The paper deals with social and political changes of contemporary governance, highlighting how they involve practice and theory of law. The pluralization of agencies involved in global dynamics breeds a trend to fragmentation of political order granted by modern State, revealing how modern legal categories are too narrow to contain today normative practices. The idea of institution, thus, could be a quite elastic definition for the plurality of practices, historically labeled as law. ; El artículo profundiza en los cambios políticos y sociales de la gobernanza contemporánea y pone de manifiesto la manera en que estos envuelven la práctica y la teoría del derecho. La pluralización de los agency comprometidos en las dinámicas globales provoca una tendencia a la fragmentación del orden político representado por el Estado moderno, y revela que las categorías del derecho moderno son demasiado estrechas para contener todas las prácticas normativas actuales. De ahí que la idea de institución pudiera ser una definición bastante elástica para enmarcar la pluralidad de prácticas históricamente consideradas como derecho.
URL del artículo en la web de la Revista: https://www.upo.es/revistas/index.php/ripp/article/view/1522 ; Es reseña de: Memories of State: Politics, History, and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq Eric Davis University of California Press, 2005 ; Universidad Pablo de Olavide
Se trata de la reseña del libro del profesor emérito de la Universidad de Oxford, Archie Brown, titulado El mito del líder fuerte (The Bodley Head, 2015) y publicado el pasado mes de abril en edición de bolsillo. Aún no está traducido al español.
Abstract:The article analyzes the application of the principle of proportionality, or rather of the proportionality test as interpretative criterion of the Italian Constitutional Court, European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights. This criterion was originally adopted within the German legal order and then, thanks to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice, it has spread in many countries including common law countries. Therefore, the proportionality test became one of the central concepts of global constitutionalism, as an instrument fostering the dialogue between the courts through the circulation of legal models and argumentative standards. The paper starts with an introduction relating to the development of European constitutions from the end of World War II up to now and containing mostly principles that are characterized by open and heterogeneous cases. Then, the paper analyzes the techniques of balance that are particularly used both in new legislation and case-law. The analysis continues with an examination of the case study, with special attention to Sentence n. 1 of 2014 of the Italian Constitutional Court (which declared the unconstitutionality of the electoral system for the election of Parliament) and the Decision of the EuropeanCourt of Justice of 14 June 2015 relating to the assessment of the ECB's monetary policy. Finally, this paper examines European and non EU doctrine that has shown its main concern due to the wide discretion that these decision-making instruments allow. In fact, the most recent international theoretical debate has focused on the deficit of democratic legitimacy occurring in the jurisprudence of constitutional courts and has drawn the attention to the inherent danger in the scrutiny of proportionality and, more generally, in all the interpretative techniques of balance.The above-mentioned fear involves the fact that the principle of proportionality,which is the «par excellence» instrument of the «AGE of balancing», ends up stifling the democratic political autonomy.Despite the undeniable risk that courts can go into a non-allowed land, subverting the delicate balance of the decisions of the representative bodies, this paper accepts the idea that the existence of an oversight body, aimed at criticizing and, when appropriate, correcting the majority decision, is an indispensable instrument to protect the fundamental values both of national and international legal orders. In short, constitutional courts do not find the basis of their democratic legitimacy in popular election, but in their function itself, so asthat the majority decision is also accepted by the minority forces if and to the extent it is the expression of shared values. ; Resumen:El estudio analiza el principio de proporcionalidad, o mejor dicho el test de proporcionalidad como técnica argumentativa aplicada por la Corte constitucional italiana, por el Tribunal de Justicia y por el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos. Esta técnica argumentativa, nacida en el ordenamiento alemán, ya se ha expandido, gracias al obrar del Tribunal de Justicia entre otras cosas, a muchos países no solo de la Unión Europea, sino también de common law. Hasta podría decirse que el principio de proporcionalidad se ha convertido en uno de los conceptos centrales del constitucionalismo global, en calidad de instrumento que favorece el diálogo entre los Tribunales a través de la circulación de modelos jurídicos y standards de argumentación.Después una premisa sobre las constituciones de la segunda posguerra en la Europa occidental, en la que se enuncian más que nada principios, caracterizados por circunstancias abiertas y heterogéneas, se tratan por separado las técnicas de equilibrio elaboradas por el legislador y también por el juez ordinario. El estudio prosigue señalando la existencia de diversos precedentes, prestando atención especial a la sentencia n.