This article presents a comparative analysis of two concepts proposed and developed in two very different areas: the concept of themata, proposed by Gerald Holton in the area of the history of science and related to the processes of production and diffusion of scientific knowledge, and the concept of Pathosformeln, proposed by Aby Warburg in the area of history of art and related to some important historical and epochal continuities of artistic production. Despite the very different disciplinary contexts in which they were proposed, and despite the specificities that naturally ensure the identity of each of the concepts, it is shown in this article how themata and Pathosformeln have undeniable and important affinities. In fact, both correspond to entities that have a long historical persistence, a cyclical nature, and a great disciplinary, cultural and epochal transversality, in conjunction with a great capacity to assume specific forms at a given time and in a given context. Despite the roots in very different areas, the affinities are strong enough to recognize that themata and Pathosformeln belong to a conceptual network with great potential for understanding, not only the science and art, but also the historical and transdisciplinary dynamics of culture in general.
One of the many goals of scientific training under CTS is to contribute to improving public understanding of the nature of science. It emphasizes the article in the possibilities of the history of science on this issue clarifying and illustrating through the history of chemistry as you can put scientific knowledge in context unraveled the complex relationship science - society links with the philosophical, ethical, political positions. This will help form a more responsible citizen, with a deeper awareness of their own activity, which takes sides with the problems affecting the world and their community. ; Uno de los múltiples objetivos de la formación científica en el marco CTS es contribuir a la mejora de la comprensión pública de la naturaleza de las ciencias. En el artículo se hace hincapié en las posibilidades que tiene la Historia de la ciencia en este tema aclarando e ilustrando mediante la historia de la química como se puede colocar el conocimiento científico en su contexto desentrañado la compleja relación ciencia - sociedad, los nexos con las posiciones filosóficas, éticas, políticas. Esto contribuirá a formar un ciudadano más responsable, con una conciencia más profunda de su propia actividad, que toma partido ante los problemas que afectan el mundo y a su comunidad.
This article aims an analysis on the Realist theory arguments in International Relations. Realism presents several concepts to understand the international system based on the centralism of the Nation-State, an anarchical international environment, and the balance of, power. In this paper, I propose to read the trajectory of these concepts and ask if they are relevant to understand international politics. This work finds that Realism took concepts of the natural sciences from the 16th century. This kind of readings are mechanical visions of the universe and was transferred to human essence and nature, and to the political behavior among nations. Given the prolific production of this school of thought, we have selected to make a descriptive and explanatory reading to 1) Hans Morgenthau, who considers himself the founder of Academic Realism, 2) Kenneth Waltz, who proposed a Neorealist reading from a structural perspective, and finally 3) Henry Kissinger, who is considered a realist as a policymaker. Firstly, I analyze the context in which the concepts that nurtured Realism. Then, I track the origin of these concepts that come from the philosophy of nature that shaped modern scientific thought. Finally, I describe the implications of thinking the international arena with categories and metaphors from other sciences. ; El presente artículo busca realizar un análisis sobre la argumentación de la teoría Realista en Relaciones Internacionales. El Realismo presenta una batería de conceptos para entender el sistema internacional basado en el centralismo del Estado Nación, un sistema internacional anárquico, el balance de poder, y la auto ayuda. En este trabajo nos proponemos recorrer la trayectoria de estos conceptos y preguntarnos si resultan pertinentes para entender la política internacional. Se encontrará que los argumentos que caracterizan las lecturas realistas trasladan conceptos pensados y difundidos en las ciencias de la naturaleza a partir del Siglo XVI, cuyas lecturas de los asuntos naturales responden a ...
