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The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of lexical-semantic interference of the English and French languages in the Middle Ages. The author indicates the relevance and significance of the research topic. A brief terminological analysis of the category «interference» is carried out, which results in the fact that at the lexical level and in the interlingual context, this phenomenon manifests itself as a result of a wide range of methods for formulating one concept in different languages, as a result of which a divergence in categories is noted. The author's interest in studying interference in the French and English languages in a diachronic aspect is due to the fact that the vocabulary of a language always reflects the history of its people. The emphasis on the problem of borrowing from French into English in the 10th–15th centuries was made due to the fact that significant historical and social events took place in the relationship between France and Britain, which could not but be reflected in the cultural and linguistic development of the latter. Focusing on the practice of language interference caused by historical and social factors, an analysis of historical events and prerequisites is carried out, as a result of which the results of the influence of the French language on English during the Middle Ages are clarified (using examples of professionalisms). Based on the results of the study and the independent selection of French equivalents for English words, the author concludes that lexical-semantic interference in this era manifested itself in the movement of similar lexical units into another language by modifying them according to the phonetic or graphic model of their language. As a rule, such a deviation from the language norm is the most frequent, since the transformation of words occurs according to the same principle as in the native language.

Статья посвящена религиозным традициям чеченцев, истоки которых находятся в глубокой древности и перекликаются с культами древнего населения Передней Азии. В работе отмечается определенная преемственность в духовной культуре племен Северного Кавказа, начиная с энеолита и заканчивая эпохой поздней бронзы и раннего железа. А позднесредневековая чеченская культура обнаруживает многочисленные параллели с последней, особенно на уровне символики, нанесенной, как на архитектурные сооружения, так и на бронзовые изделия.
В работе подробно анализируется языческий пантеон чеченцев и его трансформация под влиянием христианских идей, когда идея Единого Творца становится преобладающей, а все второстепенные божества низводятся на уровень святых и приобретают антропоморфные черты.
Культура, календарные циклы, символика несут в себе узнаваемые черты следов христианства, которое было распространено среди чеченцев в VIII-XVII вв. Важную роль в проповеди христианства в Чечне сыграла Грузия, как об этом свидетельствует использование средневековой грузинской письменности в горной Чечне. Однако отдельные эпиграфические находки подтверждают и деятельность византийских миссионеров на равнинной территории региона.
Ислам окончательно утверждается в Чечне в XVII в. С этого времени языческие и христианские черты в погребальных обрядах чеченцев, в их бытовой культуре, фольклоре постепенно исчезают или обретают другие формы.

Paper refers to the origin, the formation of the historic and the development of the institution of the death penalty, as it at present.

The article discusses the coverage of the subject of the Holocaust in contemporary Russian textbooks on history of Russia and world history in accordance with certain substantive and methodological lines.

This article presents the main results of studying the composition and scale of Russia's middle classes, which are comprised of the working population. The study is based on an authentic methodology, which develops a multi-criterion approach to identifying social structures, based on standards and quality of living, and to revealing middle classes within their composition. Determining the potential for developing middle classes within the working population, their qualitative and quantitative identification while utilizing an array of objective and subjective characteristics – all of this was conducted based on comparing actual values with specially formulated social standards. Said standards record the normative requirements for education level, position in the field of employment, level of personal income, amount of savings, income level from primary occupation and possession of real estate, as well as the corresponding values of standards and quality of living, determined by means of subjective assessment. The study revealed that the proportion of middle classes within the structure of the working population is less than 25%. And only 2% of the working population can be identified as the core middle classes, while another 21% relate to either a broadened core or the periphery. The article reveals that potentially, if they were to attain the necessary position in the employment field and the proper level of education, a wider range of workers could comprise the middle classes. However, considering the relatively low level of material security for workers and their households, as well as inconsistencies with subjective identification markers, workers for the most part remain outside of the middle classes. The authors consider the main reasons which lead to the lower general quantitative estimates of the boundaries of middle classes. Assessed is the scale of "losses" when it comes to the potential size of the middle classes, which are linked to the specifics of workers implementing their educational potential in the workplace, to their level of material security and subjective evaluation of living standards and quality, and which identify the potential of middle classes in terms of their position in the field of employment and their level of education.