º 1 del 2014 de la Corte constitucional italiana, que declaró incostitucional la ley electoral n.º 270 de 2005 para la elección del Parlamento italiano y a la sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia (14 de junio de 2015) en materia de control de las políticas monetarias del BCE. Para terminar, se tiene en cuenta la doctrina europea y de países del common law, que expresa su preocupación por el alto nivel de discrecionalidad que acompaña a la utilización de estos instrumentos decisorios. El debate teórico internacional más reciente se centró en el déficit de legitimación democrática de los Tribunales constitucionales y llamó la atención sobre los peligros inherentes al escrutinio de proporcionalidad y más en general sobre las técnicas argumentativas de equilibrio. El temor que subyace es que el principio de proporcionalidad, instrumento por excelencia del age of balancing termine sofocando la autonomía de la política democrática.A pesar de los innegables riesgos inherentes a las operaciones de control efectuadas por los Tribunales constitucionales sobre las decisiones de losórganos representativos, el estudio acepta la tesis de la doctrina según la cual la existencia de un órgano de garantía, llamado a controlar y, llegado el caso, a corregir la decisión de la mayoría, constituye una herramienta irrenunciable de tutela de los valores fundamentales del ordenamiento, ya sea interno o supranacional. Los Tribunales constitucionales hallan el fundamento de su legitimidad democrática no en la elección popular, sino en la función llevada a cabo, gracias a la cual las las minorías aceptan las decisiones mayoritarias, en los casos y como expresión de valores compartidos.Abstract:The article analyzes the application of the principle of proportionality, or rather of the proportionality test as interpretative criterion of the Italian Constitutional Court, European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights. This criterion was originally adopted within the German legal order and then, thanks to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice, it has spread in many countries including common law countries. Therefore, the proportionality test became one of the central concepts of global constitutionalism, as an instrument fostering the dialogue between the courts through the circulation of legal models and argumentative standards. The paper starts with an introduction relating to the development of European constitutions from the end of World War II up to now and containing mostly principles that are characterized by open and heterogeneous cases. Then, the paper analyzes the techniques of balance that are particularly used both in new legislation and case-law. The analysis continues with an examination of the case study, with special attention to Sentence n. 1 of 2014 of the Italian Constitutional Court (which declared the unconstitutionality of the electoral system for the election of Parliament) and the Decision of the EuropeanCourt of Justice of 14 June 2015 relating to the assessment of the ECB's monetary policy. Finally, this paper examines European and non EU doctrine that has shown its main concern due to the wide discretion that these decision-making instruments allow. In fact, the most recent international theoretical debate has focused on the deficit of democratic legitimacy occurring in the jurisprudence of constitutional courts and has drawn the attention to the inherent danger in the scrutiny of proportionality and, more generally, in all the interpretative techniques of balance.The above-mentioned fear involves the fact that the principle of proportionality,which is the «par excellence» instrument of the «AGE of balancing», ends up stifling the democratic political autonomy.Despite the undeniable risk that courts can go into a non-allowed land, subverting the delicate balance of the decisions of the representative bodies, this paper accepts the idea that the existence of an oversight body, aimed at criticizing and, when appropriate, correcting the majority decision, is an indispensable instrument to protect the fundamental values both of national and international legal orders. In short, constitutional courts do not find the basis of their democratic legitimacy in popular election, but in their function itself, so asthat the majority decision is also accepted by the minority forces if and to the extent it is the expression of shared values.Summary:1. PREFACE. 2. LEVELS OF BALANCE. 3. EQUALITY AND REASONABLENESS. 4. PROPORTIONALITY IN THE GERMAN MODEL. 5. PROPORTIONALITY IN THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE: a) Proportionality as legitimacy parameterof measures restricting fundamental freedoms. b) Proportionality as validity parameter of acts of the European institutions: the monitoring on the monetary policies. 6. EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND EVALUATING PROPORTIONALITY: THE MARGIN OF APPRECIATION FOR EU MEMBER STATES.7. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS.