This study about the Philosophical Portuguese Journeys to Brazil aims at expanding the theme of and the approach to the History of Science in Brazil, promoting the debate about how the work on scientific practices, techniques and representations allows the development of teaching methodologies that encompass Brazilian themes in their context. From the gathered sources, obtained from a bibliographical database of travelers, we were able to draw relationship webs linking politicians, drawers, engineers, cartographers, engravers, naturalists and the local population. In order to disclose the data, this gathered material challenged us to think about proposals of biographical writings of travelers within the virtual environment. Such framework allows our work to ensure two scales of importance, i.e., to emphasize the particular role of travelers, demonstrating singularities, and to guarantee the analysis of social contexts via interpersonal relations from a space-time perspective. Within such biographies and elaborating on the hybrid character of the genre, we defined that the formulation of micro-narratives would grant the biographical writing constructed around the travelers. The writing of short texts will basically follow the modal biography, pointing to the network of social relations of the subject, and also by the biographemes, characterized by the production of a momentary biographical impression. Through a non-linear historical process, the biographical writings and the creation of hyperlinks allow the complex nature of the relationships of that period to be reflected in the micro-narratives formulated. ; O presente trabalho sobre as Viagens filosóficas portuguesas ao Brasil no século XVIII tem o objetivo de expandir as temáticas e abordagens da história das ciências no Brasil, abrindo espaço para o debate sobre como o trabalho com as práticas, técnicas e representações científicas possibilita desenvolver metodologias de ensino que abordem temas brasileiros em seu contexto. A partir do material, retirado de um banco de dados biobibliográficos sobre os viajantes, traçamos redes de relações entre políticos, desenhistas, engenheiros, cartógrafos, gravadores, naturalistas e a população local. Para a divulgação dos dados, o material nos desafiou a pensar em propostas de escrita biográfica dos viajantes no ambiente virtual. O espaço permite que o trabalho afiance duas escalas de importância, ou seja, realce o papel particular dos viajantes, demonstrando singularidades, e garanta a análise dos contextos sociais pelas relações interpessoais na perspectiva espaço-temporal. No entremeio dos formatos biográficos e refletindo sobre o caráter híbrido do gênero, definimos que a formulação de micronarrativas asseguraria a escrita biográfica construída sobre os viajantes. A escrita de textos curtos será conduzida especialmente pela biografia modal, apontando as redes de relações sociais do sujeito, e pelos biografemas, caracterizados pela produção de uma impressão biográfica momentânea. Por um processo não-linear da História, a escrita biográfica e a criação de hiperlinks permitem que o caráter complexo das relações do período se reflitam nas micronarrativas formuladas.
The present paper constitutes a partial report of the results until now obtained, del investigation project "the conceptions that based the initial formation of professors of sciences on the Superior Normal School of Colombia, from its beginning to 1952" stand out the dominant conceptions and its foundation of the denominated social studies of science or sociology is fitted inside del knowledge. Reference to made investigations is done that show the thought class that dominated in Colombia with respect to the technologies and the studied problem of the paper of Mutis in the introduction of Newtonian dynamics in the "Virreinato La Nueva Granada". In the same way, it is alluded to the social history of chemistry in the country, in regard to which the creation of the chemistry studies, obeyed to the same cultural, political and economic conditions that gave origin to the Superior Normal School of Colombia ; Se presentan los resultados obtenidos del proyecto de investigación titulado "Las concepciones que fundamentaron la formación inicial de profesores de ciencias en la Escuela Normal Superior de Colombia, desde su inicio hasta 1952". Se destacan las concepciones dominantes y se encuadra su fundación dentro de los denominados estudios sociales de la ciencia o sociología del conocimiento. Se referencian investigaciones publicadas que muestran la clase de pensamiento que dominaba en Colombia con respecto a las tecnologías y el estudiado problema del papel de Mutis en la introducción de la dinámica newtoniana en el Virreinato de la Nueva Granada. De la misma manera, se alude a la historia social de la química en el país, en razón de que la creación de los estudios de química, obedecieron a las mismas condiciones culturales, políticas y económicas que dieron origen a la Escuela Normal Superior de Colombia
The Arquivo de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Ministry of Education and Science) and the Arquivo Camões – Instituto da Cooperação e da Língua (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Portugal), contain in the set of document collections they have at their guard a core part of the history of the organization of science and also of the constitution of the scientific system in Portugal from a period dating back to its beginning in the early twentieth century, including in particular: the processes of thousands of scientists who were a part of it; the institutional and scientific memory of research spaces; the proposals and projects of scientific ideas; discussions and reflections on the scientific guidelines and policies of the central government and their materialization; the expression of scientific external relations. This article characterizes the current document collections