Lieutenant General Claudia Kennedy, the Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, postulates a future world where challenges to the national security and national interests of the United States will come from many sources. Not only will the armed forces of the United States have to be prepared to counter attacks by nation-states with armed forces equipped with modern weapons, they must also be ready to address a wide range of challenges across the spectrum from urban warlords to narco-terrorists. Today there is a great deal of talk about focusing on the high end of the threat and relying on one dimension of military power, air power, to halt an attack by any would-be aggressor. As General Kennedy's monograph indicates, that will address only a small and distinct portion of the possible challenges we will face in the 21st century. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1169/thumbnail.jpg
[Extract] Moderns do not expect persons to display constancy of purpose or to pursue the sorts of purposes (ends-in-themselves) that can be constantly attended to. Modernity does not speak to its denizens in these terms. What "matters" in modern life is that persons can choose and re-choose, their purposes and activities. Whether these are trivial pursuits or not, whether the choices are transient or not, is irrelevant from the modern point of view. Persons of good (rational) character are marginalised in Modernity. Of course, moderns must protect themselves from the harms caused by "fly by night" characters (the unreliable, the dishonest, etc.) if only to protect the integrity of modem choice. However, modern institutions do this not via ethical norms but procedurally. Democracy has its electoral procedures, the market its notification procedures, science its experimental procedures, hospitals their supervisory checks, films and recordings their classification, production and copyright rules. These procedures are "rules of the game" that outlaw privileges, rotten boroughs, gerrymanders, cheating, manipulation - anything that interferes with choices people make or that interferes with the (second order) choices people make in response to others' (first order) choices. Abuses and manipulations do occur, of course, but not pervasively. More interestingly, modem societies do not rely on personal character to prevent such abuses. They do not rely on what the Romans called the bona fides of the politician or the broadcaster. They do not rely on ethical norms, whether of a pagan or a religious kind. Even the unscrupulous and aggrandisers can play by the "rules of the game" (most of the time at least). Once, to be a Christian, you needed to act charitably, faithfully; to be a citizen, you had to act liberally (by giving to the public purse, giving your time to serve in public capacities, etc.) or courageously in public. You were what you were via the continuous observance of norms. The Christian, the citizen had to deliberate, to choose how and when to observe norms. They had a "freedom of conscience" but choice (freedom) was not the centre of their existence. They did not pursue the goods of freedom (free inquiry, free market, democratic choice) but rather choices were made in the course of being a good citizen or a good (charitable, caring, concerned) person. Modernity offers a choice-centred. freedom-centred form of existence. Its culture is a culture of contingency.
Gegenstand der Dissertation ist das schlesische Italienstudium in der Zeit vom 16. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert. Die hierbei gewählten Eckdaten 1526 und 1740 markieren, wie unschwer zu erkennen, politische Zäsuren: Der Übergang des Herzogtums Schlesien in den habsburgischen Machtbereich sowie der Verlust Schlesiens nach über zweihundertjährige Zugehörigkeit zum Haus Habsburg an Preußen, durch den Einmarsch der Regimenter Friedrich des Großen. Dieses Datum setzte auch dem Auslandsstudium der Schlesier ein vorläufiges Ende. Die Dissertation hatte von Beginn an eine doppelte Zielsetzung. Einerseits sollte ein komplettes Verzeichnis aller schlesischen Studenten erstellt werden, die an oberitalienischen Universitäten immatrikuliert waren. Andererseits gehen die Untersuchungen weit über die bloße Sammlung von Immatrikulationsdaten hinaus und verstehen sich als eine bildungsgeschichtliche Studie zur Frühen Neuzeit. Wichtige Untersuchungsfelder waren die akademische und interuniversitäre Mobilität, die soziale Herkunft der Studenten, die familiären Bildungstraditionen ebenso wie die regionale bzw. lokale Herkunft der Studentenschaft. Im Laufe der Arbeit drängte sich geradezu die Frage nach einer europäischen Perspektive auf, denn eine Vielzahl der schlesischen Studenten war vor oder nach ihrem italienischen Aufenthalt an niederländischen, französischen oder deutschen Universitäten immatrikuliert. Zu den überraschendsten und erstaunlichsten Ergebnisse der Arbeit überhaupt zählte die große Zahl an schlesischen Studenten, die nachgewiesen werden konnte. Das Ergebnis meiner Arbeit in den italienischen Universitätsarchiven brachte die Zahl von 2300 schlesischen Inskriptionen zu Tage. Sie entsprechen auf Grund von Mehrfachimmatrikulationen einer Gesamtzahl von über 1.700 Studenten, die im obengenannten Zeitraum eingeschrieben waren: An den Universitäten von Padua, Bologna, Ferrara, Siena, Perugia, Rom sowie dem Collegium Nobilium in Parma und dem Collegium Germanicum in Rom. ; The dissertation set its focus on the study of Silesian students at the italian universities in the early modern age. It begins on 1526, the year of the beginning of the Habsburger monarchy in Silesia, an it ends in 1740, when the troups of Friedrich II. of Prussia occupied Silesia. Main research fields were: academic and inter-university mobility. The dissertation offers a study in history of university education for the mordern age as well as a complete catalogue of all Silesian students at Italian universities such as Padua, Bologna, Ferrara, Siena, Perugia, Rome, the Collegium Nobilium of Parma and the Collegium Germanicum of the Societas Jesu in Rome.
