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One of the many goals of scientific training under CTS is to contribute to improving public understanding of the nature of science. It emphasizes the article in the possibilities of the history of science on this issue clarifying and illustrating through the history of chemistry as you can put scientific knowledge in context unraveled the complex relationship science - society links with the philosophical, ethical, political positions. This will help form a more responsible citizen, with a deeper awareness of their own activity, which takes sides with the problems affecting the world and their community. ; Uno de los múltiples objetivos de la formación científica en el marco CTS es contribuir a la mejora de la comprensión pública de la naturaleza de las ciencias. En el artículo se hace hincapié en las posibilidades que tiene la Historia de la ciencia en este tema aclarando e ilustrando mediante la historia de la química como se puede colocar el conocimiento científico en su contexto desentrañado la compleja relación ciencia - sociedad, los nexos con las posiciones filosóficas, éticas, políticas. Esto contribuirá a formar un ciudadano más responsable, con una conciencia más profunda de su propia actividad, que toma partido ante los problemas que afectan el mundo y a su comunidad.

"V-7125T"--Cover. ; Includes index. ; Shipping list no.: 2003-0045-P. ; "Published 2002"--P. ii. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Shipping list no.: 98-0017-P. ; Includes bibliographical references and index. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Study of the geological sciences at Indiana University has had a long and distinguished history. Beginning with the first lectures in 1840, the university has attracted and retained a series of outstanding teachers and research scientists who have consistently trained students to become able scientists in academics, government, and industry. The faculty and alumni of the Department of Geological Sciences can rightly be proud of their heritage at Indiana University. The department has fulfilled and continues to fulfill one of the roles of a state-supported institution--providing well-trained personnel to assist in the economic and educational advancement of the citizens of Indiana.

Psychology departments seldom take their students back to the thicket of Freud's Collected Works. Medical schools turn to Hippocrates mostly for his oath, not for his skills at analyzing the pathologies of female hysteria. Those learning to study the universe today do not work through the elliptical paths of the stars and planets that Ptolemy developed so that he might keep the earth at the center of things. So, why should the discipline of political science be any different? Why should we teach our students about those methods employed by political scientists generations ago, methods that often look quite primitive next to the sophisticated tools of analysis and measurement that dominate current political science curricula?Why should one resist the forces that drive a discipline and a society to a sort of methodological amnesia? History may repeat itself, as the adage suggests, but methods of analysis often build on themselves to correct past inadequacies or they are replaced by those more able to address with precision the concerns of the discipline.

According to the predominant image, applied science is a linear, sequential process, the application of science. First scientists or applied scientists develop knowledge that satisfies the epistemic criteria of science, and applied scientists then find ways to use this certified knowledge to solve society's problems. There is, therefore, a sharp distinction between epistemic or scientific criteria and social criteria. The historical development of the applied ecological discipline called range science or range management demonstrates instead that applied science is a simultaneous process. Range science developed at a time when America increasingly looked to science to solve social, political, and economic problems in the hope that science's ability to predict could provide the basis for organization and rational management. The institutionalization of range science industrialized ranching. Ranchers appealed to a variety of traditional American values in response to this industrialization, but in the new context surrounding ranching those values had become illegitimate. From the outset, range science acquired a dual orientation toward both the epistemic criteria of science and the social criteria of society. That dual orientation introduced a tension into range science because it was not obvious how range scientists should satisfy both sets of criteria simultaneously. Researchers in different institutional contexts developed distinct resolutions to that tension. The most significant difference between the institutions were their political objectives and a difference in the power relations between range researchers and their audiences. Those institutional contexts defined the social criteria and provided the background to judge the acceptability of particular resolutions of the tension, in the process providing the motivation and justification for range science. Nevertheless, range science was not just politics by another means because range scientists also satisfied the epistemic criteria of science. The distinction between epistemic and social criteria therefore did not exist in the historical development of range science because range scientists simultaneously satisfied the epistemic criteria of science and the social criteria that flowed from different political objectives and different power relations between researchers and ranchers. ; Ph. D.