of both archives for the relevance they hold not just for the institutional history of science but for the whole field of history of science and science policy in Portugal in the modern period; it does so by describing and contextualizing the history of the constitution of the Portuguese scientific system that gave origin to this invaluable documentary legacy. Both archives have been the subject of a successful preservation and organization effort, combined with a strategy to promote their heritage and related history, benefiting from inter-institutional collaboration, particularly between the entities responsible for keeping the collections and the scientific community. ; El Arquivo de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia) y el Arquivo Camões - Instituto da Cooperação e da Língua (Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Portugal), contienen en el conjunto de los fondos documentales que custodian una parte esencial de la historia de la organización de la ciencia y también de la constitución del sistema científico en Portugal desde un período que se remonta a sus inicios a principios del siglo XX, incluyendo en particular los procesos de miles de científicos que formaron parte de él; la memoria institucional y científica de los espacios de investigación; las propuestas y proyectos de ideas científicas; las discusiones y reflexiones sobre las directrices y políticas científicas del gobierno central y su materialización; la expresión de las relaciones científicas externas. Este artículo caracteriza los actuales fondos documentales de ambos archivos por la relevancia que tienen no sólo para la historia institucional de la ciencia, sino para todo el campo de la historia de la ciencia y de la política científica en Portugal en la época moderna; lo hace describiendo y contextualizando la historia de la constitución del sistema científico portugués que dio origen a este inestimable legado documental. Ambos archivos han sido objeto de un exitoso esfuerzo de conservación y organización, combinado con una estrategia de promoción de su patrimonio y de la historia relacionada, beneficiándose de la colaboración interinstitucional, especialmente entre las entidades responsables de la conservación de los fondos y la comunidad científica.
The study of the work of the Chilean Jesuit Juan Ignacio Molina (1740-1829), especially since the Chilean historiography, has accused an important criticism myopia about of the naturalist that constantly has been considered, with fairly light weight, as the "first Chilean scientist". The fundamental importance of exile as a scientific vocation, the European controversies about the New World and the institutional conditions and political mechanisms that allowed the development of scientific knowledge in late eighteenth century are elements that have not been integrated into the analysis of the work of the naturalist Chilean who came to integrate the Bologna Academy of Sciences. Therefore, the proposed historical analysis of this article seeks to break the apologetic historiography in order to present the work and figure of the Chilean Jesuit in a broad historical context, in an attempt to provide alternative answers, shows part of the political and epistemological problems that influenced the development of scientific thought of the Chilean naturalist. ; El estudio de la obra del jesuita chileno Juan Ignacio Molina (1740-1829), especialmente desde la historiografía chilena, ha acusado una importante miopía crítica respecto del naturalista que constantemente ha sido considerado, con bastante ligereza, como el "primer científico chileno". La importancia fundamental del exilio como vocación científica, las controversias europeas sobre el Nuevo Mundo y las condiciones institucionales y mecanismos políticos que permitieron el desarrollo del conocimiento científico a fines del siglo XVIII son elementos que no han sido integrados en el análisis de la obra del naturalista chileno quien llegó a integrar la Accademia delle Scienze di Bologna. Por tanto, la propuesta de análisis histórico de este artículo busca romper con la historiografía apologética para presentar la obra y la figura del jesuita chileno en un contexto histórico amplio y que, en un intento de entregar respuestas alternativas, muestra parte de los problemas políticos y epistemológicos que influyeron en la elaboración del pensamiento científico del naturalista chileno.
The aim of this paper is to explore the double bind between science and culture through the analisys, from the history and philosophy of science perspective, of various scientific activities, in particular those linked to mathematical knowledge, described as knowledge-making practices belonging to a much wider and complex intelectual, social and political context. ; El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar el doble vínculo entre ciencia y cultura a través de un repaso, desde la historia y la filosofía de la ciencia, de las actividades científicas, en particular las asociadas al conocimiento matemático, en tanto que conjuntos de saberes y prácticas pertenecientes a un contexto intelectual, social y político más amplio y complejo.
El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar el doble vínculo entre ciencia y cultura a través de un repaso, desde la historia y la filosofía de la ciencia, de las actividades científicas, en particular las asociadas al conocimiento matemático, en tanto que conjuntos de saberes y prácticas pertenecientes a un contexto intelectual, social y político más amplio y complejo. ; The aim of this paper is to explore the double bind between science and culture through the analysis, from the history and philosophy of science perspective, of various scientific activities, in particular those linked to mathematical knowledge, described as knowledge-making practices belonging to a much wider and complex intellectual, social and political context.
