The paper deals with social and political changes of contemporary governance, highlighting how they involve practice and theory of law. The pluralization of agencies involved in global dynamics breeds a trend to fragmentation of political order granted by modern State, revealing how modern legal categories are too narrow to contain today normative practices. The idea of institution, thus, could be a quite elastic definition for the plurality of practices, historically labeled as law. ; El artículo profundiza en los cambios políticos y sociales de la gobernanza contemporánea y pone de manifiesto la manera en que estos envuelven la práctica y la teoría del derecho. La pluralización de los agency comprometidos en las dinámicas globales provoca una tendencia a la fragmentación del orden político representado por el Estado moderno, y revela que las categorías del derecho moderno son demasiado estrechas para contener todas las prácticas normativas actuales. De ahí que la idea de institución pudiera ser una definición bastante elástica para enmarcar la pluralidad de prácticas históricamente consideradas como derecho.
URL del artículo en la web de la Revista: https://www.upo.es/revistas/index.php/ripp/article/view/1522 ; Es reseña de: Memories of State: Politics, History, and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq Eric Davis University of California Press, 2005 ; Universidad Pablo de Olavide
Se trata de la reseña del libro del profesor emérito de la Universidad de Oxford, Archie Brown, titulado El mito del líder fuerte (The Bodley Head, 2015) y publicado el pasado mes de abril en edición de bolsillo. Aún no está traducido al español.
Abstract:The article analyzes the application of the principle of proportionality, or rather of the proportionality test as interpretative criterion of the Italian Constitutional Court, European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights. This criterion was originally adopted within the German legal order and then, thanks to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice, it has spread in many countries including common law countries. Therefore, the proportionality test became one of the central concepts of global constitutionalism, as an instrument fostering the dialogue between the courts through the circulation of legal models and argumentative standards. The paper starts with an introduction relating to the development of European constitutions from the end of World War II up to now and containing mostly principles that are characterized by open and heterogeneous cases. Then, the paper analyzes the techniques of balance that are particularly used both in new legislation and case-law. The analysis continues with an examination of the case study, with special attention to Sentence n. 1 of 2014 of the Italian Constitutional Court (which declared the unconstitutionality of the electoral system for the election of Parliament) and the Decision of the EuropeanCourt of Justice of 14 June 2015 relating to the assessment of the ECB's monetary policy. Finally, this paper examines European and non EU doctrine that has shown its main concern due to the wide discretion that these decision-making instruments allow. In fact, the most recent international theoretical debate has focused on the deficit of democratic legitimacy occurring in the jurisprudence of constitutional courts and has drawn the attention to the inherent danger in the scrutiny of proportionality and, more generally, in all the interpretative techniques of balance.The above-mentioned fear involves the fact that the principle of proportionality,which is the «par excellence» instrument of the «AGE of balancing», ends up stifling the democratic political autonomy.Despite the undeniable risk that courts can go into a non-allowed land, subverting the delicate balance of the decisions of the representative bodies, this paper accepts the idea that the existence of an oversight body, aimed at criticizing and, when appropriate, correcting the majority decision, is an indispensable instrument to protect the fundamental values both of national and international legal orders. In short, constitutional courts do not find the basis of their democratic legitimacy in popular election, but in their function itself, so asthat the majority decision is also accepted by the minority forces if and to the extent it is the expression of shared values. ; Resumen:El estudio analiza el principio de proporcionalidad, o mejor dicho el test de proporcionalidad como técnica argumentativa aplicada por la Corte constitucional italiana, por el Tribunal de Justicia y por el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos. Esta técnica argumentativa, nacida en el ordenamiento alemán, ya se ha expandido, gracias al obrar del Tribunal de Justicia entre otras cosas, a muchos países no solo de la Unión Europea, sino también de common law. Hasta podría decirse que el principio de proporcionalidad se ha convertido en uno de los conceptos centrales del constitucionalismo global, en calidad de instrumento que favorece el diálogo entre los Tribunales a través de la circulación de modelos jurídicos y standards de argumentación.Después una premisa sobre las constituciones de la segunda posguerra en la Europa occidental, en la que se enuncian más que nada principios, caracterizados por circunstancias abiertas y heterogéneas, se tratan por separado las técnicas de equilibrio elaboradas por el legislador y también por el juez ordinario. El estudio prosigue señalando la existencia de diversos precedentes, prestando atención especial a la sentencia n.º 1 del 2014 de la Corte constitucional italiana, que declaró incostitucional la ley electoral n.