Suchergebnisse

The author studies the specifics of lace in the territory of the South Black Earth Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries. The author has analyzed the history of lace crafts in the Yelets and Mtsensk districts of the Orlovsk province, and in the Zadonsk district of the Voronezh province. Based on archive materials the article determines such features of lace crafts development as the uniqueness of lace; the dependence of the growth of the influence of buyers on the pace of industry development; presence of the qualitative indicators of the manufacturing process inversely proportional to the quantitative; expanding the range of manufactured lace; the expansion of the sales area of lace; activation of the attention of individuals and public institutions to revive the specificity and individuality of local products lace. It was concluded that the impact of identified features on the pace of development of the lace industry in the South Black Earth Russia and on the development of Russian business in general.

Analyzing the history of lace crafts, the author describes the conditions of industrial activity lace, which showed the formation of the capitalist forms of lace makers' work. The features of the capitalist forms of labour which characterized crafts activity are pointed out. The peculiarities of lace sales organization in local and distant markets are studied. In addition to interprovince and interdistrict markets the author investigates the material on exporting goods abroad. The main reasons for the expansion of sales geography determine the change in product mix.

The author raises the issue related to the history of the preservation of unique lace made following the traditions of Russian folk art of their ancestors. The problem consisted in the fact that the buyers were not interested in the originality and identity of the goods. As a result, this led to the reduction of the original performance by increasing the amount of work on the standard models.

The profound social and political changes that took place in China at the turn of the 19th century led to a significant reappraisal of spiritual and aesthetic values in the society. The Western culture infiltration contributed to the reform movement and encouraged new trends in the Chinese visual arts. The artists who returned to China after studying abroad created various associations and art schools. They tried to find new forms and merge the heritage of traditional Chinese painting with the achievements of Western art. In the beginning of the 20th century Beijing becomes the center of social transformation in China and the source of a new cultural movement.

In this article the image of Mongolia in the Soviet press during the 60s-80s years of the 20th century is analyzed. It is noted that all materials of the press of that time have an exclusively propaganda mode and are inseparably linked with the political processes happening in the country. The main questions brought up in the 60s-80s are connected with the entry of Mongolia into the United Nations, development of economy and agricultural industry. At the same time articles about the top officials of the two countries were published. The significant role in promoting the image of Mongolia was played by the Soviet writers and poets who wrote about the friendship of the two peoples in a manner peculiar to them. They also wrote about the development of agricultural industry and the relationship between the peoples of the two bordering states. In the 80-s there comes a new round of foreign policy interaction between the USSR and Mongolia that, in turn, is assessed in the media positively. In particular, the famous Soviet journalist, the publicist, the correspondent of the Pravda newspaper Alexey Mitrofanovich Krivel spent in Mongolia more than five years. During his stay in the republic he wrote many sketches, articles, stories and other publicistic texts.

Анализируется монография старшего научного сотрудника Центра «Истории России ХIХ – начала ХХ вв.» Института российской истории РАН Нины Борисовны Хайловой, посвященная центризму в российском либерализме начала ХХ в. Рецензируемая работа является первым в историографии комплексным исследованием данной проблемы. Показано, что в монографии на основании широкого круга источников, часть из которых была опубликована ее автором, досконально исследован весь комплекс вопросов, касающихся организационных особенностей, социальной базы, программных и тактических установок, основных направлений и особенностей думской и внепарламентской деятельности центристских либеральных партий. Отмечена существенная роль приложения к монографии – биографического словаря, включающего сведения об основных деятелях либерального центризма начала ХХ в. Подчеркивается серьезный вклад рецензируемой монографии в изучение истории российского либерализма.
The article analyzes the monograph by Nina B. Khailova, a senior researcher at the Centre for the History of Russia in the 19th – early 20th Centuries of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, dedicated to centrism in Russian liberalism in the early 20th century. The work under review is the first comprehensive study of this problem in historiography. It has been shown that based on a wide range of sources, some of which were published by its author, the monograph thoroughly studies the whole complex of issues concerning organizational features, social base, programmatic and tactical attitudes, and the main directions and features of the Duma and extra-parliamentary activities of centrist liberal parties. The reviewer notes an essential role of the appendix to the monograph (which is a biographical dictionary that includes information about the main figures of the liberal centrism of the early 20th century) and emphasizes a significant contribution of the monograph under review to the study of the history of Russian liberalism.