Die vorliegende Untersuchung setzt sich aus wissenschaftsgeschichtlicher, wirtschaftsgeschichtlicher und kulturhistorischer Sicht mit der Bedeutung großer Nationalökonomen für die Wirtschaftspolitik auseinander. Die Verfasserin vertritt die These, dass Theorien als solche keinen Einfluss auf die Wirtschaftspolitik haben. Vielmehr werden die Hoffnungen und Enttäuschungen der Rezipienten auf ökonomische Theorien projiziert. Diese Projektionen entfalten ihre praktische - politökonomische - Relevanz in der Interaktion mit verschiedenen Interessen- und Wachstumskonstellationen als mythische Vergrößerungen. Hieraus resultiert ein selten beachtetes Problem für die Untersuchung der Wirtschaftsgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts: die Rezeption ökonomischer Theorien im Spannungsfeld von Glorifizierung und Verachtung. Drei von besonderer Fluktuation geprägte Rezeptionsgeschichten werden untersucht: die Rezeption von Marx, Keynes und Schumpeter. Darüber hinaus wird die Frage aufgeworfen, in wie weit eine methodologische Gewichtsverlagerung wirtschaftstheoretischen Denkens von logischen Rationalitätskriterien zu historisch variablen realen Gegebenheiten die praktische Bedeutung der Wirtschaftswissenschaften erhöhen kann. ; The aim of this contribution is to expound - on behalf of economics - on the field of tension characteristic for modern history of science between rationalist thought and social practice. More specific, it is the relevance of great political economists for economic policy that will be discussed from the point of view of history of science, economic history and cultural history. We shall argue that theories as such do not influence economic policy directly. It is rather the case that hopes and disappointments of recipients are projected into economic theories. These projections unfold their practical - i.e. econo-political - relevance in interaction with varying constellations of interest and growth as mythical magnifications. Accordingly, the reception of economic theories that waver between glorification and contempt constitutes a problem for the analysis of twentieth century economic history that has rarely been acknowledged by historical research. This problem will be illustrated by examining the reception of Marx, Keynes and Schumpeter, which has been particularly prone to fluctuations. At the same time we shall raise the question to which extent a methodological shift of emphasis of economic theoretical thought from formal logic criteria of rationality to historically varying conditions of reality can increase the practice relevance of economics.

In 1923, scientists and science educators gathered in Williamsburg at the College of William and Mary for the first meeting of the Virginia Academy of Science. Representing a variety of scientific disciplines and heralding from virtually every institution of higher education in the Commonwealth, the 135 charter members eagerly supported the establishment of an association to facilitate professional development. Virginia scientists were not unique in chartering an academy to promote professionalism. Over the past century and a half in the United States, organizations at the national and state levels played critical roles in professional advancement. Offering camaraderie, encouraging research, and in some cases, providing a publication outlet, scientific organizations often function as the nucleuses of professionally supportive scientific networks. This dissertation traces the development of the Virginia Academy of Science from 1923 to 1995. Looking discriminately at the past, this study emphasizes the sociology, economics, and politics of the Virginia Academy as well as the Academy's interaction with the larger Virginia society. In so doing, the dissertation examines both Academy's more obvious role in shaping the ideas and institutions of science in twentieth-century Virginia and its less-recognized impacts on individuals and ideology. Incorporating recent perspectives from the disciplines of science and technology studies, this dissertation reveals how the Virginia Academy of Science molded and in tum was molded by the complex. of contemporary practices, interactions, and beliefs on state and national levels. In other words, the analysis considers the ways in which the Academy has been and still is both reflective of and a shaping influence on Virginia culture. ; Ph. D.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 403-415) and index. ; Mode of access: Internet.

When biologists investigate the present marine and coastal ecosystems, they always have to take into account the influence of human activity. Indeed, a real 'natural' biotope can no longer be found on our planet and this is most certainly true for North-western Europe, traditionally one of the most densely populated regions on earth. Common sense often states that this human influence only became significant during the last centuries (e.g. due to the industrialisation) and only evolved into 'a problem' in recent decades. However, when ecological data are viewed into a true historical, and even pre-historical perspective, another story appears. Quaternary geologists now realise that they have to replace the traditional paradigm of marine transgressions and regressions, used to explain the evolution of the Belgian coastal plain, by a new model in which humans play a markedly more prominent role. Evidence is growing that our ancestors voluntarily or unconsciously shaped their coast, instead of adapting to its naturally changing morphology. This breakthrough only became possible because geologists started to pay more attention to historical data and archaeological fieldwork, making their research interdisciplinary. The same process is now developing within ecology, since it is gradually more and more appreciated that historical, but certainly archaeological data provide the necessary time dimension for recent studies. The organic material excavated at archaeological sites often forms a biological sample dating from times in which biology was not yet invented. Using archaeology, it becomes possible to investigate the impact of man on marine and coastal environments during ancient times, and it has, for example, recently been proven that the growing exploitation of marine resources, perhaps even the onset of an overexploitation, can already be traced in late medieval collections of animal remains from Flanders. The use of archaeological data offers possibilities but also presents dangers. Most important is that it must always be taken into account that the data excavated are filtered, and biased, by human activities. Therefore, in order to interpret archaeological finds, one must also study human behaviour. This explains why archaeology cannot merely be treated as a natural science but also belongs to the humanities. Former human behaviour cannot be reconstructed and understood completely by rational laws and models, since it is also the result of ideology, symbolism, religion, and social phenomena such as gender differentiation, status, identity, or the structure of society (and therefore politics). In a way, the intrigues at the republican court at Rome have influenced the evolution of the Belgian coast as much as any sea-level rise. Indeed, somewhere at the low tide level, the sciences and the humanities meet.

