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Sacred-knightly orders are military-monastic organizations of knights that were created in the period of Crusades in XII–XIII centuries. The main purposes were: wars against unfaithful and spreading of Catholicism. Soon orders could become secular. All of them had strict regulations. Structure of sacred-knightly orders was hierarchical.Each order was headed by Great Master. He was elected for life and approved by Pontifex. Principals of provinces (priors), marshals and commanders submitted to Great Master. All of them were representatives of General chapter which was convened periodically and had legislature. Order of knights-monks had hierarchical structure. Brothers-knights were primary. Squires and chaplains were next to them. Each order was headed by Great Master who was elected for life. Authority of Great Master was large. Council of other higher officials was near Masters. Periodically meetings of general chapters of brothers-knights were gathered. Orders could be divided among territories where mon-asteries were situated. Orders were submitted to Pontifex. After entering into order knights became monks. They took vows of humility, poorness and celibacy. 12 sacred-knightly orders appeared in Europe from 1100 to 1300 years. The most resistant orders were Knights Templas, Order of Hospitallers and Teutonic Order.Each order had its symbol that was disposed on clothes. White cloak with red octagonal cross was a symbol of Knights Templas. Order of Hospitallers took as a symbol white octagonal cross that was disposed on the left shoulder of black mantle. White cloak with black cross was a symbol of Teutonic Order.Two of these orders exist nowadays. They are Order of Hospitallers and Teutonic Order ; В статье даѐтся определение термину «духовно-рыцарские ордена». Анализируются причины возникнове-ния орденов. В статье рассмотрены три духовно-рыцарских ордена: орден Тамплиеров, орден госпитальеров и Тевтонский орден. Анализируются символы, которые были присущи каждому из орденов. В статье сравнива-ются статуты каждого ордена. Рассмотрены достижения представителей каждого из орденов. Раскрыты обеты, которые принимали рыцари при вступлении в орден. ; У статті дається визначення терміну «духовно-лицарські ордени». Аналізуються причини виникнення орденів. У статті розглянуто три духовно-лицарські ордени: орден Тамплієрів, орден госпітальєрів і Тевтонський орден. Аналізуються символи, які були притаманні кожному з орденів. У статті порівнюються статути кожного ордену. Роз-глянуто досягнення, які здобули представники кожного з орденів. Висвітлені обітниці, які приймали лицарі при вступі до ордену