The article is devoted to the philosophical interpretations of Dostoevsky's work in Bulgaria in the first half of the twentieth century. Dostoevsky's initial presence in Bulgaria was investigated as well the response of the Bulgarian intelligentsia to his ideas compared to those of Tolstoy. The beneficial influence on the image of the writer as a thinker, philosopher, exerted by the Russian emigration in Bulgaria since the beginning of the 1920s is noted. Particular emphasis is placed on the work of Petr Bitsill, one of the best experts in the field of Dostoevsky studies. The types of interpretations of Dostoevsky as a philosopher are distinguished as follows: Dostoevsky as a Nietzschean. Dostoevsky and Nietzsche (opposition and identification) – bearing in mind the strong influence of Nietzsche in Bulgaria since the beginning of the twentieth century; Dostoevsky as one of the founders of Russian religious philosophy – considering the penetration of the Silver Age ideas in Bulgaria; Dostoevsky and psychoanalysis; Dostoevsky as a religious philosopher and innovator. The author concludes that the study of the peculiarities of the reception of Dostoevsky's work in Bulgarian culture of the first half of the twentieth century reveals not only the variety of world views but also the specifics of the national spiritual tradition.

Статья посвящена рассмотрению дискуссии между А.Я. Гуревичем и Л.М. Баткиным, которая внесла значительный вклад в становление «несоветской» медиевистики. Цель исследования состоит в определении характерных черт полемики между А.Я. Гуревичем и Л.М. Баткиным, ее значения в процессе трансформации эпистемологического поля отечественной исторической науки. Теоретической основой статьи стали принципы интеллектуальной истории. Исследование осуществлено на основе сравнительно-исторического и историко-генетического методов. В настоящей работе проанализированы взгляды А.Я. Гуревича и Л.М. Баткина на ряд методологических вопросов, которые оказались в центре прений между учеными. В публикации делается вывод о том, что рассматриваемый диспут затрагивал вопросы о культурной и социальной сущности личности, о реализации личностью функций внутри общественных структур, о причинах и механизмах изменения культурных ценностей и доминант. Трактовка понятия «личность» определяла выбор подхода к изучению общества. Если для А.Я. Гуревича личность является порождением социально-культурной системы конкретной эпохи, а особенность личности заключается в оригинальном соединении общих черт культуры, то для Л.М. Баткина личностью является индивид, который, руководствуясь общими нормами и установлениями, пропускает их через свое сознание и словно вновь порождает нормы и ценности. Согласно Л.М. Баткину, «осознающая личность» – начало преодоления стереотипов и матриц общественного сознания. В этой связи подход А.Я. Гуревича был нацелен на реконструкцию общественных стереотипов и матриц, определявших поведение людей. Л.М. Баткин анализировал выдающиеся литературные произведения, которые, по мысли ученого, открывают в исследуемой культуре ее изменение и трансформацию. Ряд тезисов, высказанных Л.М. Баткиным в ходе полемики, был воспринят и интерпретирован Ю.Л. Бессмертным, А.Л. Юргановым, А.В. Каравашкиным, И.Н. Данилевским и оказал влияние на формирование их научно-исследовательских программ. Ученые сошлись во мнении, что средневековую культуру необходимо изучать исходя из особенностей развития самой культуры, следует уделять внимание пониманию специфики культурного языка, особенностей мышления и самовыражения исследуемой эпохи, надлежит учитывать уникальные черты культуры и использовать принципы герменевтики в качестве методологической основы интерпретации письменных источников.
he article is devoted to the discussion between A. Gurevich and L. Batkin, who made a significant contribution to the development of "non-Soviet" medieval studies. The purpose of the study is to determine the characteristic features of the controversy between A. Gurevich and L. Batkin and its significance in the process of transformation of the epistemological field of Russian historical science. The principles of intellectual history constitute the theoretical foundation of the article. The study was carried out on the basis of comparative historical and historical genetic methods. The present work analyzes the views of A. Gurevich and L. Batkin on a number of methodological issues that were at the center of the debate between the scholars. The author concludes that the dispute under consideration raised questions about the cultural and social essence of the individual, about the implementation by the individual of his functions within social structures, and about the causes and mechanisms for changing cultural values and dominants. The interpretation of the concept of personality determined the choice of approach to the study of society. While for A. Gurevich, the personality is a product of the socio-cultural system of a particular era and the peculiarity of the personality lies in the original combination of common features of culture, L. Batkin views the personality as an individual who, being guided by general norms and regulations, lets them go through his consciousness and as if generates norms and values again. According to L. Batkin, "the conscious personality" is the beginning of overcoming stereotypes and matrices of social consciousness. In this regard, the approach of A. Gurevich was aimed at reconstructing social stereotypes and matrices that determined people's behavior. L. Batkin analyzed outstanding literary works, which, according to the scholar, reveal change and transformation in the culture under study. A number of points made by L. Batkin during the polemic were perceived and interpreted by Yu. Bessmertnyi, A. Yurganov, A. Karavashkin, and I. Danilevskii and influenced the formation of their research agenda. The scholars agreed that medieval culture should be studied proceeding from the peculiarities of the development of the culture itself; attention should be paid to understanding the specifics of the language of culture, features of thinking and self-expression of the era under study; unique features of culture should be taken into account; it is required to use the principles of hermeneutics as a methodological basis for the interpretation of written sources.

