Suchergebnisse

Acs, ZOLTAN J. and AUDRETSCH, DAVID B. (eds.): Small Firms and Entrepreneurship: An East‐West PerspectiveBATES, ROBERT H. and KRUEGER, ANNE O. (eds.): Political and Economic Interactions in Economic Policy ReformBIRD, RICHARD M. and DE JANTSCHER, MILU C. (eds.): Improving Tax Administration in Developing CountriesBOLAND, LAWRENCE A.: The Principles of EconomicsCOUGHLIN, PETER J.: Probabilistic Voting TheoryDIETZ, FRANK J.; SIMONIS, UDo E. and VAN DER STRAATEN, JAN (eds.): Sustainability and Environmental PolicyGEROSKI, P. A.: Market Dynamics and EntryHARGREAVES HEAP, SHAUN P.: The New Keynesian MacroeconomicsHAY, D. A. and MORRIS, D. J.: Industrial Economics and Organization: Theory and EvidenceISLAM, SHAFIQUL and MANDELBAUM, MICHAEL (eds.): Making MarketsJAEGER, FRANZ: Natur und WirtschaftMAYER, THOMAS: Truth Versus Precision in Economics. Advances in Economic Methodology Series, AldershotMILLER, GARY J.: Manageral DilemsMORISHIMA, MICHIO: Capital & CreditPEARCE, ROBERT D.: The Crowth and Evolution of Multinational EnterprisePOLACHEK, SOLOMON W. and SIEBERT, W. STANLEY: The Economics of EarningsPRESLEY, JOHN R. (ed.): Essays on Robertsonian EconomicsREID, GAVIN C.: Small Business EnterpriseROTHSCHILD, KURT W.: Ethics and Economic Theory: Ideas ‐ Models ‐ DilemmasSALVATORE, DOMINICK: International EconomicsSMITH, VERNON L.: Papers in Experimental EconomicsTALKENBERG, ANDREA: Die Ökonomie des BildermarktesTEUTEMANN, MANFRED: Rationale Kompetenzverteilung im Rahmen der europäischen IntegrationTYERS, ROGER and ANDERSON, KYM: Disarray in World Food MarketsWAGENER, HANS‐JÜRGEN (Hg.): Anpassung durch WandelMYRDAL, GUNNAR: The Political Element in the Development of Economic TheoryMACKENROTH, GERHARD: Theoretische Grundlagen der Preisbildungsforschung und PreisbildungspolitikCHIPMAN, J. S.: 'A Survey of the Theory of International Trade: Part 1: The Classical Theory, EconometricaGORDON, ROBERT J.: 'What is New‐Keynesian Economics?'. Journal of Economic LiteratureHOLMSTROM, BENGT: 'Mod Hazard in Teams', Bell Journal of EconomicsWHYTE, WILLIAM: Money and Motivation: An Analysis of Incentives in IndustryKEYNES. JOHN: 'Alfred Marshall, 1842‐1924', Economic JournalLOVEMAN, GARY and SENCENBERGER, WERNER: 'The Re‐emergence of Small‐Scale Production: An International Comparison', Small Business EconomicsBROADWAY. R. and BRUCE, N.: Welfare EconomicsHAMMOND, P. J.: Dual Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility and the Welfare Economics of Income Distribution', Journal of public EconomicsSEN, A. K.: Collective Choice and Social WelfareSEN, A. K.: 'Social Choice Theory: A Re‐examination', EconometricaSEN, A. K.: 'Personal Utilities and Public Judgements: Or What's Wrong with Welfare Economics?', Economic JournalSEN, A. K.: Choice, Welfare and MeasurementSEN, A. K.: 'The Moral Standing of Markets', Social Philosophy and PolicySEN, A. K. and WILLIAMS, B.: Utilitarism and BeyondADAM, JAN: Planning and Market in Soviet and East European Thought, 1960s‐1992ALLAIS, MAURICE: Les Fondements Comptables de la Macro‐économiqueALIEN, SHEILA and TRUMAN, CAROLE (eds.): Women in BusinessATKINSON, ANTHONY B. (ed.): Alternatives to CapitalismBALASSA, BELA: Policy Choices for the 1990sBERGSTEN, C. FRED and NOLAND, MARCUS (eds.): Pacific Dynamism and the International Economic SystemBEROSTEN, C. FRED and NOLAND, MARCUS: Reconcilable Differences?BOULDING, KENNETH E.: The Structure of a Modern EconomyBOWLES, SAMUEL; GINTIS, HERBERT and GUSTAFSSON, Bo (eds.): Markets and Democracy: Participation, Accountability and EfficiencyBRUNSSON, NILS and OLSEN, JOHAN P.: The Reforming OrganizationBUBCHTEMANN, CHRISTOPH F. (ed.): Employment Security and Labor Market BehaviorBUTTON, KENNETH J.: Transport EconomicsCAIRNCROSS, ALEC: Austin RobinsonCIBORRA, CLAUDIO U.: Teams, Markets and SystemsCLARKE, THOMAS and PITELIS, CHRISTOS (eds.): The Political Economy of PrivatizationCURRIE, DAVID and LEVTNE, PAUL: Rules, Reputation and Macroeconomic Policy CoordinationDASGUPTA, AJIT: A History of Indian Economic ThoughtVAN DAAL, JAN and JOLINK, ALBERT: The Equlibrium Economics of Léon WalrasVAN DEN DOEL, HANS and VAN VELTHOVEN, BEN: Democracy and Welfare EconomicsDOMINGUEZ, KATHRYN M. and FRANKEL, JEFFREY A.: Does Foreign Exchange Intervention Work? Washington, D. CDOWD, KEVIN: Laissez‐faire BankingDRÈZE, JACQUES H.: Underemployment EquilibriaETHIER, WILFRED J.; HELPMAN, ELHANAN and NEARY, J. PETER (eds.): Theory, Policy and Dynamics in International