Suchergebnisse

The height of the French male population of the Ancien Régime is estimated, on the basis of military records, to have been about 162 cm in the 17th century. This extremely short stature implies that, "the crisis of the 17th century" had an immense impact on the human organism itself. The improvement in climatic conditions at the turn of the 18th century had an ameliorating effect on the human organism, increasing in size by nearly 4 cms within a span of 12 years. Improved weather had a beneficial impact on agricultural conditions as well as a direct effect on biological processes. The physical stature of men increased until the birth cohorts of the 1740s, to decline thereafter, in keeping with the European pattern, although the decline of the second half of the 18th century was not more severe than elsewhere in Europe. France was not suffering from a prolonged period of malnutrition of unusual severity, and the threat of a Malthusian crisis was mild compared to 17th-century conditions. Hence, the anthropometric evidence supports the notion that the French economic malaise was not a fundamental cause of the political turmoil. To be sure, there were very large social differences in the biological standard of living, which clearly fuelled the fires of revolution. The height of the French upper classes was 7 cm above average, but, that, too, was standard for contemporary Europe.

This report provides a brief legislative history of the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and for the purpose of comparison, describes the principal elements of the legislative process.

The difficulty of defining fairs and markets with any methodological clarity is particularly pronounced when one considers the problem of space and the growth of urban centers. The close link between the two economic institutions is especially conspicuous in the case of Italy, a country that not only boasted the highest concentration of towns, but also showed precocious instances of institutional powers adopting urban strategies. What this suggests is that a single model is insufficient and that different analytical approaches must be adopted. The aim of this article is to identify certain lines of development in the relations linking fairs and markets to urban spaces-in the broad sense of both urban spaces and geo-economical spaces dominated by an urban center.

En annexe, édition d'une circulaire nobiliaire de 1478 appelant à l'organisation d'un tournoi à Wurtzbourg en 1479 ; International audience ; La Haute-Allemagne (Franconie, Souabe, Bavière, Rhin supérieur) a connu au XVe siècle une remarquable flambée de grands tournois aristocratiques, culminant par la série des Grands tournois ('Hauptturniere') entre 1479 et 1487. Sachant que cette région est par ailleurs celle qui a vu s'épanouir au XVIe siècle la « Chevalerie d'Empire », il est tentant d'examiner dans quelle mesure cette pratique du tournoi a pu constituer une sorte d'« école » pour la formation collective des aristocrates. L'examen détaillé des divers textes produits par l'aristocratie dans la phase des Grands tournois (et dont un texte capital, datant de 1478 mais jusqu'alors négligé à cause d'une erreur de datation, est édité et traduit en annexe) permet d'observer qu'on cherche à faire du tournoi, dans cette région à la fin du Moyen Âge, un mode d'éducation d'ensemble de la société politique : éducation de la noblesse au premier chef, à la fois en définissant un code de valeurs et en exprimant un idéal d'unité interne de cette catégorie qui devrait se traduire par l'unicité de son comportement politique ; éducation des princes locaux, dont la volonté de se placer au-dessus de la noblesse se voit opposer une activité dans laquelle ils sont certes en haut, mais dans la noblesse, activité qu'ils ne peuvent bouder parce qu'elle est dans la pratique un lieu de mise en place de réseaux d'alliances politiques ; éducation enfin des couches urbaines, exclues de la participation aux tournois et devant lesquelles les participants réaffirment la dextérité guerrière et le « monopole de la violence légitime », fût-elle ritualisée, de la noblesse. Le tournoi apparaît ainsi comme tout autre chose qu'une projection de la noblesse dans un monde idéalisé sans princes ni villes : il s'agit bien plutôt d'un véritable discours politique par lequel la petite noblesse qui le promeut tente d'inculquer sa conception des relations ...