º 270 de 2005 para la elección del Parlamento italiano y a la sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia (14 de junio de 2015) en materia de control de las políticas monetarias del BCE. Para terminar, se tiene en cuenta la doctrina europea y de países del common law, que expresa su preocupación por el alto nivel de discrecionalidad que acompaña a la utilización de estos instrumentos decisorios. El debate teórico internacional más reciente se centró en el déficit de legitimación democrática de los Tribunales constitucionales y llamó la atención sobre los peligros inherentes al escrutinio de proporcionalidad y más en general sobre las técnicas argumentativas de equilibrio. El temor que subyace es que el principio de proporcionalidad, instrumento por excelencia del age of balancing termine sofocando la autonomía de la política democrática.A pesar de los innegables riesgos inherentes a las operaciones de control efectuadas por los Tribunales constitucionales sobre las decisiones de losórganos representativos, el estudio acepta la tesis de la doctrina según la cual la existencia de un órgano de garantía, llamado a controlar y, llegado el caso, a corregir la decisión de la mayoría, constituye una herramienta irrenunciable de tutela de los valores fundamentales del ordenamiento, ya sea interno o supranacional. Los Tribunales constitucionales hallan el fundamento de su legitimidad democrática no en la elección popular, sino en la función llevada a cabo, gracias a la cual las las minorías aceptan las decisiones mayoritarias, en los casos y como expresión de valores compartidos.Abstract:The article analyzes the application of the principle of proportionality, or rather of the proportionality test as interpretative criterion of the Italian Constitutional Court, European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights. This criterion was originally adopted within the German legal order and then, thanks to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice, it has spread in many countries including common law countries. Therefore, the proportionality test became one of the central concepts of global constitutionalism, as an instrument fostering the dialogue between the courts through the circulation of legal models and argumentative standards. The paper starts with an introduction relating to the development of European constitutions from the end of World War II up to now and containing mostly principles that are characterized by open and heterogeneous cases. Then, the paper analyzes the techniques of balance that are particularly used both in new legislation and case-law. The analysis continues with an examination of the case study, with special attention to Sentence n. 1 of 2014 of the Italian Constitutional Court (which declared the unconstitutionality of the electoral system for the election of Parliament) and the Decision of the EuropeanCourt of Justice of 14 June 2015 relating to the assessment of the ECB's monetary policy. Finally, this paper examines European and non EU doctrine that has shown its main concern due to the wide discretion that these decision-making instruments allow. In fact, the most recent international theoretical debate has focused on the deficit of democratic legitimacy occurring in the jurisprudence of constitutional courts and has drawn the attention to the inherent danger in the scrutiny of proportionality and, more generally, in all the interpretative techniques of balance.The above-mentioned fear involves the fact that the principle of proportionality,which is the «par excellence» instrument of the «AGE of balancing», ends up stifling the democratic political autonomy.Despite the undeniable risk that courts can go into a non-allowed land, subverting the delicate balance of the decisions of the representative bodies, this paper accepts the idea that the existence of an oversight body, aimed at criticizing and, when appropriate, correcting the majority decision, is an indispensable instrument to protect the fundamental values both of national and international legal orders. In short, constitutional courts do not find the basis of their democratic legitimacy in popular election, but in their function itself, so asthat the majority decision is also accepted by the minority forces if and to the extent it is the expression of shared values.Summary:1. PREFACE. 2. LEVELS OF BALANCE. 3. EQUALITY AND REASONABLENESS. 4. PROPORTIONALITY IN THE GERMAN MODEL. 5. PROPORTIONALITY IN THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE: a) Proportionality as legitimacy parameterof measures restricting fundamental freedoms. b) Proportionality as validity parameter of acts of the European institutions: the monitoring on the monetary policies. 6. EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND EVALUATING PROPORTIONALITY: THE MARGIN OF APPRECIATION FOR EU MEMBER STATES.7. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS.
In Lithuania at the end of the XX century the doctrine of juridical positivism was substituted to the sociological concept of law. The object of the science of law history was substantially extended. Law history was substituted to the history of legal system. The concept of the law history of the West and the formalion of the Western legal tradition, proposed by H. J. Berman, became the basis of the science of law history in Lithuania. Was created the pluralistic and nonconflict model of the legal system of the Great Duchy of Lithuania as the prototype of the legal system of the European Union. Because the existing paradigm of law gradually grows antiquated, has already been created the new paradigm, in which are combined the elements of the social sciences and humanities, physics, biochemistry and the technological sciences. In this year the Institute of the law history of the Law faculty of Vilnius university proposed the new theme of the postgraduate studies – "Law and scientific progress". This theme completely corresponds to the policy of Vilnius university and will be coordinated with the reforms, which now are achieved at the university.