The article dwells on reaearch and academic activity of D. I. Kachenovskiy at Kharkiv University. His contribution is shown to the study of international relations history at Middle Ages. It is emphasized that we are quite right to call D. I. Kachenovskiy one of most prominent Ukrainian experts in this field, despite his certain idealization of feudal society. Main teaching subjects of D. I. Kachenovskiy were international law and state law of European powers. The basic research work by D. I. Kachenovskiy became his doctoral thesis «On Privateers and Prize Proceedings Relative to Neutral Merchandise» (1855) which became widely known both in Russian Empire and Europe. D. I. Kachenovskiy admitted the appropriateness of privateering, characterized its essence and shared the opinion of well-known French scholar J.-M. Pardessus that charter by Aragon king Alfonso III of 1288 had been the first legislative act relating to privateering. The first period in European privateering history when "naval war was almost indistinguishable from piracy" lasted, by the scholar's opinion, up to the end of XVI century. His «Course in International Law» was published in 1863, though unfinished, and embraced the antiquity as well as Middle Ages. The concept of international law development in the Middle Ages as proposed by D. I. Kachenovskiy included several basic elements. Those are: admission of the tremendous contribution of Christian Church, Roman Popes and German Emperors in elaboration of this law, influence of public order and national character of German tribes, as well as statement of general détente of mores and international tension in the Middle Ages under the effect of above-cited factors. The scholar emphasized positive influence of knighthood on customs of war and international relations. Medieval international law, history of privateering and trade, social-political and cultural life of Florence and effect of internal factors on its development were the main lines in research of the scientist. Works by D. I. Kachenovskiy exerted the substantial impact not only on students, but on his colleagues as well, and his scientific treatments mostly sustained time exam. ; У статті розглядається науково-педагогічна діяльність Д. І. Каченовского в Харківському університеті. Показано його внесок у вивчення історії міжнародних відносин в Середні віки. Підкреслюється, що Д. І. Каченовского з повним правом можна вважати одним з найбільших вітчизняних фахівців в даній області, незважаючи на деяку ідеалізацію їм феодального суспільства. Основними предметами викладання Д. І. Каченовского були міжнародне право і державне право європейських держав. Головною науковою роботою Д. І. Каченовского стала його докторська дисертація «Про капери і призовому судочинстві в ставленні до нейтральної торгівлі» (1855), яка отримала широку популярність як в Російській імперії, так і в Європі. Д. І. Каченовський визнавав закономірність каперства, охарактеризував його сутність і поділяв думку відомого французького вченого Ж.-М. Пардессю про те, що статут арагонского короля Альфонса III 1288 р. був першим законодавством щодо каперства. Перший період історії європейського каперства, коли «морська війна майже нічим не відрізнялася від піратства», тривав, на думку вченого, до кінця XVI ст. «Курс міжнародного права» був опублікований в 1863 р, хоча і в незавершеному вигляді, і включав в себе, поряд з епохою стародавнього світу, епоху Середньовіччя. Концепція розвитку міжнародного права в Середні віки, висунута Д. І. Каченовским, включала в себе кілька головних елементів. Серед них: визнання величезної ролі у формуванні цього права християнської церкви, римських пап і німецьких імператорів, вплив на цей процес суспільного ладу і національного характеру германських племен, а також констатація загального пом'якшення під впливом вищевикладених чинників моралі та міжнародної напруженості в Середні віки. Вчений підкреслював позитивний вплив лицарства на військові звичаї та міжнародні відносини. Середньовічне міжнародне право, історія каперства і торгівлі, суспільно-політичне та культурне життя Флоренції і вплив на її розвиток зовнішніх факторів становили головні напрямки досліджень вченого. Творчість Д. І. Каченовський мала значний вплив не тільки на студентів, а й на колег, а більшість його наукових трактувань з успіхом витримали випробування часом.

The question of studying the metamorphosis of Europeans' perception of the Islam is a topical issue now, because it helps to better understand the religious processes in modern Europe.Reconstructing the image of Islam in the ideas of the Christian peoples of the medieval Europe is the purpose of the study. To achieve this aim, I have used such methods as historical method, logical method, analysis, and hermeneutics. The research discusses the ideas of such authors as W.M. Watt, A.K.S Lambton, W. B. Hallaq, I. P. Dobaev, P. Veimar and others. I have identified four components of the medieval image of Islam in Europe. Firstly, it is the idea of alienation of Islam and Muslims for European countries. I have showed that this idea was a result of two facts: (1) Muslim-Christian wars of this period; (2) absence of assimilation processes of Muslim population in European countries. The second component is the thought that Europeans can learn Muslim ideas and technologies. During the middle ages Europeans borrowed from Muslims a lot of important knowledge, ideas and techniques, as well as Muslims from Europeans. I argue that the idea, that Muslim religion is something incompatible with Christianity, is the third component of the image of Islam by Christian Europeans of the Middle Ages. In particular, Thomas Aquinas rejects the idea that Muslims, Jews and Christians have a common Scripture. According to him, Muhammad's religion did not have worthy confirmation of the truth of the teachings. Thomas Aquinas interpreted the fact that great masses of people believed in Islam by suggestion that Islam appeals to the carnal desires of people, offering polygamy and the idea of physical pleasures in the paradise. Also, Thomas points out that Islam is a religion of sword and violence. Also, I have argued that a fear of large masses of Muslim population and their military successes was the fourthcomponent in the image of Muslims by Europeans in the Middle Ages. ; Выделены четыре компонента данного образа. Во-первых, ощущение чуждости ислама и мусульман для европейцев. Во-вторых, восприятие мусульман, как людей, у которых можно учиться идеям и технологиям. В-третьих, восприятие ислама как учения, которое несовместимо с христианством. В-четвертых, это страх перед численностью и военными успехами мусульман. ; Експліковані чотири компоненти даного образа. По-перше, відчуття чужості ісламу та мусульман по відношенню до європейців. По-друге, сприйняття мусульман, як людей у яких можна навчитися новим ідеям та технологіям. По-третє, сприйняття ісламу як вчення, яке є несумісним з християнством. По-четверте, це страх перед чисельністю та військовими успіхами мусульман.