Gegenstand der Dissertation ist das schlesische Italienstudium in der Zeit vom 16. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert. Die hierbei gewählten Eckdaten 1526 und 1740 markieren, wie unschwer zu erkennen, politische Zäsuren: Der Übergang des Herzogtums Schlesien in den habsburgischen Machtbereich sowie der Verlust Schlesiens nach über zweihundertjährige Zugehörigkeit zum Haus Habsburg an Preußen, durch den Einmarsch der Regimenter Friedrich des Großen. Dieses Datum setzte auch dem Auslandsstudium der Schlesier ein vorläufiges Ende. Die Dissertation hatte von Beginn an eine doppelte Zielsetzung. Einerseits sollte ein komplettes Verzeichnis aller schlesischen Studenten erstellt werden, die an oberitalienischen Universitäten immatrikuliert waren. Andererseits gehen die Untersuchungen weit über die bloße Sammlung von Immatrikulationsdaten hinaus und verstehen sich als eine bildungsgeschichtliche Studie zur Frühen Neuzeit. Wichtige Untersuchungsfelder waren die akademische und interuniversitäre Mobilität, die soziale Herkunft der Studenten, die familiären Bildungstraditionen ebenso wie die regionale bzw. lokale Herkunft der Studentenschaft. Im Laufe der Arbeit drängte sich geradezu die Frage nach einer europäischen Perspektive auf, denn eine Vielzahl der schlesischen Studenten war vor oder nach ihrem italienischen Aufenthalt an niederländischen, französischen oder deutschen Universitäten immatrikuliert. Zu den überraschendsten und erstaunlichsten Ergebnisse der Arbeit überhaupt zählte die große Zahl an schlesischen Studenten, die nachgewiesen werden konnte. Das Ergebnis meiner Arbeit in den italienischen Universitätsarchiven brachte die Zahl von 2300 schlesischen Inskriptionen zu Tage. Sie entsprechen auf Grund von Mehrfachimmatrikulationen einer Gesamtzahl von über 1.700 Studenten, die im obengenannten Zeitraum eingeschrieben waren: An den Universitäten von Padua, Bologna, Ferrara, Siena, Perugia, Rom sowie dem Collegium Nobilium in Parma und dem Collegium Germanicum in Rom. ; The dissertation set its focus on the study of Silesian students at the italian universities in the early modern age. It begins on 1526, the year of the beginning of the Habsburger monarchy in Silesia, an it ends in 1740, when the troups of Friedrich II. of Prussia occupied Silesia. Main research fields were: academic and inter-university mobility. The dissertation offers a study in history of university education for the mordern age as well as a complete catalogue of all Silesian students at Italian universities such as Padua, Bologna, Ferrara, Siena, Perugia, Rome, the Collegium Nobilium of Parma and the Collegium Germanicum of the Societas Jesu in Rome.