Este trabajo forma parte de los proyectos de investigación "Familias e individuos: patrones de modernidad y cambio social (siglos XVI-XXI)" (HAR2013-48901-C6-1-R) y "Nobilitas. Estudios y base documental de la nobleza del Reino de Murcia, siglos XV-XIX)" (15300/PCHS/10). ; La lectura y análisis de los libros genealógicos producidos en Castilla desde el siglo XIV al XVIII por parte de la historia social de la familia permiten conocer mucho mejor el significado y el alcance del concepto linaje. Más allá de las genealogías, los libros genealógicos aportan relaciones matrimoniales, relaciones sociales, patronazgo, referencias sobre capital simbólico, servicios militares y burocráticos a la Monarquía. Esto permite saber más sobre las trayectorias vitales de las familias poderosas y convertir los árboles genealógicos en genealogías sociales. ; Reading and analysis of genealogical books produced in Castile from the 14th to the 18th century by the socialhistory of the family allow to know better the meaning and scope of the concept lineage. Beyond genealogies, genealogical books provide marital relations, social relations, patronage, references about symbolic capital, military and bureaucratic services to the monarchy. This allows to know more about the life trajectories of powerful families and family trees becamesocial genealogies. ; peerReviewed
Hoy día, inmersos en plena revolución informática, sigue siendo necesario contar con una obra puesta al día que recoja los instrumentos bibliográficos, base indispensable para todo trabajo de investigación histórica. Con este fi n se expone, por un lado, la producción bibliográfica americanista (manuales, revistas científicas, anuarios y balances de historiografía) y, por otro, las obras de referencia que un estudiante o un profesional de la historia de América deben conocer. Estas últimas son presentadas en tres apartados: fuentes bibliográficas sobre obras impresas, fuentes bibliográficas sobre manuscritos y, finalmente, otros recursos y materiales tales como fuentes documentales impresas, legislativas, cartográficas, etc. ; Nowadays, immersed in a information technology revolution, it continues to be necessary to rely on state-of-the-art work that collects bibliographic instruments, an indispensable base for all of the work of historic investigation. With this aim in mind you run the risk of, on one hand, bibliographical American productions (manuals, science magazines, year books and history balance sheets) and, due to that, the reference works that a student or a professional on the subject of the history of America should know. These last ones are presented in three sections: bibliographical sources on works of printed matter, bibliographical sources on manuscripts and, finally, other resources and materials such as sources of printed matter, legislative works, cartography, etc.
Artículo del Dossier: Historia Moderna de América: un balance histopriográfico (1992-2005). ; Hoy día, inmersos en plena revolución informática, sigue siendo necesario contar con una obra puesta al día que recoja los instrumentos bibliográficos, base indispensable para todo trabajo de investigación histórica. Con este fin se expone, por un lado, la producción bibliográfica americanista(manuales, revistas científicas, anuarios y balances de historiografía) y, por otro, las obras de referencia que un estudiante o un profesional de la historia de América deben conocer. Estas últimas son presentadas en tres apartados: fuentes bibliográficas sobre obras impresas, fuentes bibliográficas sobre manuscritos y, finalmente, otros recursos y materiales tales como fuentes documentales impresas, legislativas, cartográficas, etc. ; Nowadays, immersed in a information technology revolution, it continues to be necessary to rely on state-of-the-art work that collects bibliographic instruments, an indispensable base for all of the work of historic investigation. With this aim in mind you run the risk of, on one hand, bibliographical American productions (manuals, science magazines, year books and history balance sheets) and, due to that, the reference works that a student or a professional on the subject of the history of America should know. These last ones are presented in three sections: bibliographical sources on works of printed matter, bibliographical sources on manuscripts and, finally, other resources and materials such as sources of printed matter, legislative works, cartography, etc. ; Departamento de Historia Moderna y de América, Universidad de Granada.