The paper is devoted to financial cooperation of the Government of the Russian Empire with European capital markets in the early 20th century. This was one of the periods of the global crisis when Russian-European financial cooperation underwent a certain transformation. On the basis of archives analysis the author traces Russia's external debt dynamics (including the new loan, acquittals, changes in terms of loan), brings to light the causes of the process, makes a conclusion that it was not only economics but the foreign policy as well that conditioned the external debt of Russia. The results of this research can be used in teaching Russian History of the 20th century in secondary and higher educational institutions, as well as in external debt service of contemporary Russia. ; Статья посвящена финансовому взаимодействию правительства Российской империи с европейскими рынками капиталов в начале ХХ века. Это был период одного из мировых экономических кризисов, в ходе которого финансовые отношения России и Европы претерпели определѐнную трансформацию. На основе анализа архивных документов автор прослеживает динамику внешнего долга России (получение нового займа, погашение уже имеющихся долгов, изменение их условий), выявляет причины данных процессов, делает вывод о всѐ большей обусловленности зарубежного долга России не только экономическими, но и внешнеполитическими обстоятельствами. Результаты работы могут быть использованы как в процессе преподавания курса истории России начала XX века в образовательных учреждениях среднего и высшего образования, так и для обслуживания внешнего долга современной России

The paper introduces the concept of integral conservatism, covering the spiritual heritage of the German philosopher Ernst Jünger (1895 – 1998) in the final period of his work. The author analyzes the impact of his ideas on the European conservatism and considers their relation to the ideological and political theory and practice throughout the whole political spectrum in the last third of the 20th century. As a result, the paper concludes that the final period of Ernst Jünger's work is characterized by special synthesis, giving reason to believe his conservative to be integral, that is, including all types of conservative ideological and political tradition, as well as to talk about the serious influence of the writer's ideas on the entire conservative camp without exception. The research results can be used for further analysis of the nature of the changes taking place in the modern Western conservatism. ; В статье представлена концепция интегрального консерватизма, охватывающая духовное наследие немецкого мыслителя Эрнста Юнгера (1895 – 1998) в заключительный период его творчества. Проводится анализ влияния его идей на европейский консерватизм, рассматривается их взаимосвязь с идейно-политической теорией и практикой различных течений всего консервативного политического спектра в последней трети ХХ века. В результате делается вывод о наличии в заключительный период творчества Э. Юнгера особого синтеза, дающего основание считать его консерватизм интегральным, то есть включающим в себя все типы консервативной идейно-политической традиции, а также говорится о серьезном влиянии идей писателя на весь консервативный лагерь без исключения. Результаты статьи могут быть использованы для дальнейшего анализа характера изменений, происходящих в современном западном консерватизме.