This article deals with the written sources of 9–12 centuries. The main focus of research is on analysis of the process of formation of special military-political category of «warrior monks» – sōhei and their impact on the socio-political life of early medieval Japan. Highlights philosophical and religious, social and political conditions of this category in the Heian and Hempey periods, monastery war and its impact on contemporary Japanese medieval society. Sōhei (Jap. 僧 兵, そ う へ い, «warrior monks») – Buddhist monks in medieval Japanese warriors who generally were concentrated in monasteries Kofuku-ji, Enryaku-ji, Today-ji and others. Sōhei – master of martial arts were actively involved in armed conflict in Central Japan, used by monasteries leadership to make political pressure on the Imperial court and participated in land disputes with the secular rulers or other monasteries. In addition, sōhei for permission monastic leadership mercenaries served in the armies of regional lords, speaking on the side of a clan. At the end of the Heian era due to the crisis the central government, the collapse of the economy, the constant strife and wars in Japanese society spread eschatological beliefs. This was reflected in the two main sect's countries that joined the protracted crisis. Most of the temples of Tendai and Shingon become communities that have their own private possession, army of armed monks – sōhei, clientele of aristocrats and government. In the second half of 10 century, after a series of formal debates controversy took the nature of acute confrontation. The first serious incident involving a conflict of monks against monks took place in 949, when fifty-six Buddhist monks from the monastery Toda-ji temple in Nara, started protests circle residence Kyoto official, protesting appointed abbot. In the following centuries such incidents continued, and abbots of monasteries formed the army of warrior monks – sōhei. Only in the 11 century sōhei teams four times completely burned monastery Mii-dera. However, it should be noted that there were also occasions when the two armies united against the common enemy, particularly in 1081 they attacked Kofuku-ji temple in Nara (the same year the monks Kofuku-ji on revenge burned the monastery Mii-dera). In 1117 Enryaku-ji community united against Mii-dery and monasteries in Nara. This case is described in «Heike monohitari» – samurai epic devoted to the events of the 12 century. Thus, based on the reports of Japanese medieval chronicles – «Hikeyki» and «Heike monogatari» as well as an array of historiographical literature on the subject, we can say that the tradition of forming units of warrior monks (sōhei) originates between the monastery and later and Hempey wars period (1180–1185). The traditional Western perception of «classical Buddhism» emphasizes its peace, but it was in early medieval Japan since the tenth century, monastic community of Mount Hien and Nara, begin to concentrate their army warrior monks, combined esoteric religious and philosophical ideas that preached the idea of equality, led by superiors and priests who opposed samurai clans protecting the community, based on self-government and equality. Contemporary sources indicate the key role of monastic community's sōhei in military conflicts of the time, equating them to the martial art of the samurai. Keywords: history of Japan, medieval Japan, sōhei, Buddhism, Shinto, samurai. ; На основі письмових джерел ІХ–ХІІ століть, проаналізовано процес формування особливої військово-політичної категорії «воїнів-ченців» – сохеїв та їх вплив на суспільно-політичне життя ранньосередньовічної Японії. Висвітлено філософсько-релігійні та соціально-політичні передумови розвитку цієї категорії в періоди Хейян та Гемпей, монастирські війни, а також її вплив на тогочасне японське с ередньовічне суспільство. Ключові слова: історія Японії, середньовічна Японія, сохей, буддизм, сінто, самураї.