TradeFAINI, RICCARDO and DE MELO, JAIME (eds.): Fiscal Issues in Adjustment in Developing CountriesFISCHER, JÜRGEN; MESSNER, FRANK und WOHLMUTH, KARL (Hrsg.): Die Transformation der osteuropäischen Länder in die MarktwirtschaftFRISCH, HELMUT and WÖRGÖTTER, ANDREAS (eds.): Open‐Economy MacroeconomicsFURNHAM, ADRIAN and GUNTER, BARRIE: Corporate AssessmentGOMES, LEONARD: The International Adjustment MechanismGREENAWAY, DAVID and MILNER, CHRIS: Trade and Industrial Policy in Developing CountriesGRINSPUN, RICARDO and CAMERON, MAXWELL A. (eds.): The Political Economy of North American Free TradeGUNTER, BARRIE; FURNHAM, ADRIAN and DRAKELY, RUSSELL: BiodataHABERLER, GOTTFRIED: The Liberal Economic OrderHABERLER, GOTTFRIED: The Liberal Economic OrderHARTSHORN, J. E.: Oil TradeHERR, HANSJÖRG und WESTPHAL, ANDREAS (Hrsg.): Transformation in Mittel‐ und OsteuropaHERRMANN, ROLAND; BURGER. KEES and SMTP, HIDDE P.: International Commodity PolicyHOLZMANN, ROBERT und NECX, REINHARD (Hrsg.): Konjunktureffekte der österreichischen BudgetpolitikIANNELLO, KATHLEEN P.: Decisions Without HierarchyJERGER, JÜRGEN: Beschäftigung und KapitalbildungJOHANSSON, PER‐OLOV: Cost‐Benefit Analysis of Environmental ChangeKECK, OTTO: Information, Macht und gesellschaftliche RationalitätKLEINKNECHT, ALFRED and BAIN, DONALD (eds.): New Concepts in Innovation Output MeasurementKNOESTER, ANTHONIE (ed.): Taxation in the United States and EuropeLAUNHARDT, WILHELM: Mathematical Principles of EconomicsLEE, FREDERIC S. and EARL, PETER E. (eds.): The Economics of Competitive EnterpriseLINDBBCX, ASSAR: Unemployment and MicroeconomicsLONDERO, ELIO (ed.): Precios de cuentaLOW, PATRICK: Trading Free: The Gatt and the US Trade PolicyMARTIN, STEPHEN: Advanced Industrial EconomicsMAYES, DAVID; HACER, WOLFGANG; KNIGHT, ARTHUR and STREECK, WOLFGANG: Public Interest and Market PressuresDE MELO, JAIME and PANAGARIYA, JAIME (eds.): New Dimensions in Regional IntegrationMEUWLY, DANIELLE: La convertibilité de roubleMICHABLIS, PETER: Ökonomische Aspekte der AbfallgesetzgebungMUELLER, DENNIS C: The Public Choice Approach to PoliticsMUNASINGHR, MOHAN and MEIER, PETER: Energy Policy Analysis and ModelingMUÑOZ, HERALDO and ROSENBERG, ROBIN (eds.): Difficult Liaison: Trade and the Environment in the AmericasOYE, KENNETH A.: Economic Discrimination and Political ExchangeVAN PARUS, PHILIPPE: Marxism RecycledPERELMAN, MICHAEL: The Pathology of the U. S. EconomyRHOADS, STEVEN E.: Incomparable WorthSAUNDERS, CHRISTOPHER T. (ed.): The Role of Competition in Economic TransitionSCOTT, JOHN T.: Purposive Diversification and Economic PerformanceSCHULTZ, THEODORE W.: The Economics of Being PoorSIEBERT, HORST (Hrsg.): Die zweifache Integration: Deutschland und EuropaSIEBERT, HORST (ed.): Economic Growth in the World EconomySINGLETON, KENNETH J. (ed.): Japanese Monetary PolicySPAHN, PAUL B.: The Community Budget for an Economic and Monetary UnionSPASH, CLIVE L. and HANLEY, NICK: Cost‐Benefit Analysis and the EnvironmentSTEELE, G. R.: The Economics of Friedrich HayekSZENBERG, MICHAEL (ed.): Eminent EconomistsTAKAGI, SHIN (ed.): Japanese Capital MarketsTERANISHI, JURO and KOSAI, YUTAKA (eds.): The Japanese Experience of Economic ReformsTHOMPSON, GRAHAME F.: The Economic Emergence of a New Europe?THOMPSON, NEII: Portfolio Theory and the Demand for MoneyTHOMSON, ROSS (ed.): Learning and Technological ChangeUnited Nations: The Control and Management of Government Expenditure: Issues and Experience in Asian CountriesWACHITER, DANIEL: BodenmarktpolitikWATANABE, SUSUMU (ed.): Microelectronics and Third‐World IndustriesVON WEIZSCKER, ROBERT K.: Bevölkerungsentwicklung, Rentenfinanzierung und Einkommens‐verteilungWILKE, HELMUT: Ironie des StaatesWILLIAMS, ALAN and GIARDINA, EMILIO (eds.): Efficiency in the Public Sector

This thesis investigates two important and related aspects of Roman history during the period 217 B.C. - A.D. 70. Salient types of social legislation, in particular the leges sumptuariae, funerariae, aleariae, marital and sexual laws and magisterial edicts, form one element of the inquiry. The reasons for, and the extent of, the public regulation of the personal expenditure and private behaviour of citizens are explored under the changing political circumstances of the period. Another concern is to analyse the development of a prominent theme in the classical writers and historians, namely, the perspective of moral decline. The deep-rooted and pervasive pessimism evident in the