The article examines the attitude to radical means of political struggle, in particular, to terror, Russian party of the early twentieth century, referring to the populist direction of socialism — the socialist–revolutionaries (SRS) and people's socialists (Anosov). The similarities and differences of views of the most prominent representatives of these parties on the need to use extreme methods of struggle, as well as the evolution of their attitude to terror due to changes in the political situation in Russia are shown. Main research methods: analysis, synthesis, biographical method, analogy, comparison.

The subject. The law of emphyteusis was studied in the Russian Empire in the middle of 19th – beginning of 20th century due to practical significance. The interest in this subject began to revive at the beginning of the 21st century, the first few publications appeared, but they were mostly replicas of Imperial period studies. The law of emphyteusis in Russia before the middle of the 19th century is not researched sufficiently. The purpose of the study is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the law of emphyteusis was initially implemented in the system of Russian law as a legislative institution, but since the middle of the 19th century it has acquired the status of a local legal custom. The Russian state, having preserved the former system of civil law (the Lithuanian Statute) in the Western lands annexed from Lithuania and Poland, created the basis for the formation of a different system of legal awareness among a part of the population, thereby consolidating the dichotomy of the Empire and the Western provinces. Since the issue of land ownership is a key issue for feudal society, the law of emphyteusis is the most striking example of the split in the unity of the legal system of the Russian state. The methodology. The study is based on a combination of formal-legal and historical-legal methods: the methods of historicism, synchronous and diachronic comparison allow us to get an idea of the socio-political conditions in which the law of emphyteusis was formed and functioned. The main results, scope of application. The institute of emphyteusis (Latin – сensus, German – zins, Polish – czynsz) was formed on the basis of the reception of Roman and Byzantine law in the feudal law of a number of European States. Emphyteusis comes to the PolishLithuanian lands as an element of German law. The article describes the socio-political processes in the territories annexed by Russia from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, where the right of emphyteusis was preserved in the middle of 17th - first half of the 19th century as a local civil law under the Lithuanian Statute system. After the abolition of the Statute of Lithuania (1840) an emphyteusis preserved as a regional legal custom. The analysis of legislation and law enforcement practice on the issue of emphyteusis on the borderlands of the Russian state is carried out. The ineffectiveness of the state policy on the elimination of emphyteusis is noted. Conclusions. The revealed specifics of the development of emphyteusis in the Russian Empire are extremely poorly studied, although they indicate far-reaching consequences in the system of forming the legal consciousness of Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Jewish (Ashkenazi) and other peoples. ; Цель статьи состоит в установлении обстоятельств появления традиции чиншевого землепользования в отдельных регионах российского государства, описании процессов имплементации чинша в систему права и анализе влияния института на государствообразующие процессы в России. Установлено, что институт чинша (лат. сensus, нем. zins, пол. czynsz) сформировался на основе рецепции римского и византийского права в феодальном праве ряда европейских государств. В польско-литовские земли чинш приходит как элемент немецкого права. Дано описание социально-политических процессов на территориях, присоединенных Россией от Речи Посполитой, где чиншевое право было сохранено в середине XVII – первой половине XIХ в. в качестве местного гражданского права в рамках системы Литовского Статута, после отмены которого чинш сохранился в качестве регионального правового обычая. Проведен анализ законодательной и правоприменительной практики по вопросу чиншевого земельного держания на окраинах российского государства. Отмечена неэффективность государственной политики по искоренению чинша. Сделан вывод о том, что Российское государство, сохранив на западных землях, присоединенных от Литвы и Польши, прежнюю систему гражданского права (Литовского Статута), создало основу для формирования у части населения иной системы правосознания, тем самым закрепив дихотомию Империи и Западных губерний.

The article explores masonic activities of businessman and politician A.I. Konovalov (1875-1948). A good deal of attention is paid to the verification of the fact of his joining the Masons, reasons to join the lodge and the character of his participation. It has been concluded that when he joined the lodge, Konovalov's intention was to create a united block opposed to the government. At the eve of the February Revolution, Russian freemasonry provided a neutral platform for the secret coordination of the actions of the opposition. However, the rejection of moral and ethical questions in favour of political agenda led to the situation when Russian masons were not recognized by freemasons in other countries. © 2017 Aquilo. All rights reserved.