Federalism has been in the news a lot over the past few years. The Republican-controlled Congress has enacted restrictions on the imposition of unfunded federal mandates on state governments and has passed significant welfare reform, one of the keys to which is greater state freedom in the implementation of welfare programs. The President, although often seen as resisting the more extreme Republican proposals for devolution, is himself something of an advocate for states' rights. Clinton was a governor before he was President, and in that capacity he experienced a number of frustrations with federal red tape. Perhaps as a result, the Clinton Administration has been generous in granting waivers to States under federal entitlement programs – far more so than were the Reagan and Bush Administrations. Perhaps the biggest news on the federalism front in recent years, however, has come from the Supreme Court. The Court has rendered a series of dramatic decisions shifting power from the federal government to the States. In United States v. Lopez, the Court held that Congress has no power under the Constitution to make it a federal crime to possess a gun within 1000 feet of a school yard. The federal government defended the statute as a permissible exercise of Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce, but the Court said it could not see how the mere possession of a gun near a school yard, not itself a form a commercial activity, would have a substantial affect on the movement of goods and services in interstate commerce. So for the first time since 1937, the Supreme Court struck down a federal law as being beyond the powers of the federal government to regulate interstate commerce.
Senator Hart delivered this lectuare as a UC Irvine Regents Lecturer in 1998. He discusses the theoretical traditions of American democracy and reform issues that face the United States.
Although vastly influential in German-speaking Europe, conceptual history (Begriffsgeschichte) has until now received little attention in English. This genre of intellectual history differs from both the French history of mentalités and the Anglophone history of discourses by positing the concept - the key occupier of significant syntactical space - as the object of historical investigation. Contributions by distinguished practitioners and critics of conceptual history from Europe and America illustrate both the distinctiveness and diversity of the genre. The first part of the book is devoted to the origins and identity of the field, as well as methodological issues. Part two presents exemplary studies focusing either on a particular concept (such as Maurizio Viroli's 'Reason of the State') or a particular approach to conceptual history (e.g. Bernard Scholz for literary criticism and Terence Ball for political science). The final, most innovative section of the book looks at concepts and art - high, bourgeois and demotic. Here Bram Kempers discusses the conceptual history of Raphael's frescos in the Stanza della Segnatura of the Vatican; Eddy de Jongh examines the linguistic character of much Dutch genre painting; and Rolf Reichardt considers the conceptual structure implicit in card games of the French Revolution, used to induct those on the margins of literacy into the new revolutionary world-view.
Tele-learning is an increasingly popular idea but it may not be as new as many people think. Some 20 years ago The Open University in the UK, facing financial problems not unlike the problems facing many universities today, began to develop a system which aimed to allow a tutor to communicate with students over the telephone line allowing both to draw on their TV screens whilst viewing the work of the other. The system, called Cyclops, was never used seriously by the Open University. There are many reasons for this, some political, some technological and some financial. It was an idea too far ahead of its time.In many ways the design goals of Cyclops have now been achieved, not by the Open University but by Microsoft and its satellite companies, in the current set of tele-communication software such as NetMeeting that come free with many PCs. In this paper we look at the current state of such hardware and software and examine the opportunities and opportunities cost of using tele-learning.
Since satellites started photographing Earth from space nearly four decades ago, their images have inspired excitement, introspection, and, often, fear. Like all information, satellite imagery is in itself neutral. But satellite imagery is a particularly powerful sort of information, revealing both comprehensive vistas and surprising details. Its benefits can be immense, but so can its costs.
In August 1996, President Clinton signed the "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA), landmark welfare-reform legislation that curtails benefits and shifts the responsibility for distributing welfare benefits from the federal government to the states. The new law reflects the public's dissatisfaction with the federal administration of welfare entitlements and, indeed, with the very idea of welfare entitlements. PRWORA embodies the concept of devolution: Temporary Assistance to Needy Families and child care block grants replace Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) entitlements and a host of other aid programs. Under the law, "[e]xcept as expressly provided under the statute, the Federal Government may not regulate the conduct of the States." Thus, states now have the right to determine eligibility and benefits and the freedom to design programs that promote work, responsibility, self-sufficiency, and stronger families.
In August 1996, President Clinton signed the "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA), landmark welfare-reform legislation that curtails benefits and shifts the responsibility for distributing welfare benefits from the federal government to the states. The new law reflects the public's dissatisfaction with the federal administration of welfare entitlements and, indeed, with the very idea of welfare entitlements. PRWORA embodies the concept of devolution: Temporary Assistance to Needy Families and child care block grants replace Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) entitlements and a host of other aid programs. Under the law, "[e]xcept as expressly provided under the statute, the Federal Government may not regulate the conduct of the States." Thus, states now have the right to determine eligibility and benefits and the freedom to design programs that promote work, responsibility, self-sufficiency, and stronger families.