En annexe, édition d'une circulaire nobiliaire de 1478 appelant à l'organisation d'un tournoi à Wurtzbourg en 1479 ; International audience ; La Haute-Allemagne (Franconie, Souabe, Bavière, Rhin supérieur) a connu au XVe siècle une remarquable flambée de grands tournois aristocratiques, culminant par la série des Grands tournois ('Hauptturniere') entre 1479 et 1487. Sachant que cette région est par ailleurs celle qui a vu s'épanouir au XVIe siècle la « Chevalerie d'Empire », il est tentant d'examiner dans quelle mesure cette pratique du tournoi a pu constituer une sorte d'« école » pour la formation collective des aristocrates. L'examen détaillé des divers textes produits par l'aristocratie dans la phase des Grands tournois (et dont un texte capital, datant de 1478 mais jusqu'alors négligé à cause d'une erreur de datation, est édité et traduit en annexe) permet d'observer qu'on cherche à faire du tournoi, dans cette région à la fin du Moyen Âge, un mode d'éducation d'ensemble de la société politique : éducation de la noblesse au premier chef, à la fois en définissant un code de valeurs et en exprimant un idéal d'unité interne de cette catégorie qui devrait se traduire par l'unicité de son comportement politique ; éducation des princes locaux, dont la volonté de se placer au-dessus de la noblesse se voit opposer une activité dans laquelle ils sont certes en haut, mais dans la noblesse, activité qu'ils ne peuvent bouder parce qu'elle est dans la pratique un lieu de mise en place de réseaux d'alliances politiques ; éducation enfin des couches urbaines, exclues de la participation aux tournois et devant lesquelles les participants réaffirment la dextérité guerrière et le « monopole de la violence légitime », fût-elle ritualisée, de la noblesse. Le tournoi apparaît ainsi comme tout autre chose qu'une projection de la noblesse dans un monde idéalisé sans princes ni villes : il s'agit bien plutôt d'un véritable discours politique par lequel la petite noblesse qui le promeut tente d'inculquer sa conception des relations entre elle, les princes et les citadins.

ed. by Rainer Brunner and Werner Ende ; Literaturverz. S. [365] - 382

Basing on her Ph.D. disertation: China in transition: the role of Wu Ting-fang (1842-1922), q.v ; Includes bibliographical references and index ; Wu Tingfang (1842-1922) was a contemporary of Li Hongzhang, Yuan Shikai, Hei and Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen), all of whom were involved in China's attempt at reform and modernization in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During his time, Wu was a prominent political figure, participating actively in public service and political activities in Hong Kong, Shanghai and Guangzhou. This book is a biography of Wu, and sheds considerable light on a crucial period in Chinese history ; published_or_final_version ; Preface pvii ; Acknowledgements pviii ; Introduction p1 ; Conclusion p287 ; Glossary p295 ; Bibliography p297 ; Index p313 ; Ch.1 The Colonial Matrix 1842-1877 p7 ; Ch.2 Hong Kong Barrister 1877-1882 p41 ; Ch.3 With Li Hongzhang 1882-1896 p72 ; Ch.4 Promise and Disappointment in America 1897-1902 p103 ; Ch.5 Wu Tingfang and the New Nationalism 1902-1905 p137 ; Ch.6 Towards a New Era 1905-1911 p171 ; Ch.7 Wu Tingfang and the 1911 Revolution p193 ; Ch.8 Elder Statesman 1912-1922 p231

These documents comprise four volumes : the first is a synthesis of all of my research, the second represents original unpublished work on the profession of carpenters in Valencia (Spain): brotherhoods and corporate body (from the 15th to the beginning of the 19th century), the third includes the documents in Valencia Catalan and Spanish that constituted the source of my investigation and which can be found in the Archives of the Ancient Kingdom of Valencia. The forth volume contains my papers and presentations.The unpublished work deals with the characteristics of the trade, its relationships with the local and kingdom authorities at the economic and political level as well as its religious and social role. The research also attempts to analyze the development of the carpenter profession over a long period of time, and explain the causes of its disappearance. The rest of the work deals with other powers and other geographical areas, namely the Spanish Inquisition, and the projection of the Spanish Monarchy in the Mediterranean and the Flanders Provinces. ; Ce dossier est constitué de quatre ouvrages : le premier est une synthèse de tous mes travaux de recherche, le second un travail inédit qui porte sur Le métier des charpentiers de Valence (Espagne) : entre confréries et corporation (XVe-début XIXe siècle), le troisième est constitué de documents en valencien et en espagnol sur lesquels se fonde mon étude et qui se trouvent aux Archives de l'Ancien Royaume de Valence, le quatrième regroupe les articles et communications que j'ai présentés.L'inédit étudie les caractéristiques du métier, ses rapports avec les pouvoirs de la ville et du royaume au plan économique et politique, son rôle religieux et social. Il essaie d'analyser son évolution à travers un temps long, ainsi que les causes de sa disparition.Les autres travaux portent sur d'autres pouvoirs et aussi sur d'autres aires géographiques -l'Inquisition en Espagne, la projection de la monarchie espagnole en Méditerranée et en Flandres.