The relevance of this study is determined by the strengthening of migration processes, caused by the development and deepening of globalization and integration processes, and the emergence of the opposing processes. It has been indicated that migration processes influence greatly the direction and pace of development of the global and domestic economy, demographic processes in most countries, enhancement or reduction of the social standards, and other aspects of our lives. It has been determined that nowadays our country doesn't have any unified comprehensive concept of the migration policy that would give the country and its citizens opportunity to become high-grade members of the European Community, keep and fully protect their civil, labour and social rights and freedoms. The aim of the study is to analyze the modern migration policy of the European countries and to define recommendations on the strengthening of the communication between domestic and European migration policy. Methods of the systemic, structural analysis, logical analysis, factual analysis and situational approach have been used in order of achieving the stated aim. During the study it has been found that modern migration policy of the European countries is formed under the influence of the defined factors: demographics, significant changes in conditions of the modern labour market, increase of the intensity of external migration flows, military conflicts on the territory of Ukraine and Syria, deepening of the problem of international terrorism, permanent financial crisis in some countries of the European Union, the referendum in the UK on the decision to exit the EU. According to the results of the research, recommendations on the necessity to study and apply the fundamentals and principles of the European migration policies in defined spheres have been formed.

The paper researches the studies of medieval and early modern history of Ukraine in Lviv University in the last decades (1990–2010), the formation of new trends of the scientific studies, broadening of the traditional themes, in particular, history of agrarian relationships, history of trade connections, history of Lviv, ethnic-cultural and political history of the early Middle Ages.Key words: Ukrainian historiography, Middle Ages, history of agricultural relationships, history of Lviv, history of trade, ethnic, cultural and political history. ; Стаття присвячена розвитку досліджень середньовічної та ранньомодерної історії України у Львівському університеті впродовж останніх десятиріч (у 1990-х–2000-х рр.), формуванню нових напрямів наукових студій, розширенню проблематики традиційних тем, зокрема, історії аграрних відносин, історії торговельних зв'язків, історії Львова, етнокультурної та політичної історії раннього середньовіччя.Ключові слова: українська історіографія, середньовіччя, історія аграрних відносин, історія Львова, історія торгівлі, етнокультурна і політична історія.

The article deals with the issue on the correlation, study and usage of the international relations history theoretical foundations as a sufficiently specific scientific direction, combining the features of historical and political sciences, in particular world history, the history of diplomacy, political science, the theory of the international relations, etc. The emergence of the international relations history is connected with the development of national historical sciences, the study of the history of diplomacy, geopolitical concepts, the theory of international relations, etc. The results of the scientific study of the international relations history have laid the basis for the common international processes study. Throughout the XX-th century this direction was actively developing, been influenced upon by the confrontation of political systems. Accordingly, antagonistic ideologies were used, a sample selection of historical facts and sources was carried out. Such issues as the concept and the subject of the international relations history, its periodization, and relations with the world history, history of diplomacy, the theory of international relations and other scientific directions still remain controversial.

В статті мовиться про освітні системи в країнах ЄвропейськогоСоюзу, активізацію там інвестицій в людські ресурси і професійну підготовку фахівців, використання в освіті телекомунікаційної інфраструктури, підвищення знань протягом життя. Зазначається, що освітні ініціативи ЄС виходять за його межі, зокрема надається допомога українським освітянам і науковцям. ; The article says about educational systems in the countries of the European Union, about the activation of investment into human resources and professional training of specialists, about the usage of telecommunication technologies in education and about the improvement of knowledge during the lifetime. It is indicated that educational initiatives of the European Union go beyond its borders, in particular, the support Ukrainian educationalists and scientists. In 2015 Ukraine entered the European research space having become an associated member of the EU framework program for Research and Innovation "Horizon 2020". It gives Ukrainian scientists an opportunity to join common European researches and to overcome isolation. The systems of higher education of the European countries are one of he best in the world. Top 5 includes the USA, Canada, Sweden, Finland and Denmark. In top 25 there are 16 countries, including Ukraine. ; W artykule rozpatrywano systemy oświaty w państwach należących do UniiEuropejskiej, aktywizację tam inwestycji w zasoby ludzkie i przygotowaniezawodowe fachowców, wykorzystanie infrastruktury telekomunikacyjnej w oświacie, udoskonalenie wiedzy w ciągu życia. A także zaznaczono, że inicjatywy oświatowe Unii Europejskiej wychodzą za jej zasięgi, w szczególności wspierają ukraińskich pracowników oświaty i naukowców.