This article represents the first stage of a research project dedicated to analyzing the structuration of Russian society throughout the period since the mid 1800's and until this day. The timeline for part one includes the period up until 1917, while part two will be dedicated to Soviet and post-Soviet times. This article utilizes the methodology of A. Giddens, who suggested using the term "structuration" in order to analyze social relationships in space and time. This methodology implies examining structuration processes through the lens of those studies which were conducted during periods when radical shifts were occurring within the structure of Russian society. The main event which defined the direction for social change turned out to be the emancipation of the serfs in the Russian Empire, which lead to shifts in the population's structure: accelerated development of a working class, social transformations in the village, and the advancement of internal migration in Russia. The article shows that in Russia these processes were accompanied by science, which included official agencies conducting population censuses, studying the composition and working conditions at factories and plants (this function was carried out by plant and manufactory inspectorates), as well as studies conducted by scientists and practitioners. The works of Nikolai Kalachov, N. Flerovsky, Evgeny Pogozhev, Mykhailo Tuhan-Baranovskyi and others aided in developing detailed social characteristics of workers and their position in the structure of society and at work. Studying the village (and consequently the largest social class – the peasants) was the prerogative of provincial councils. Comprehensive monographic studies were conducted by Piotr Semionov, Vassily Pokrovsky, Vassily Orlov, Piotr Chervinsky, Fedor Shcherbina, as well as other researchers. The article shows that the population's structuration at the turn of the century in regards to the territorial aspect depended on resettlement and internal migration to a significant degree. Remarkable studies of this process were conducted by Denis Davydov, Evgeny Anuchin, Isaac Hourwich, Ivan Yamzin and other Russian scientists. Aside from scientists, practitioners also took part in these studies. The Russian intelligentsia actively partook in field research. The educated class' efforts made it possible to attain valuable data on society's structure, on the state of social relationships in Russia, migration processes, and the social characteristics of society's key structural elements – peasants and workers.

The article analyses the scale and causes of shifts in the regional structure of a major industry market, i. e. the world coffee market. Among the factors that determined high dynamics of the global demand for coffee over the specified period, the growth of well-being of the world population is considered, which is especially fast in developing countries, significantly outpacing the "traditional" markets of developed countries in terms of the coffee consumption growth. Other factors considered are innovations in coffee production technologies, the continuing growth of the urbanization of the population, shifts in the structure of the types of labor activity of the population towards larger share of mental labor, whose representatives are characterized by increased rates of coffee consumption, the growing demand for more expensive and high-quality products, and the strengthening "status" role of coffee consumption. The regional structure of coffee consumption, which is formed under the influence of these factors, is considered. In line with the evolution of demand, there are significant shifts in the supply sphere; it is shown that the regional supply structure has experienced the most significant transformation in the green coffee commodity segment: the main coffee-producing regions of the world have changed their places - the share of Asia has sharply increased and the share of Africa has decreased. It is shown that Asia has also significantly increased its role in the other two main product segments, i.e. roasted and instant coffee. In general, the demonstrated "Asian" shift in the coffee market could evidence the essence of the current economic and geographical transition.

The article deals with the issues of participation of Yakutia in the international scientific cooperation in the Arctic during the last decade of the 20th and the first years of the 21st century. The author describes the history of realization of the international initiatives for studying social and cultural transformations and challenges of life of Arctic Indigenous Peoples, studying natural phenomena and processes, as well as environmental protection in the Yakutia's Arctic and their main results on the basis of a set of archival documents, English- and Frenchlanguage materials. The author called the most important factors that determine the extent of joint research of Russian scientists and their foreign colleagues, identified the key participants (scientists from Great Britain, Germany, Canada, Russia, Finland, France and Japan), forms (collection of field data, its processing and laboratory analysis; provision of academic institutions of Yakutia, their research base, provision of special equipment for foreign partners; coordination of research and the exchange of the data obtained; organization of conferences and workshops; organization of protected areas; publication of research results), and mechanisms (organization of special structures to intensify and coordinate research; association of research through a unified methodology; elaboration of international programs and projects, taking into account the potential of the involved parties - financing, tools and staff) of international scientific cooperation development. (author's abstract)