Introduction: The countries of Latin America have a common history in which they share languages, roots and traditions, and this is a major milestone in their unique way of progress. Objective: To characterise the communication patterns and impact of Latin American scientific output in the category "History and Philosophy of Science". Methods: A bibliometric study was conducted where the documents belonging to the category "History and Philosophy of Science" from the period between 1996 and 2016 were analysed, using as tools Scival and Scimago Country and Journal Rank. Results: While the regional scientific output showed an annual growth, especially after 2009, this growth was less noticeable at a global level, which indicates the scientific community's interest towards this type of studies. More than half of the documents were cited, with a citation average of 28 cites per document. More than 30% of the communications involved international collaboration. Different studies have proven that the works which involved collaboration had a greater impact, at the expense of their visibility. Conclusions: The analysis of the Latin-American field of History and Philosophy of Science is characterised by a sustained growth, with Brazil as its greater producer. The region has high indicators for scientific leadership and citation. They show their potential based on the recovery of the historical memory of Latin-American people in a new context related to the recognition of scientific heritage as an essential part of our people's culture, economy, politics and society. ; Introducción:Los países de América Latina presentan una historia común en la que comparten lenguas, raíces y tradiciones, y que ha marcado su singular vía de progreso. Objetivo:Caracterizar los patrones de comunicación e impacto de la producción científica Latinoamericana en la categoría Historia y Filosofía de la Ciencia. Métodos:Se realizó un estudio bibliométrico donde se analizaron los documentos pertenecientes a la categoría "History and Philosophy of ...
Los Estudios Sociales se diseñaron en la década de los años 50 del siglo XX, como un instrumento para difundir entre las nuevas generaciones de costarricenses, los valores y aspiraciones del proyecto político que gestó la fundación de la II República. Los nuevos consensos sociales surgidos entorno al proyecto socialdemócrata, se apoyaron en el poderoso instrumento de la educación para ser difundidos entre la sociedad costarricense. Surge así un componente del currículo oficial que hasta entonces no existía: La Enseñanza de los Estudios Sociales. Empero, el devenir histórico de nuestro país y el mismo desarrollo de la disciplina histórica, han generado múltiples cuestionamientos a las visiones del pasado que todavía se reproducen en las aulas de nuestras escuelas y colegios. Este artículo presenta una propuesta alternativa de enseñanza de la Historia sobre la base de la responsabilidad social de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje. Por tal razón, partimos del principio de que en el espacio social del aprendizaje se materializan relaciones sociales mediatizadas por la necesidad de conocer el pasado para comprender el presente. El concepto de didáctica aquí planteado, tiene que ver con la necesidad de que la enseñanza de la Historia en nuestro país evolucione hacia objetivos encaminados al desarrollo de la conciencia, el razonamiento de la realidad desde las herramientas que provee la Historia, el trabajo colectivo, el uso de recursos didácticos adecuados y la validación del aprendizaje en un campo o entorno social concreto, de ahí su carácter vivencial. The Social Studies were designed in the decade of the years 50 of the XX century, as an instrument to diffuse among the new generations of Costa Rican, the values and aspirations of the political project that it gestated the foundation of the II Republic. The new consents social arisen environment to the social-democratic project, leaned on in the powerful instrument of the education to be diffused among the Costa Rican society. It arises this way a component of the official curriculum that until then it didn't exist: "The Teaching of the Social Studies." But, becoming historical of our country and the same development of the historical discipline, they have generated multiple questions to the visions of the past that still reproduce in the classrooms of our schools. This article presents an alternative proposal of teaching of the History on the base of the social responsibility of the teaching and the learning. For such a reason, we portion of the principle that in the social space of the learning relationships social are materialized by the necessity of knowing the past to understand the present. The didactics concept here outlined, it has to do with the necessity that the teaching of the History in our country evolves toward objectives guided to the development of the conscience, the reasoning of the reality from the tools that it provides the History, the collective work, the use of appropriate didactic resources and the validation of the learning in a field or concrete social environment.