Actuality. Management as a phenomenon of culture and an exclusively unique object of scientific knowledge occupies a special place in the life of society. As historical development of mankind is complicated as organizational structures, as well as the culture of management and a set of theories that describe them. However, modern science does not take into account that radical changes in organizational reality occur not continuously, but during the bifurcation of civilization. A specific culture that arose precisely in such conditions is mechanistic management, the study of which is devoted to this article. Purpose and methods. The purpose of the article is a theoretical and historical analysis of the culture of mechanistic management, the identification of the basic determinants of the genesis of this management culture and the formation of the main directions of its development in conditions of industrialism. The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical principle of cognition, systemic, civilization, historical approaches to the study of social phenomena and processes, and the fundamental provisions of the theory of management. Results. The objective preconditions of the formation of a culture of mechanistic management are determined: European science and mechanism arising from the Newtonian picture of the world – the presentation of organizational reality as a machine, as well as atomism, rationalism and social Darwinism as a "natural law" about inter-species struggle; Protestant ethics as a justification of profit; political economy, which introduced the economy in the form of a machine operating under the laws of Newtonian mechanics; great scientific and technical discoveries, demanding new forms of organization of production. The essence of the article is given, comparative characteristics are given and prospects of further application of the main directions of culture of mechanistic management: scientific organization of labor and management are outlined; administrative management; the ...

The article covers the history of the notarial districts formation in Ukraine. The subject matter of the study is the retrospective of notarial districts formation in Ukraine as well as the development of the grounded proposals for respective legislation improvement. The methodological basis of the study were general scientific (analysis, comparison and modelling) and special (formal and logical) methods of cognition. The notary territorial competence influence on the formation of notarial districts is considered. The author has proved that the notary territorial competence in the context of national legislation is understood as the basis for the notary districts formation. The research suggests the analysis of 4 stages of notary formation and development in Ukraine: early years of independence, establishment of the maximum number of notaries, the years of uncertainty and the current stage, characterized by changes due to administrative-territorial and digital reforms. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that during the early years of independence the legislation, considering the notary territorial competence, was poor, while state intervention into the process of notarial districts allocation was really high. The regulation of the maximum number of notaries and notarial quotas as the legal problem that does not meet today's challenges is revealed. Legislative drafts aiming at regulating the number of notaries and restricting such state intervention in notarial activity have been analysed. The present regulation of the notary territorial competence, as well as legislative updates, considering the administrative-territorial reforms in Ukraine, are studied. The attention is also paid to the administrative-territorial structure as a basis for the allocation of the notary territorial competence. The main concepts of forming the list of notarial districts by the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine are outlined; moreover, their pros and cons are highlighted. The governmental plans to digitalize the state services in terms of launching electronic notaries for remote notarial acts are mentioned. The offer to improve the principles of notary districts system in order to increase the availability of notarial acts to the population is given (driven by the examples of regional notary districts in Kyiv and Sevastopol aiming at providing remote notarial acts). Taking into account the Constitutional provisions, the need to consolidate the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine authorities is justified in context of approving the list of notarial districts in the Law of Ukraine "On Notaries". Keywords: territorial competence of a notary, maximum number of notaries, administrative-territorial structure, administrative-territorial unit, quotas of notaries, availability of notarial acts

The purpose of the article is to establish the main directions of local lore activity of S.D. Nose and systematize his work in this field of humanities. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study lies in the principles of historicism, scientificity and systematics. Biographical, historical-genetic and scientific-metric methods were also used. Scientific novelty of the study is due to the formulation of the problem and the first attempt to determine the place of S.D. Nos in the historical and local lore movement in the Chernihiv region in the second half of the nineteenth century. Conclusions. On the basis of a wide range of updated sources, S.D. Nos' participation in the editorial circle of the official government newspaper «Chernyhovskye hubernskye vedomosty», consisting of local historians, ethnographers, and writers, was established. The facts about evidence of S.D. Nos direct involvement in the project of founding a scientific society of historical and local lore profile in Chernihiv are also given. S.D. Nos' cooperation with the South-Western Division of the Russian Geographical Society is characterized. Articles, notes and documentary publications of the researcher in the journal «Chernihiv Provincial Gazette», «Osnova», «Kievskaya Starina» are analyzed.