historiographical tradition during a period of exceptional prosperity and imperial expansion is critically examined. The interaction between law and morality is a principal focus of this thesis. In chapter 1 (10-30), the general themes of the work are introduced. A review of the relevant scholarly literature is followed by a brief exposition of my methodology and objectives (11-13). Then a chronological survey of the important social regulations passed during the Republic and early Principate is provided (13-17). Chapter 2 (31-72) probes the ways in which legal enactments were presented both within governing circles and to the populace at large. The public interest was frequently invoked. Paternalistic concern, it is argued, was often advanced for that which was essentially self-regarding (31-36). A succinct account of the debate on decline in classical authors leads to a consideration of the mos maiorum (ancestral custom) and the role of myth in Roman historiography (36-46). The contemporary dispute between liberal and radical scholarship on the nature and function of law in society is summarized (46-50). In Ancient Rome, it is contended, the governing order's preferential access to the channels of public discussion was of decisive importance. It facilitated the expression of an ideological perspective which served to promote widespread acceptance of its legislative needs, as is exemplified by the passage of sumptuary controls so necessary for the well-being of the senatorial aristocracy in the second century B.C. (50-52). The socio-economic significance of Roman sumptuary laws is examined in chapter 3 (73-163). The main discussion is prefaced by a typology of sumptuary laws, designed to account for the existence of expenditure restraint in widely differing political systems (73-75). The inquiry proceeds, firstly, to investigate those regulations (esp. the iura and 1eges theatrales) which had a direct bearing on the structure of Roman society and, then, to explore the complexity of problems that the maintenance of this formal framework entailed for the authorities in periods of rapid social and economic change. A consideration of powerful social pressures and forces such as envy, emulative consumption and mobility, is complemented by a discussion of the diverse strategies employed by the Roman authorities to uphold hierarchical distinctions (75-107). Profit-capping, price-fixing, monopolies and rationing form diverse topics of an inquiry into the economic objectives of sumptuary restraint (108-119), Status requirements and the spiralling cost of political competition are held to account tor the divorce between the attitudes and practice of the members of the governing order with regard to luxus and Hellenistic practices (119-128). A detailed inspection of the sumptuary legislation passed during the Republic provides the core or chapter (164-210). The laws are assessed under separate categories, e.g. leges de sumptibus et de luxu mensae, funerariae, de habitu et tuitu, viariae (164-182). The techniques by which the aristocracy endeavoured to preserve cohesion amongst its ranks and thus to uphold its collective rule are scrutinized 182-2. In chapter 5 (211-259), attention is focused on how the Roman authorities attempted to compel obedience to these measures. The operation of extra-legal constraints is discussed c 211-2l4). A hypothesis of the development of Roman criminal law from its origins through to the early Principate is advanced with particular emphasis on the significance of senatorial participation in the juridical process and on the need to define accurately the competency of individual magistracies (214-239). The use of private informers (quadruplatores in the Republic, delatores in the Empire) is critically assessed (239-243). In chapter 6 (260-288), opinions and actions at variance with the conservative orthodoxy on historical development are evaluated. Resistance to sumptuary restraint surfaced in a variety of ways: in the formal abrogation of a measure; in technical dodges; in outright defiance (260-268). The ambivalences between publicly expressed ideals of conduct and actual practice came to a head in the adjudicative processes of the court. The mechanisms of forensic practice served to provoke maturer reflections on social change (269-273). Roman attitudes towards change are surveyed. It is argued that divergent opinions on ancestral tradition and on the propriety of innovation were often advanced in