In Lithuania at the end of the XX century the doctrine of juridical positivism was substituted to the sociological concept of law. The object of the science of law history was substantially extended. Law history was substituted to the history of legal system. The concept of the law history of the West and the formalion of the Western legal tradition, proposed by H. J. Berman, became the basis of the science of law history in Lithuania. Was created the pluralistic and nonconflict model of the legal system of the Great Duchy of Lithuania as the prototype of the legal system of the European Union. Because the existing paradigm of law gradually grows antiquated, has already been created the new paradigm, in which are combined the elements of the social sciences and humanities, physics, biochemistry and the technological sciences. In this year the Institute of the law history of the Law faculty of Vilnius university proposed the new theme of the postgraduate studies – "Law and scientific progress". This theme completely corresponds to the policy of Vilnius university and will be coordinated with the reforms, which now are achieved at the university.
In Lithuania at the end of the XX century the doctrine of juridical positivism was substituted to the sociological concept of law. The object of the science of law history was substantially extended. Law history was substituted to the history of legal system. The concept of the law history of the West and the formalion of the Western legal tradition, proposed by H. J. Berman, became the basis of the science of law history in Lithuania. Was created the pluralistic and nonconflict model of the legal system of the Great Duchy of Lithuania as the prototype of the legal system of the European Union. Because the existing paradigm of law gradually grows antiquated, has already been created the new paradigm, in which are combined the elements of the social sciences and humanities, physics, biochemistry and the technological sciences. In this year the Institute of the law history of the Law faculty of Vilnius university proposed the new theme of the postgraduate studies – "Law and scientific progress". This theme completely corresponds to the policy of Vilnius university and will be coordinated with the reforms, which now are achieved at the university.
In Lithuania at the end of the XX century the doctrine of juridical positivism was substituted to the sociological concept of law. The object of the science of law history was substantially extended. Law history was substituted to the history of legal system. The concept of the law history of the West and the formalion of the Western legal tradition, proposed by H. J. Berman, became the basis of the science of law history in Lithuania. Was created the pluralistic and nonconflict model of the legal system of the Great Duchy of Lithuania as the prototype of the legal system of the European Union. Because the existing paradigm of law gradually grows antiquated, has already been created the new paradigm, in which are combined the elements of the social sciences and humanities, physics, biochemistry and the technological sciences. In this year the Institute of the law history of the Law faculty of Vilnius university proposed the new theme of the postgraduate studies – "Law and scientific progress". This theme completely corresponds to the policy of Vilnius university and will be coordinated with the reforms, which now are achieved at the university.
Este trabajo forma parte de los proyectos de investigación "Familias e individuos: patrones de modernidad y cambio social (siglos XVI-XXI)" (HAR2013-48901-C6-1-R) y "Nobilitas. Estudios y base documental de la nobleza del Reino de Murcia, siglos XV-XIX)" (15300/PCHS/10). ; La lectura y análisis de los libros genealógicos producidos en Castilla desde el siglo XIV al XVIII por parte de la historia social de la familia permiten conocer mucho mejor el significado y el alcance del concepto linaje. Más allá de las genealogías, los libros genealógicos aportan relaciones matrimoniales, relaciones sociales, patronazgo, referencias sobre capital simbólico, servicios militares y burocráticos a la Monarquía. Esto permite saber más sobre las trayectorias vitales de las familias poderosas y convertir los árboles genealógicos en genealogías sociales. ; Reading and analysis of genealogical books produced in Castile from the 14th to the 18th century by the socialhistory of the family allow to know better the meaning and scope of the concept lineage. Beyond genealogies, genealogical books provide marital relations, social relations, patronage, references about symbolic capital, military and bureaucratic services to the monarchy. This allows to know more about the life trajectories of powerful families and family trees becamesocial genealogies. ; peerReviewed
The small town of Montefrío, in the north of the province of Granada, has a very interesting artistic heritage. Although considerable attention has already been paid to its religious architecture, the present paper is concerned with an overview of the c ivil and municipal architecture of Montefrío, in connection with the development of town planning. ; Este pequeño municipio situado al norte de la provincia de Granada posee uno de los patrimonios artísticos más interesantes. Aunque hasta el momento se han realizado numerosos estudios sobre su interesantísima arquitectura religiosa, en el trabajo que nos ocupa se intentará mostrar una visión de conjunto de los edificios civiles en paralelo a la evolución urbana del municipio.