The aim of this paper is to highlight how hospitals, in Catalonia since the late Middle Ages to the currently, adopted a governance model which resulted in the creation and preservation of hospitals or care institutions in virtually all municipalities, even in small, whose frame legal was the private or civil law. Firstly, we observed how individuals were motivated not only by philanthropy or charity, but also by a need to contribute something to the community after their death, to give back part of the assets the testators had accumulated during their lifetimes, as citizens who had benefited from their positions. Secondly, we observed that the small local private institutions merged with municipal hospitals, but that their assets were managed separately from those of the town. Third, as well as its care function, the hospital was also an economic agent that operated along similar lines to the Italian "Monte dei Paschi". It provided loans to working class citizens at a modest rate of interest. The meaning of the institution was found to be more complex than the simple provision of care services. It acquired a specific value in the identity of the community, it became one of the centers of debate in public life and it took on an economic and financial meaning that strengthened the construction of the citizens' collective identity. ; Los hospitales, en Cataluña, se inscribieron desde la Baja Edad Media hasta nuestros días dentro un modelo de gobierno específico que dio lugar a la creación y mantenimiento de una densa red de instituciones asistenciales en prácticamente todos los municipios, incluso en los más pequeños, cuyo marco legal fue el derecho privado o civil. Dicho modelo tiene sus fundamentos, en primer lugar, en la constatación de cómo los individuos legaban al hospital no sólo por la filantropía o caridad, sino también por la necesidad de aportar algo a la comunidad después de su muerte, en una suerte de consigna con el fin de devolver parte de los activos que los testadores habían acumulado durante su ...
Los marqueses de los Vélez fueron los aristócratas más importantes de los reinos de Murcia y Granada, debido a la relevancia de sus señoríos y riquezas. Su influencia en dichos territorios no acabó cuando marcharon a residir a la corte, a partir de finales del siglo XVI, sino que se mantuvo hasta la desaparición de lo señoríos, en el primer tercio del XIX. El mejor rastro de su poder lo constituyen los numerosos edificios y obras de arte que legaron a sus estados y a diversas ciudades. El objetivo era recordar la preeminencia de su familia, a través de donaciones y fundaciones. Junto a cargos políticos y militares, los marqueses eran conscientes de la necesidad de reforzar lazos simbólicos con sus vasallos, tanto en épocas de esplendor como cuando su autoridad era discutida, debido a su alejamiento. ; The Marquis de los Velez were the most important aristocrats of kingdoms of Murcia and Granada, due to the relevance of their lordships and riches. His influence in these territories did not end when they marched to reside at the court, from the late 16th century, but continued until the disappearance of the manors, in the first third of the 19th century. The best sign of his power are the numerous buildings and artworks bequeathed to their states and several cities. The purpose was to remind the prominence of his family, through donations and foundations. Along with political and military positions, the Marquis were aware of the need to strengthen symbolic ties with their vassals, both in times of splendor as when his authority was discussed, due to its remoteness. ; Fundación Séneca, Agencia Regional de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia. Proyecto "Nobilitas. Estudios y base documental de la nobleza del Reino de Murcia, siglos XV-XIX. Segunda fase: análisis comparativos" (15300/PHC/10) ; peerReviewed
In January 2008 a new research center was inaugurated at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin. Under the guiding assumption that emotions matter to and in human development, the Center for the History of Emotions set out to explore a rather new, but fast burgeoning field. The Berlin Center is in a privileged position for exploring this continent supported by the generous funding of the Max Planck Society that allows pre-and postdoctoral fellows to conduct basic research in ideal working conditions. This article analyzes the objectives, frame of research and research areas or the Center as well as its impact and its new horizons. The Berlin Center for the History of Emotions has established itself as a leading research center that closely cooperates with other scholars in history and beyond. It focuses on the modern history of emotions, mainly in Europe and South Asia. By concentrating on the history of the body, of education/cultivation and of power (both political and economic), it scrutinizes the key elements of the processes through which emotions have been historically conceptualized, framed, negotiated, and experienced. ; En enero de 2008 un nuevo centro de investigación se inauguró en el Instituto Max Planck para el Desarrollo Humano en Berlín. Bajo el presupuesto de que las emociones son importantes para y en el desarrollo humano, el Centro para la Historia de las emociones, se lanzó a explorar un lugar nuevo pero floreciente campo de trabajo. El Centro se encuentra en una posición privilegiada para explorar este continente con el apoyo de la generosa financiación de la Sociedad Max Planck que permite a becarios (pre y postdoctorales) realizar investigación básica en condiciones de trabajo ideales. En este artículo se analizan los objetivos, áreas y líneas de investigación del Centro, así como el impacto y los nuevos horizontes de la investigación. El Centro para la Historia de las emociones se ha consolidado como un centro de investigación que trabaja en estrecha colaboración con otros estudiosos de la historia. Se centra en la historia moderna de las emociones, principalmente en Europa y Asia del Sur, y en especial en la historia del cuerpo, de la educación y en la conexión entre emociones y poder (político y económico).