opposition to overzealous attempts at sumptuary restraint or in pursuit of specific political goals (269-279). Chapter 7 (289-329) concludes the work with a historical appraisal of the coincidence between the passage of sumptuary legislation and the debate on moral decline. Three major developments in the functioning of this coincidence are outlined: (1), its use as a regulatory device by the senatorial aristocracy from the early 2nd century B.C. onwards; (2), its use as a crucial source of legitimation by the aspiring politician-generals of the 1st century B.C.; (3), its use as a key disciplinary tactic by the imperial regimes from Augustus onwards (289-307). Finally, serious governmental incursions into central areas of social life during the early Principate - the suppression of criticism, legal scrutiny of knowledge and belief, restrictions on assemblage - are examined, and interpreted as evidencing the autocratic tendencies of the period (308-315). Four short appendices follow (330-361): the first outlines the major theories of decline (330-333): the second explores the terminology of inequality (334-339; the third surveys the major perspectives on social change (340-342); the fourth documents the manifestations of luxury in Roman society (343-361).

SummaryLAND OWNERSHIP IN DENSELY POPULATED AND INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIESThe relationships between man and land are social phenomena. That means that man‐land relationships are related to society as a whole, to its culture, its structure and its function. In certain periods of history certain laws, rules or institutions ‐ like the phenomena of leasehold ‐ come into existence and afterwards they often continue to exist.The main issue discussed is whether in modern, industrialized and densely populated countries (exemplified by the Netherlands) property in land is still in accordance with the real needs and functions of society. To tackle the problem the author investigates the functions of land in the nineteenth century in relation to its functions in present‐day society.Whereas in the nineteenth century private property seemed to be the most appropiate form of land ownership, the present‐day situation shows an 'erosion of private property rights', although private ownership is still accepted everywhere in non‐communist Europe. Re‐allocation has become very important from an economic point of view (mechanisation), and the owner can also be expropiated for planning and on purposes. Furthermore local government authorities interfere with fixed rents for land. It is stated, however, that a really rational system consisting of large, well‐shaped parcels of land, fitted for large‐scale mechanized agriculture now and in the future, would be only possible when the land is in sole ownership. Other reasons for discussing land as property are that it is more profitable to rent land nowadays, and that it has lost much of its former psychological value and status.Individual property rights are at present strongly restricted by physical planning, for instance for housing, industrial use, road construction, agricultural and recreational purposes or for the protection of nature. With few exceptions all land for non‐agricultural purposes in the Netherlands becomes, at least temporarily, government property, which is necessary for a balanced economic policy and planning.It is concluded that private property in land has weakened as a system and that it does not work efficiently in densely populated, industrialized countries. It tends to become a cultural lag, and to an important extent it is already disfunctional.RésuméLes relations entre l'homme et le sol constituent un phénomème social. Cela signifie que ces relations sont intégrées a la société dans son ensemble, à sa culture, sa structure et sa fonction.Des lois, règlements ou pratiques ‐ tel le phénomène de la tenure à bail ‐ sont apparues à certaines périodes de l' histoire et, souvent, ont persistś.l' auteur s'interroge sur le fait de savoir si, dans les pays modernes, industrialisés et à forte densité"démographique ‐ dont les Pays Bas sont un exemple ‐ la propriété" fonçière est encore compatible avec la réalité des besoins et fonctions de la société. Il aborde le problème en faisant un inventaire comparatif des fonctions de la terre au XIX ème siècle et maintenant. Alors que la propriété privée semblait être, au XIXème siècle, le mode le plus approprié, nous constatons actuellement «une érosion