В статье представлен исторический и теоретический анализ одного из новых направлений исследования бытования варваров — гендерной истории варварства. Гендер рассматривается как системная категория сложившейся в варваристике базовой терминологии. Впервые предпринята попытка проанализировать познавательный потенциал варваристики, включив в ее понятийную структуру гендерный подход. Рассматриваются наиболее значимые термины, понятия и концепты, их роль в структуре когниции варвара. Обозначены и раскрыты в исторической ретроспективе ключевые характеристики понятия «гендерное варварство» как устойчивого социокультурного явления. Специально анализируются субъекты и «мишени» гендерной истории, зарождающиеся концепты «латентного» варварства. Рассмотрены условия всеобщей экспансии архаической семантики терминов «варвар» и «варварство», особенности их трансляции и трансмутации во времени и пространстве.
The article presents a historical and theoretical analysis of one of the new directions of the study of the existence of barbarians — the gender history of barbarism. Gender is considered as a systemic category of the basic terminology that has developed in barbarism. For the first time, an attempt has been made to analyze the cognitive potential of barbarism by including a gender approach in its conceptual structure. The most significant terms, concepts and concepts, their role in the structure of the barbarian cognition are considered. The key characteristics of the concept of "gender barbarism" as a sustainable socio-cultural phenomenon are identified and disclosed in historical retrospect. The subjects and "targets" of gender history, emerging concepts of "latent" barbarism are specially analyzed. The conditions of the general expansion of the archaic semantics of the terms "barbarian" and "barbarism", the features of their translation and transmutation in time and space are considered.

This article analyzes the development of the personality in the cultural-historical process in the concept of the great German philosopher Georg Villeguelma Friedrich Gegel. In the heart of development status of the individual in the history of Gegel examines the progress of consciousness of freedom.

The constancy of research interest in the content and forms of interaction between people in the society due to the role of the communication process and communication in the life of people. Most significantly, this role becomes in moments of reconciling work and interests of individuals, communities and groups; in the process of establishing, maintaining and expanding social connections and relations. Presented in the article ideas and concepts ancient thinkers and philosophers of the Middle Ages about the nature and forms of interaction of people in society are shown as supporting the idea of revealing the content of social communication, because they have their fundamental importance in the social and philosophical discourse on the analysis of forms of social interaction between individuals, social groups and society as a whole.

In our modern world electoral sociology, which is under constant scrutiny by the general public, as well as members of the media, in many ways shapes the image of sociology as a scientific discipline. Today sociology is often represented by media reports about the results of public opinion polls on the subject of politics and electoral affairs. Meanwhile a certain other trend is apparent: the high expectations imposed on electoral studies, as well as on their verifiability and efficiency, encourage the further development of sociological research and sociology in general. Scientific studies on electoral processes are defined by the convergence of various schools and paradigms of research, which implies an overlapping of different approaches and methods. This article presents the stages of electoral sociology's development, from "straw polls" to contemporary theories of electoral behavior (the straw poll stage, electoral sociology in the 1930's and 1940's, ecological analysis in electoral sociology, the behavioral approach, the sociological theory on electoral behavior, the socio-psychological theory of electoral behavior, the theory of instrumental rationality), which in modern electoral sociology are known as "post-Gallup" theories. The author reveals the main characteristics of each stage of modern electoral sociology's development, while highlighting its achievements and value, and giving a comprehensive analysis of modern theories of electoral behavior, with regards to issues located on the line between political sociology and sociology of law. Among these issues special consideration is given to elections as a political phenomenon, the political culture and political attitudes of the electorate, features of voting systems, political mechanisms and electoral technologies.

В данной статье приводятся и систематизируются цифры и факты, всесторонне иллюстрирующие современную ситуацию в аграрном секторе Иракского Курдистана, особенности и проблемы административно-технического управления сельскохозяйственным сегментом экономики региона, а также специфику региональной аграрной политики и ее реализации. Указывается, что региональная аграрная политика реализуется в форме текущего административно-технического управления, и для того, чтобы она стала полноценной политикой с разработкой действующей правовой базы, перспективным планированием и привлечением инвестиций, необходима большая ясность и стабильность в политико-правовой ситуации Ирака и Курдистана в целом.