Esta revisión bibliográfica se ocupa de la orden de Malta, denominación que adopta la orden de San Juan de Jerusalén para la época moderna, y se revisan las lenguas de Castilla y Aragón, con especial atención a su patrimonio material y señorial, y como crisol de la nobleza europea. Se observa que la variedad temática y volumen de trabajos publicados para otras órdenes militares es mucho mayor que para ésta, y dentro la propia orden, frente a la producción de autores italianos, franceses o ingleses, las españolas tienen menos publicaciones, de ellas la mayoría relativas a la Edad Media. Además, la lengua de Castilla está menos estudiada que la de Aragón, quizá por la destrucción del Archivo del Priorato de San Juan en la Guerra de la Independencia. Frente a escasas visiones generales, se van conociendo más algunas encomiendas, los aspectos artísticos y muchos otros que se ven favorecidos por las convocatorias de sucesivos congresos celebrados en los últimos años, donde se demuestra que en los archivos españoles y en la National Librery of Valetta queda aún un filón por explotar ; This bibliographic review deals with the Military Order of Malta. This name was adopted by the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem during the Early Modern and Modern Age. The historiography of the Tongues of Castile and Aragon is browsed, with special attention paid to real estate and feudal rights, and also viewing this Order as an institution devoted to confirm the highest European nobility. There are many more works published on other Military Orders than the ones on Malta, and there are fewer papers and books for the Spanish Tongues than for British, French or Italian Tongues. The main part of writing is focused on the Medieval Age, and Aragon is better studied than Castile, that suffered the destruction of the archives of Priorato de San Juan during the war against Napoleon in the XIXth century. There are a few general works, but today several commanderies are better known than they were before; the artistic affairs of the Order and many more relationships are flowing nowadays thanks to the meetings that have been held during the last years. The Spanish archives, and the National Library of Valetta still keep many unknown documents
En Sicilia, sobre todo después de la visita de Carlos V empieza –junto con la necesidad de transformar la isla en una fortaleza– el desarrollo de una cartografía militar controlada por la Corona española. Diferentes ingenieros-arquitectos representan las ciudades costeras del Reino a través de planos, mapas y descripciones como la de Fra Tiburzio Spannocchi (1578) y Camillo Camiliani (1584). En este artículo, después de reconstruir sintéticamente el panorama cartográfico siciliano, queremos hacer mención a aquellos atlas que, alejándose de propósitos ligados simplemente a factores militares, podrían ser contemplados como fuente de placer por parte de sus mecenas. Dentro de este escenario aparece como protagonista la obra cartográfica Teatro Geográfico antiguo y moderno del Reyno de Sicilia de 1686 que –a través de su representación gráfica– responde a una nueva cultura barroca y al mismo tiempo se presenta como precursora de unas obras formadas por un équipe de artistas autores del Voyage pittoresque del siglo XVIII. ; In Sicily, mostly after the visit of Charles V began –along with the need to transform the island into a fortress– the development of military cartography controlled by the Spanish Crown. Different engineersarchitects represent the coastal cities of the Kingdom through drawings, maps and descriptions like Tiburzio Spannocchi (1578) and Camillo Camiliani (1584). In this article, after rebuilding synthetically the landscape of the Sicilian cartography, we want to mention those atlases that, departing from simply military purposes, could be seen as a source of pleasure by their patrons. Within this scenario is leading the cartographic work Teatro Geografico antiguo y moderno del Reyno de Sicilia from 1686, which – through its graphical representation– responds to a new Baroque culture and is presented as a precursor of works by a team of artists, authors of the Voyage pittoresque of the eighteenth century.
On March 2022, a few days after the first strikes of the Russian army on Ukrainian territory began, Time Magazine published a special issue on the topic with the title "The Return of History", subtitled "How Putin Shattered Europe's Dreams". As a backdrop, the cover featured a full-page, almost black and white photograph of a military tank with six soldiers looking straight into the camera. Although the phrase was most likely meant metaphorically and is obviously hyperbolic, the cover did express what seemed to be a widespread sentiment: something important had changed, and (Western) Europe was confronted with a reality it had deemed long gone, or at least, safely restrained. For those of us attentive to discourses around history, however, this cover – as many comments and declarations by analysts, journalists and politicians which followed a similar pattern – tapped into fundamental questions about how events are framed in specific temporal and spatial narratives.