des droits de la propriété privée» bien que celle‐çi soit encore acceptée par l' ensemble de l' Europe non‐com‐muniste.Une rédistribution est devenue, du point de vue économique, extrêmement importante (mécanisation). De plus, les propriétaires peuvent être expropriés pour des raisons de zonages ou d'urbanisme. En fixant autoritairement le taux des loyers de la terre, les administrations locales vont encore plus loin dans le même sens.Il a été cependant démontré qu'un système réellement rationnel, fondé sur de vastes parcelles, de formes régulieres, convenant à une agriculture très mécanisée, actuelle ou future, n'est possible que dans la mesure où la terre est entre les mains d' un seul détenteur.D'autres raisons font que la propriété fonçière fait l' objet de discussion et, en particulier, le fait qu'il est, à l' heure actuelle, plus rentable de louer de la terre et que cette derniére a perdu sa valeur psychologique et son statut.La. propriété individuelle est sévérement contrôlée par l' aménagement du territoire: Habitations, industries, construction de routes, zones agricoles et de loisirs, protection de la nature.Il existe peu de cas aux Pays Bas, où les terres destinées à des usages non agricoles ne deviennent pas, au moins temporaitement, propriété de l' Etat; caractéristique qui est, du point de vue de la politique économique et de la planification, extrêmement satisfaisante.l' auteur conclut que la propriété foncière s'est affaiblie en tant que système et que son rôle, au sein des pays industrialisés a forte densité démographique, n'est plus efficace. Elle tend à devenir une rémanence culturelle, dont le rôle peut être, déjà, dans une large mesure, dysfonctionnel.ZusammenfassungBODENEIGENTUM IN I NDUSTRIA LI SIER TEN UND DICHTBESIEDELTEN LÁNDERNDie Beziehungen zwischen Mensch und Boden sind soziale Phänomene. Das bedeutet, daß diese Beziehungen sich auf die Gesellschaft als Ganzes ‐ auf ihre Kultur, ihre Struktur und Funktion ‐ beziehen. In bestimmten Phasen der historischen Entwicklung entstehen bestimm‐te Gesetze, Regeln oder Institutionen ‐ wie z.B. das Pachtrecht ‐, die haufig auch in späteren Phasen fortbestehen.In diesem Beitrag wird die Frage diskuriert, ob in modernen industrialisierten und dichtbesiedelten Ländern (dargcstellt am Beispiel der Niederlande) das Bodeneigentum noch den tatsächlichen Bedürfnissen und Funktionen der Gesellschaft entspricht. Um das Problem lösen zu können, untersucht der Verfasser die Funktionen des Bodens im 19. Jht. und vergleicht sie mit den Funktionen in der heutigen Gesellschaft.Während das Privateigentum im 19. Jht. die sinnvollste Form des Bodeneigentums zu sein schien, zeigt die heutige Situation eine "Erosion der privaten Eigentumsrechte", obwohl das Privateigentum noch überall im nicht‐kommunistischen Europa anerkannt ist. Die Frage der Neuverteilung ist gleichwohl vom ökonomischen Standpunkt aus (Mechanisierung) sehr bedeutsam geworden; darüber hinaus kann der Eigentümer auch aus planerischen Erwägungen oder aus Gründen der Gebietsabgrenzung enteignet werden. Des weiteren beeinflussen die Kommunalverwaltungen mit festgesetzten Pachtpreisen die Entwicklung. Es wird jedoch festgestellt, daß ein tatsächlich rationales System ‐ auf der Grundlage von großen, gut geschnittenen Teilstücken, die für die in hohem Maße mechanisierte gegenwärtdge und zukünftige Landbewirtschaftung geeignet sind ‐nur bei einer Konzentration des Bodens in einer Hand möglich wäre. Weitere Gründe für die heutige Diskussion über das Bodeneigentum sind die Überlegungen, daß die Landpacht heute gewinnträchtiger ist, und daß der Boden viel von seinem früheren psychologischen und sozialen Wert eingebüßt hat.Die individuellen Eigentumsrechte werden heute in starkem Maße durch Entwicklungsplanungen eingeschränkt, z.B. für den Bau von Wohn‐ und Arbeitsstätten, für den Straßenbau, für Landbewirtschaftung und für Freizeitzwecke oder für den Naturschutz. Mit wenigen Ausnahmen wird der gesamte Boden für nicht‐landwirt‐schaftliche Zwecke in den Niederlanden zumindest zeitweilig Staatseigentum, soweit es für eine ausgewogene Wirtschafts‐ und Planungspolitik wünschenswert ist.Aus allem wird der Schluß gezogen, daß das Privateigentum an Boden an Bedeutung verloren hat, und daß es in dichtbesiedelten Industrielandern nicht leistungsfähig genug ist. Auf diese Weise kommt es langsam zu einer kulturellen Phasenverschiebung; bereits heute ist das Privateigentum an Boden zu einem wesentlichen Teil dysfunktional.