The major premise, minor premise, and conclusion of this Article are one and the same - for, they conduce to an acceptance of the fact that the social constructs and legal tools necessary for the modern judiciary to meet head-on and deal with the contentious issues of bioethics and biotechnology are already in place. To resolve problems arising from these potential quagmires, perhaps the major concern is for the courts to remain forever vigilant to the interlinking relationships or synergistic forces found in law, science, ethics, and medicine. Without vigilance and enhanced awareness of the dynamic and fluid situation here, both the bench and the bar will increasingly lack understanding of the questions to be asked, let alone the answers to be given in this New Age of Science. What is called for is a modified form of judicial activism - not grounded in the heresy of deconstruction - but rather one shaped by reason, understanding, and contemporary social policy and one that is calibrated by the scientific gatekeeping role of the federal courts. When, owing to exigencies of time, laws become largely impotent or even moribund, and new ones are not enacted because of the legislator's lethargic passivity, ignorance, or failure to release themselves from the vortex of emotionalism which enmeshes certain issues, then it remains for the courts to seize the initiative and fill the void of indecisiveness. Through interpretative policies guided by reason, common sense, equity, and analogy, the courts can chart with confidence a new common law of biotechnology - one that begins to build a framework for principled decisionmaking upon which stability and predictability can be assured. Absent this legal mechanism or process of decisionmaking, it remains for science to direct the future course of development for the new Age of Biotechnology and law to remain a reactive force. Ideally, however, a full partnership of interest and action should be sought by law, science, ethics, and medicine if progress is to be achieved over the succeeding years.
This study explores women's experiences of infertility in an age of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). This study was directed at trying to understand the decision-making process surrounding motherhood, infertility and ARTs. This research uses in-depth, semi-structured interviews to elicit women's subjective experiences of the decision-making process surrounding infertility. This study also uses a structural analysis to understand how women's decisions are context dependent. More specifically, this study shows how the social, political and economic context of this society alienates women from their reproductive lives. This research adds in-depth descriptive data on women's experiences of infertility to the current knowledge on this issue. I interviewed 15 women who were at various stages of their infertility experience and who had not all pursued medical intervention to achieve pregnancy. The interviews focussed on the various reasons why women want children and why they would, or would not seek ARTs to achieve this goal. This study is unique in that the women described all of the options available to them as alienating. This research shows that society has left many infertile women with little choice over the decisions surrounding their reproductive lives.
This paper is concerned with the emergence of consumerism as a dominant theme in the culture surrounding the organisation and provision of welfare in contemporary societies. In it we address the dilemmas produced by a consumerist discourse for older people's healthcare, dilemmas which may be seen as the conflicting representations of third age and fourth age reality. We begin by reviewing the appearance of consumerism in the recent history of the British healthcare system, relating it to the various reforms of healthcare over the last two decades and the more general development of consumerism as a cultural phenomenon of the post World War II era. The emergence of consumer culture, we argue, is both a central theme in post-modernist discourse and a key element in the political economy of the New Right. After examining criticisms of post-modernist representational politics, the limitations of consumerism and the privileged position given to choice and agency within consumerist society, we consider the relevance of such critical perspectives in judging the significance of the user/consumer movement in the lives of retired people.
JOHN ARQUILLA is a professor of defense studies at the Naval Postgraduate School and a RAND consultant. DAVID RONFELDT is a senior social scientist at RAND. MICHELE ZANINI is a doctoral fellow at the RAND Graduate School. This article draws on the authors' "Networks, Netwar, and Information-Age Terrorism," in Zalmay M. Khalilzad and John P. White, eds., Strategic Appraisal: The Changing Role of Information in Warfare (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 1999). ; Today, an instance or prospect of "cyberterrorism" makes the news almost every week. The idea of terrorists surreptitiously hacking into a government, military, commercial, or socially critical computer system to introduce a virus or worm, turn off a crucial public service, steal or alter sensitive information, deface or swamp a web site, route bogus messages, or plant a Trojan horse for future activation alarms security personnel, spellbinds the media, and genuinely worries policymakers. Although fears that the Y2K problem could provide opportunities to some terrorists have not been realized, other developments since January—such as the denial-of-service attacks against a few on-line commercial enterprises based in the United States (Yahoo! and eBay, among others), and speculation that software developers secretly associated with Aum Shinrikyo cult may have placed Trojan horses in sensitive computer systems in Japan—continue to enliven the threat of cyberterrorism. ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