These documents comprise four volumes : the first is a synthesis of all of my research, the second represents original unpublished work on the profession of carpenters in Valencia (Spain): brotherhoods and corporate body (from the 15th to the beginning of the 19th century), the third includes the documents in Valencia Catalan and Spanish that constituted the source of my investigation and which can be found in the Archives of the Ancient Kingdom of Valencia. The forth volume contains my papers and presentations.The unpublished work deals with the characteristics of the trade, its relationships with the local and kingdom authorities at the economic and political level as well as its religious and social role. The research also attempts to analyze the development of the carpenter profession over a long period of time, and explain the causes of its disappearance. The rest of the work deals with other powers and other geographical areas, namely the Spanish Inquisition, and the projection of the Spanish Monarchy in the Mediterranean and the Flanders Provinces. ; Ce dossier est constitué de quatre ouvrages : le premier est une synthèse de tous mes travaux de recherche, le second un travail inédit qui porte sur Le métier des charpentiers de Valence (Espagne) : entre confréries et corporation (XVe-début XIXe siècle), le troisième est constitué de documents en valencien et en espagnol sur lesquels se fonde mon étude et qui se trouvent aux Archives de l'Ancien Royaume de Valence, le quatrième regroupe les articles et communications que j'ai présentés.L'inédit étudie les caractéristiques du métier, ses rapports avec les pouvoirs de la ville et du royaume au plan économique et politique, son rôle religieux et social. Il essaie d'analyser son évolution à travers un temps long, ainsi que les causes de sa disparition.Les autres travaux portent sur d'autres pouvoirs et aussi sur d'autres aires géographiques -l'Inquisition en Espagne, la projection de la monarchie espagnole en Méditerranée et en Flandres.

Lieutenant General Claudia Kennedy, the Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, postulates a future world where challenges to the national security and national interests of the United States will come from many sources. Not only will the armed forces of the United States have to be prepared to counter attacks by nation-states with armed forces equipped with modern weapons, they must also be ready to address a wide range of challenges across the spectrum from urban warlords to narco-terrorists. Today there is a great deal of talk about focusing on the high end of the threat and relying on one dimension of military power, air power, to halt an attack by any would-be aggressor. As General Kennedy's monograph indicates, that will address only a small and distinct portion of the possible challenges we will face in the 21st century. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1169/thumbnail.jpg

[Extract] Moderns do not expect persons to display constancy of purpose or to pursue the sorts of purposes (ends-in-themselves) that can be constantly attended to. Modernity does not speak to its denizens in these terms. What "matters" in modern life is that persons can choose and re-choose, their purposes and activities. Whether these are trivial pursuits or not, whether the choices are transient or not, is irrelevant from the modern point of view. Persons of good (rational) character are marginalised in Modernity. Of course, moderns must protect themselves from the harms caused by "fly by night" characters (the unreliable, the dishonest, etc.) if only to protect the integrity of modem choice. However, modern institutions do this not via ethical norms but procedurally. Democracy has its electoral procedures, the market its notification procedures, science its experimental procedures, hospitals their supervisory checks, films and recordings their classification, production and copyright rules. These procedures are "rules of the game" that outlaw privileges, rotten boroughs, gerrymanders, cheating, manipulation - anything that interferes with choices people make or that interferes with the (second order) choices people make in response to others' (first order) choices. Abuses and manipulations do occur, of course, but not pervasively. More interestingly, modem societies do not rely on personal character to prevent such abuses. They do not rely on what the Romans called the bona fides of the politician or the broadcaster. They do not rely on ethical norms, whether of a pagan or a religious kind. Even the unscrupulous and aggrandisers can play by the "rules of the game" (most of the time at least). Once, to be a Christian, you needed to act charitably, faithfully; to be a citizen, you had to act liberally (by giving to the public purse, giving your time to serve in public capacities, etc.) or courageously in public. You were what you were via the continuous observance of norms. The Christian, the citizen had to deliberate, to choose how and when to observe norms. They had a "freedom of conscience" but choice (freedom) was not the centre of their existence. They did not pursue the goods of freedom (free inquiry, free market, democratic choice) but rather choices were made in the course of being a good citizen or a good (charitable, caring, concerned) person. Modernity offers a choice-centred. freedom-centred form of existence. Its culture is a culture of contingency.

The Reformation in the Low Countries fascinates both church historians and general historians. Religious change and political revolution went hand in hand. The history of the Reformation is an integral part of the history of the birth of the Dutch nation. Although well-researched, its attraction is renewed with each successive historiographical fashion. Far less well-known is the history of Dutch religious life after the Reformation, Although a lot of detailed research has been done in this field, it is very difficult to give a synthesis of Dutch church history during the early modern period. The main problem is the apparent impossibility of integrating church history into the general history of the Dutch Republic. In modern works on Dutch history religion simply fades away somewhere around the middIe of the seventeenth century, only to reappear around the middle of the nineteenth century. No conceptual tools have been devised to come to grips with all that lies in between .

Includes bibliographical references (p. [308]-310) and index. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Published for the Midwest Consortium on Military History: John Crerar Library, Chicago, Illinois; Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois; University of Chicago; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Indiana University, Bloomington; University of Iowa, Iowa City; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; University of Cincinnati; Ohio State University, Columbus. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Latest issue consulted: No. 57 (winter 2003). ; Distributed to depository libraries in microfiche. ; Mode of access: Internet.