According to the Urban Renewal Authority (URA) preservation project launched in 2009, the vibrant Flower Market in Mong Kok, a long-time industry production, wholesale and retail hub, is going to be remade into a heritage consumption area. The economic network of an entire industry is drastically re-commodified into consumable heritage space, with disregard to the socio-economic necessity of the Flower Market as a place for quotidian culture and economy, and flower cultivation as a significant part of agriculture in Hong Kong. Although the preservation project launched by the URA is still in land acquisition process by the time this dissertation is completed, gentrification around the Flower Market has already started. Business environment in the market is increasingly difficult because of this kind of urban renewal in the name of cultural preservation, without real regard for quotidian tradition, culture and way of life. Government policy and previous scholarship have paid little attention to the needs and contributions of producers and sellers in the flower industry in understanding the Mong Kok Flower Market heritage preservation project, which this research aims to rectify. This dissertation studies the history, operation and transformation of the Mong Kok Flower Market and flower cultivation in Hong Kong. Through investigating the power dynamics between ordinary people, local elites and the government in the process, this research discovers a kind of subjugated knowledge, purposely neglected, but is in fact of great importance to the understanding of how coloniality (colonial mentality) is embedded in the daily operations of power in colonial and postcolonial Hong Kong. This implies that the official end of colonialism does not automatically allow for the end of coloniality, which this research discovers to be still evidently embedded in Hong Kong's "governmentality." In fact, coloniality can be glimpsed through discovering its embedded operations in the daily operations and transformations of the Mong Kok Flower Market and flower cultivation in Hong Kong. My thesis engages in a process of decolonisation, which aims to explore embedded coloniality as a method of disclosing unarticulated and unconscious values and mentalities hidden in institutional practices that have been used to govern Hong Kong. The government has implanted this mentality in a process in which social injustice becomes institutionalised into well-accepted values in daily practice, and in this way, coloniality becomes normalised and legitimised. The government had deployed unjust social relations into executive protocols, bureaucratic procedures and laws governing the government and semi-governmental bodies affecting everyday life. The theoretical framework of this study is principally drawn from Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak and Ranajit Guha's subaltern studies theories, which articulate the nature of subaltern people and their power dynamics vis-?-vis the elite. This study is structured through an examination of three aspects related to the flower industry: the first emphasises the dissipation of flower cultivation in the New Territories in relation to the collaboration between the government and the rural elites; the second highlights law enforcement patrols in the flower market wherein the government uses street management tactics rather than responding to the industry's requests for a permanent wholesale market; and the third examines the heritage preservation of several buildings in the market and a revitalisation project in the vicinity as a way of beautifying the area, yet in these projects the government failed to engage the people in the industry in a democratic process of decision-making to determine the future of the market. My research explores three key issues relating to subaltern studies: (1) how coloniality is negotiated, articulated, forced and infused into the flower industry; (2) the impact of coloniality imposed on the flower industry through analysing its historic and cultural context; and (3) to what extent does the government use public policies (i.e. land policy, hawker control policy, heritage preservation policy) to facilitate the economic progress of the city. This study adopts a qualitative approach, using multiple methods such as textual analysis, ethnography including participant observation in the flower market, and semi-structured in-depth interviews with workers in the flower industry, including farmers, wholesalers, retailers and floral designers, etc. I performed participant observation through working as an assistant in a retail flower shop before Valentine's Day which allowed me to gain first-hand information about flower shop operation and the customers' perception of flowers. Through these approaches and methods my thesis explores the flower culture of Hong Kong and the power dynamics between the government, elites and ordinary people. The findings of the thesis reveal that the government often adopted negotiation as a means of governance. For instance, the government used various methods to incorporate local resistance as a way to facilitate development, but at the same time, ignored the needs of the flower industry, such as the need (1) to relax land administration rules which would have allowed larger pieces of land for flower cultivation, (2) to offer an appropriate site for a permanent flower market, and (3) to widen the pavement to solve the problem of street obstruction. Instead, the government managed people's request for a permanent flower market. Law enforcement officers were employed to control the street and limit illegitimate use. I found that a hegemonic decision-making process prevailed, and the government tended to value professional advice but refused to seriously consider the voice of the people. These findings reveal the unwritten power dynamics between the government, elites and ordinary people and add variations to subaltern studies which merely focus on the agency of subalterns. This research is one of the first few local attempts to study the flower industry through its historical and cultural formation. By exploring the point of view of subaltern people vis-?-vis the power dynamics between the government and local elites in executive protocols, bureaucratic practices and laws, this research aims to adopt subaltern studies in understanding quotidian culture, and to make a significant contribution to postcolonial studies and urban studies. ; published_or_final_version ; Comparative Literature ; Master ; Master of Philosophy

