Malgrat tot, alhora que els regnes cristians desembarcaven al nord d'Àfrica sucumbia per sempre Bizanci