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This paper aims to present the first results of a research that has been developed in the scope of the doctorate about the institutionalization of pharmacy in Brazil in the 19th century - more specifically between 1808 and 1891, that is, from the first medical and pharmaceutical classes. in surgery schools until the creation of the first Faculty of Pharmacy in Brazilian territory. One of the proposals of this research is to investigate the construction and the regularization of the professional of the graduated and licensed pharmacy, according to the requirements of the time. In this way, this article seeks to analyze what the first laws aimed at pharmacy professionals predicted, and how they would have contributed so that the "true pharmacists" could be identified and differentiated from others who, although producing and selling medicines and, consequently, were part of the scenario of the 19th century carioca pharmacy, were not regulated and, under

Marx's engagement in philosophy has from the outset attempted a more objective development of humanism insofar as it only enters into such discipline in pursuit of a rationality whose development is not cut off from the concrete transformation of the world. Such is his impression of philosophy under the Hegelian dialectic: only philosophical reason would perceive itself as an undisputed form of reality, being able to realize the humanism that in Law is given as a pure idealism. In the Preparatory Notes for his doctoral thesis entitled Difference between the Philosophies of Democritus and Epicurus (DFDE) Marx developed a philosophy of history alternative to that of Hegel, indicating that democracy did not suffer decline in Greece due to the development of philosophical reason, but because of the victory of a philosophical reason that had undergone a change to theology.

This article aims to analyze the vision of science and knowledge production in its transition to modernity and contemporaneity within the meaning of an education based on creativity that values diverse knowledge. This reflection is a bibliographical character with a qualitative approach. Its theoretical foundation brings the realization of the concepts of the traditional paradigm in the context of modern science and the emerging paradigm today with a creative vision and interdisciplinary contemplating the whole of life, from the pedagogical, while production of knowledge. It is noticeable that in the contemporary perspective of creativity to transforming perspective has sought reconnection of knowledge that involves all areas of humanity valuing imagination, originality, flexibility, thinking, feeling and learning within the aspects encompassing the wholeness of life on the planet.

Este artigo apresenta uma leitura crítica do conteúdo de dois filmes que abordam o preconceito racial. Foram selecionados os filmes: Um grito de liberdade e Sarafina o som da liberdade, como fonte de pesquisa. O objetivo é investigar os aspectos culturais, econômicos, sociais e políticos da África, a fim de propor uma metodologia de análise fílmica, com base nos Estudos Culturais. De que maneira o cinema, ao mostrar os conflitos sociais gerados pelas leis raciais, pode contribuir para formar professores mais preparados e capazes de lidar com o racismo e o preconceito na sala de aula? No espaço escolar, esses filmes analisados na perspectiva de Douglas Kellner, Michel Foucault e Stuart Hall, podem ampliar a nossa compreensão sobre a lógica da dominação pela segregação racial e contribuir para mobilizar ações de valorização e de reconhecimento da história e cultura africana e afro-brasileiro.

Sartre, in the work Notebooks for an Ethics (1947-1948), presents notes on the dimension of history that begins to develop initially within his moral reflection. Sartre, however, does not have a finalized version of his theory of history, linking his reflection to a comparison and critique of Hegel's philosophy of history and Marxian historical materialism. The aim of this article is to analyze Sartre's critique of Hegel in the Notebooks for an Ethics about history, showing an outline of Sartre's initial views on history. Sartre makes extensive use of a critique of the possibility of Hegelian dialectics, questioning the dimension of this movement of the real as true. It analyzes the idealization of this movement in the dialectic of the master and the slave in works such as Phenomenology of the Spirit (1807) and discusses the notion of the totality of history. Sartre suggests, based on this critique, his own notion of history linked to a de-totalized totality and a historical becoming centered on freedom.