"At the request of the U.S. Congress, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a report in 1995 entitled Report to Congress on Workers' Home Contamination Study Conducted Under the Workers' Family Protection Act. This report was prepared in response to the 1992 Workers' Family Protection Act (Public Law 102-522) [29 USC* 671], which included a request to NIOSH to conduct a study to "evaluate the potential for, prevalence of, and issues related to the contamination of workers' homes with hazardous chemicals and substances . . . transported from the workplaces of such workers."* United States Code The 1995 NIOSH report chronicled the history of "take-home" exposures (i.e., exposures to substances transported from the workplace) and their associated health risks worldwide, primarily during the 20th century. The approach of this report was to describe health hazards associated with readily identifiable agents that have clear routes of exposure such as intentional transport of workplace materials, contamination of workers' clothing or external body surfaces (skin, hair), visitors or family members at the workplace, improper storage of hazardous agents, or cottage industry production. The Workers' Family Protection Task Force was chartered in 1994 to review the NIOSH report and to recommend to Congress a research strategy for Federal agencies to investigate (1) the nature and magnitude of take-home exposures, (2) their potential adverse consequences to workers' families, and (3) the effectiveness of prevention and remediation strategies. This document represents the Task Force's commentary on the NIOSH report, identifies gaps in the current knowledge about take-home exposures and related health effects, and provides a prioritized agenda for federally sponsored research. The agenda is intentionally broad in scope, leaving the details of study design and methods to be specified by research sponsors and investigators. The NIOSH report on take-home exposures covered the available literature in a thorough manner, with information largely describing conditions that occurred from the 1930s to the 1960s. Prominent examples of take-home exposures include lead, beryllium, and asbestos. Many reports represent anecdotal accounts of hazardous take-home exposures and subsequent illness among workers' family members. Systematic research on the extent of the problem is conspicuously absent, and thus the burden of disease caused by these exposures is unlikely to be quantified now or in the future. In addition, no comprehensive studies have documented the effectiveness of current workplace control programs for preventing the transport of toxic substances into homes. The Task Force also noted that the published literature contains only limited citations of two categories of take-home exposure-infectious agents and radioactive substances. From its review of the NIOSH report, the Task Force identified important gaps in knowledge that hinder a clear understanding of the magnitude of take-home exposures and their potential health consequences. Information is lacking about the types and concentrations of take-home exposures that are currently occurring in the United States, the size and demographic composition of the populations at risk for exposure, the types of illnesses associated with take-home exposures, and the adequacy of exposure control methods in the workplace and home. Among States that have reporting systems for recognized take-home exposures such as lead, reporting suffers from incompleteness and lack of standardization. With these knowledge gaps, it is not possible to estimate the magnitude of the public health threat created by take-home exposures, nor is it possible to predict the future risks that will occur from transported toxic agents. Difficulties in determining hazards will likely persist in the future as new materials are introduced into the workplace. To address deficiencies in knowledge about take-home exposures, the Task Force recommends the following prioritized research agenda, which could be funded by Federal and other government sources as well as by the private sector: Characterize the extent of home contamination with toxic workplace substances such as metals (e.g., lead and beryllium), pesticides, and dusts (e.g., asbestos). Identify populations at greatest risk of known and suspected take-home exposures. Assess the adverse health effects from take-home exposures, including both established and less well studied effects-such as the consequences of transmitting infectious agents and radioactive substances into the home. Identify previously unrecognized toxic exposures that place the health of workers' families at risk. For recognized hazards, assess the effectiveness of take-home exposure prevention and remediation methods (including decontamination procedures) and evaluate worker notification and training programs to reduce exposure. The Task Force recommends that this proposed research agenda be given full consideration by NIOSH under the Institute's National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA). The Task Force also noted that existing Federal statutes permit aggressive action but have been narrowly applied to take-home contamination. Moreover, the Workers' Family Protection Act did not anticipate revisions to the existing statutory authority of the Federal agencies that may be involved in take-home exposure issues. No revision would be needed if Federal and State agencies took advantage of their existing statutory authority to promulgate and enforce standards and regulations that are responsive to the hazardous conditions identified by the research agenda and developed by this Task Force. Revision of these statutes to authorize the prevention and remediation of take-home contamination (especially through revision of the prioritization schemes used by government agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]) should be considered by Congress only if the agencies find it difficult to respond effectively to the research agenda." - NIOSHTIC-2 ; Report of the Worker's Family Protection Task Force "chartered in 1994 to review the NIOSH" Report to Congress on workers' home contamination study conducted under the Worker's Family Protection Act (29 U.S.C. 671a) "and to recommend to Congress a research strategy for Federal agencies to investigate." - p. 1. ; "May 2002." ; Also available on the World Wide Web. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-142).