In 1958 construction began on Akademgorodok, a scientific utopian community modeled after Francis Bacon's vision of a "New Atlantis." The city, carved out of a Siberian forest 2,500 miles east of Moscow, was formed by Soviet scientists with Khrushchev's full support. They believed that their rational science, liberated from ideological and economic constraints, would help their country surpass the West in all fields. In a lively history of this city, a symbol of de-Stalinization, Paul Josephson offers the most complete analysis available of the reasons behind the successes and failures of Soviet science--from advances in nuclear physics to politically induced setbacks in research on recombinant DNA. Josephson presents case studies of high energy physics, genetics, computer science, environmentalism, and social sciences. He reveals that persistent ideological interference by the Communist Party, financial uncertainties, and pressures to do big science endemic in the USSR contributed to the failure of Akademgorodok to live up to its promise. Still, a kind of openness reigned that presaged the glasnost of Gorbachev's administration decades later. The openness was rooted in the geographical and psychological distance from Moscow and in the informal culture of exchange intended to foster the creative impulse. Akademgorodok is still an important research center, having exposed physics, biology, sociology, economics, and computer science to new investigations, distinct in pace and scope from those performed elsewhere in the Soviet scientific establishment. ; https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/facultybooks/1000/thumbnail.jpg

1997 ging ein Aufschrei fast rund um die Welt: Das sozialdemokratische Schweden hatte jahrelang Mitbürgerinnen (und auch Mitbürger) zwangsweise sterilisiert! Eine in der wissenschaftlichen Debatte bereits bekannte Tatsache wurde durch Artikel des Dagens Nyheter-Journalisten Maciej Zaremba plötzlich politisch brisant. Zaremba nutzte für seine Polemiken Material, das Maija Runcis für ihre 1998 vorgestellte Dissertation zur Sterilisierung im Volksheim gesammelt hatte. Diese Dissertation untersucht Hedvig Ekerwald im Hinblick auf ihre generalisierbaren Aussagen.

The article argues an extension of "intended applications" of present day radical constructivism to the domain of historical sciences. After a brief presentation of constructivism's core theory of "observing observations", a long exposition is undertaken in which central historical notions like "memory", ,,remembering" or ,,forgetting" are re-defined and adapted to the overall constructivist framework. Further extensions of the notion of memory to the societal level are made, for instance, the new notion of "politics of memory" will be introduced which, hopefully, will offer new insights into the interplay between the physical infrastructures of, horribile dictu, ,,information bases", ,,knowledge utilizations" and the steering mechanisms of societal sub-systems, primarily, but not exclusively, of the economic system. ; The article argues an extension of "intended applications" of present day radical constructivism to the domain of historical sciences. After a brief presentation of constructivism's core theory of "observing observations", a long exposition is undertaken in which central historical notions like "memory", ,,remembering" or ,,forgetting" are re-defined and adapted to the overall constructivist framework. Further extensions of the notion of memory to the societal level are made, for instance, the new notion of "politics of memory" will be introduced which, hopefully, will offer new insights into the interplay between the physical infrastructures of, horribile dictu, ,,information bases", ,,knowledge utilizations" and the steering mechanisms of societal sub-systems, primarily, but not exclusively, of the economic system.

This work elucidates the development of nutrient-based dietary standards in the United States from the original energy and protein-based standards proposed by Atwater in 1894 to the micronutrient-based Recommended Dietary Allowances revised by the National Research Council in 1989. This qualitative historical research chronicles the development and subsequent revisions of nutrient-based food guides and food guidance models issued in the United States between 1916 and 1991. A literature search of historical food guides, research, and review papers from the fields of nutrition science and education, dietetics, and health science provided primary sources of information for the history. A literature search of Federal legislation and supportive articles in the field of economics and social sciences provided primary as well as secondary sources of information. Interviews with nine expert nutrition educators and authors provided additional primary and secondary sources of information and insight on food guidance, nutrition education, and Federal nutrition and food policies. Content analysis and analytical induction of this information was used to provide a comprehensive understanding of the food guides and to generate a theoretical framework for the assumptions, stated and implicit, which underlie the nutrient recommendations and the development and revision of food guides in the United States. An understanding of former food guides can lead to the development of a valid, reliable food guide model and subsequent comprehensive food guidance systems which can direct development of national food and nutrition policies.

Includes index. ; Shipping list no.: 88-164-P. ; Mode of access: Internet.