Homo sapiens was born with infectious agents that circulated in the common ancestral animal from which both the man and the chimpanzee evolved. We have acquired other microorganisms while still in African territory, in the time of the hunters and gatherers. We have left Africa, have conquered the planet and have become sedentary. We discovered agriculture and animal domestication and, thus, have been invaded by new infectious agents. The microorganisms came along with human locomotion. They were present in the human migrations from Africa, in the military campaigns of Antiquity, in the ocean voyages of discovery, in the colonizations, in the slave trade and so on. The advance in the studies of microorganisms DNA and RNA clarifies the origin and the spread of various infectious diseases. We can then find out how viruses, bacteria and parasites have been globalized since our departure from Africa until the present day. ; O Homo sapiens nasceu portando agentes infecciosos que circulavam no animal ancestral comum ao homem e chimpanzé. Adquirimos outros microrganismos ainda no solo africano, época dos caçadores e coletores. Partimos da África, conquistamos o planeta e nos tornamos sedentários. Descobrimos a agricultura e a domesticação dos animais e, com isso, fomos invadidos por novos agentes infecciosos. Os microrganismos apanharam carona nas locomoções humanas. Estavam presentes nas migrações humanas originadas da África, nas campanhas militares da Antigüidade, nas viagens marítimas de descobrimentos, nas colonizações, no tráfico de escravos e outros. O avanço no estudo do DNA e RNA de microrganismos nos esclarece a origem e o dispersar de várias doenças infecciosas. Descobrimos, então, como estamos globalizando vírus, bactérias e parasitos desde nossa saída da África até os dias atuais.

Ilus. Tab. Bib. Sum. (En) ; Secondary forests developing on agricultural land after it is abandoned, or as the fallow period in systems of subsistence agriculture, are an increasingly important component of the forest resources of the tropics. They fix and store carbon and may contribute to the alleviation of global warming, they are refuges for biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, and they are low-cost sources of a tremendous variety of forest products. The final years of the 20th century represent an opportune time to bring together researchers concerned with biological, ecological, social/organizational, financial/economic and political aspects of secondary forests and their management, to share their experiences and opinions concerning secondary tropical forests and to contribute to the development of a forward-looking, cross-disciplinary research agenda. The conference had the following objectives: 1) to summarize the state of knowledge of tropical secondary forests from the standpoint of the ecological, social and political sciences. 2) to report the most recent results of research on secondary forests from all relevant disciplines.

This study is based on constructs of the ANTi-History approach. It aims to (re)assemble the multiple historical versions that performed in time and space in the artistic organization of Salão de Abril, an art exhibition in the municipality of Fortaleza, Brazil. Salão de Abril is currently one of the main local public policies for arts, with more than 70 years of existence. The historical methodology was based on the collection of documents and the compilation of the research archive. In the analysis of historiographical writing, the study identified four historical passages showing associations of different actors in a network. The political character of the exhibition's organization was emphasized when presenting alternatives for the versions of a past that reverberate, today, in the relations with the spaces of the city and in the public policies mechanisms. ; A partir de constructos del enfoque antihistoria, el objetivo del estudio fue (re)ensamblar las múltiples versiones históricas que actuaron en el tiempo y el espacio en la organización artística del Salón de Abril. El Salón de Abril es en la actualidad una de las principales políticas públicas orientadas al entorno artístico de la ciudad de Fortaleza, con más de 70 años de existencia. La metodología histórica se basó en la recolección de documentos y la compilación del archivo de investigación. En el análisis de la escritura historiográfica se identificaron 4 pasajes históricos que evidenciaron las asociaciones de diferentes actores de la red. Se enfatizó el carácter político de la organización del Salón de Abril, al presentar alternativas de las versiones de un pasado que reverbera, hoy, en las relaciones con los espacios de la ciudad y en los mecanismos de políticas públicas. ; Tendo como base construtos da abordagem da ANTi-History, o objetivo do estudo foi (re)montar as múltiplas versões históricas que performaram no tempo e no espaço o organizar artístico do Salão de Abril. O Salão de Abril é atualmente uma das principais políticas públicas direcionadas ao meio artístico da cidade de Fortaleza, contando com mais de 70 anos de existência. A metodologia de caráter histórico teve como fonte o levantamento de documentos e a compilação do arquivo da pesquisa. Na análise da escrita historiográfica foram identificadas 4 passagens históricas que evidenciaram as associações de diferentes atores em rede. Ressaltou-se o caráter político do organizar do Salão de Abril, ao apresentar alternativas das versões de um passado que reverbera, hoje, nas relações com os espaços da cidade e nos mecanismos de políticas públicas.