The creativity of Spengler and the ambiguity of his theory have caused and continue to cause profound interest, as well as fierce debates. Spengler introduced his cultural historical doctrine in the book "The Decline of the West", in which he sought to reflect all the diversity of historical metamorphoses of humanity. His advanced concept of high cultures allowed him to approach the analysis of contemporary political processes from a historical perspective. "The Decline of the West" has already become an integral part of the European spiritual culture. This paper attempts to analyze Spengler's philosophy of history. During the research, the authors have used the comparative-historical method, the methodology of philosophical hermeneutics, as well as the integrative anthropological approach.

The modern cynological service of Ukraine is an integral part of the National Police of Ukraine, the National Guard of Ukraine, the State Border Guard Service, the State Emergency Service of Ukraine.The purpose of this study was to shed light on the history of cynology. To address this issue, the task was to collect and systematize data on the development of cynology. The main purpose of dog training in the law enforcement system is primarily to assist employees of these structures in improving the effectiveness of their activities to prevent, stop, detect and investigate crimes, using the special knowledge of dog handlers, as well as their skillful use of service dogs as a special means.The following research methods were used in the research process: general scientific – logical analysis, generalization, classification, systematization, actualization and comparison; historical – biographical, problem-chronological, comparative-historical.The history of the human-dog relationship dates back more than 500,000 years. Archival documents contain records of the use of dogs in military affairs more than 6,000 years ago in Eurasia, Africa and North America. As early as 7000 BC, purposeful dog breeding was widespread.No other animal species shows such diversity. Today there are more than 400 breeds of dogs, not counting crossbreeds. Despite this biodiversity, all domestic dogs belong to the same family, the Canis familiis, whose wild ancestor is the wolf, as evidenced by DNA analysis.To date, there are three main areas of dog breeding: service, which includes herding, associated with various branches of animal husbandry, riding (harness) and own service – the use of dogs for guard, search and other services; hunting (industrial and sports); decorative (breeding of mostly domestic dogs of original forms, companion dogs).Thus, the study of the history of cynology will allow more extensive use of the capabilities of dogs in the modern cynological service. ; Сучасна кінологічна служба України є невід'ємною складовою частиною Національної поліції України, Національної гвардії України, Державної прикордонної служби, Державної служби України з надзвичайних ситуацій.Метою даного дослідження було висвітлити історію становлення кінології. Для вирішення цього питання було поставлено завдання зібрати та систематизувати данні стосовно розвитку кінології.У процесі досліджень було використано наступні методи досліджень: загальнонаукові – логічного аналізу, узагальнення, класифікації, систематизації, актуалізації та порівняння; історичні – біографічний, проблемно-хронологічний, порівняльно-історичний.Історія відносин людини і собаки бере свій початок більше 500 тис. років тому. В архівних документах збереглись записи про використання собак у військовій справі більше 6000 років тому в Євразії, Африці та Північній Америці. Вже 7000 років до н.е., було широко поширене цілеспрямоване розведення собак.На сьогоднішній день розрізняють три основних напрямки собаківництва: службове, що включає пастуше, пов'язане з різними галузями тваринництва, їздове (упряжне) і власне службове – використання собак для караульної, розшукової та інших служб; мисливське (промислове і спортивне); декоративне (розведення переважно кімнатних собак оригінальних форм, собак-компаньйонів).Отже, вивчення історії кінології дасть змогу більш широко використовувати можливості собак в сучасній кінологічній службі.