The 1970 AAPOR Conference was held May 21-24 at the Hotel Sagamore, Lake George, NY. It was chaired by Irving Crespi. An introductory note is presented by Ronald Gatty & John P. Robinson, Proceedings Ed's. The AAPOR Award for Exceptionally Distinguished Achievement was given to Archibald M. Crossley. The Presidential Address was given by Robert T. Bower (Bur of Soc Sci Res, Inc, Washington, DC), & entitled CAVEAT VENDITOR: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON RESEARCH SPONSORS AND PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS. It discusses 3 variants of client perspective in PO res & their relationship to professional norms-the adversary, with his interest in manipulative potentials & lack of interest in high technical standards; the soc action program official, who raises problems for res'ers in protecting the interests of their R's; & the proprietor who inhibits the full & free exchange of survey results. It is held that further attempts must be made to gain some consensus on standards in PO res. In THE IM- PACT OF THE SURVEY METHOD ON THEORY, abstracts of the following papers are given: Robin M. Williams, Jr (Cornell U, Ithaca, NY), 'Sociology and the Survey Method'; Albert G. Hart (Columbia U, New York, NY), 'Impact of Survey Research on Economic Theory'; Norman Bradburn (Nat'l Opinion Res Center, Chicago, Ill), 'Survey Research and Psychological Theory.' In COMMUNICATIONS THEORY REVISITED, the following are presented: Herbert E. Krugman, 'Electroencephalographic Aspects of Low Involvements: Implications for the McLuhan Hypothesis'; Clark Leavitt, 'Classic Models of Communications Effects and Innovations in these Models'; Bruce H. Westley (U of Kentucky, Lexington), 'Communications Theory and General Systems Theory: Implications for Planned Change.' In PUBLIC OPINION DATA AND OTHER REALITIES: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE, the following are presented: Alfred O. Hero, Jr, 'American Public Opinion Versus Official US Foreign Policy: 1936-68'; Michael A. Rappoport, 'Trends in American Political Behavior'; Daniel Yankelovich, 'The Wrong Enemy.' In OPINION AND MARKET RESEARCH IN DEVELOPING NATIONS (WAPOR SESSION), papers are given by: Fred G. Burke (State U of New York, Buffalo), 'Some Grass Roots Attitudes Affecting Political and Social Integration in East Africa'; George M. Gaither, 'Research into Attitudes Toward the Free Enterprise System in Latin America'; Michel Hoffmann (Marcomer S. A., Paris, France), 'Recent Research in Western Africa.' In TOWARD RESPONSIBILITY IN THE REPORTING OF OPINION SUR- VEYS, the following presentations are made: Lucien Nedzi (Congressman, 14th District, Mich), 'Will Legislation Help?'; Philip Meyer (Russell Sage Foundation, New York, NY), 'The Journalist: Friend or Foe?'; Mervin D. Field, 'Response: The Researcher's View.' In TOWARD A THEORY OF PUBLIC OPINION, papers are presented by M. Brewster Smith (U of Chicago, Ill), 'Some Psychological Perspectives on the Theory of Public Opinion'; Sidney Verba (U of Chicago, 111), 'The Impact of Public on Policy'; TRACKING SOCIAL CHANGE: Richard Maisel (New York U, NY), 'Subjective Social Indicators: The Measurement of Well-Being'; Victor D. Beardsley, 'Monitoring the Environment through Community Leaders'; Lawrence Bloomberg (US Bur of the Budget, Washington, DC), 'Social Indicators: Their Past, Present, and Future'; Howard Baumgartel (U of Kansas, Lawrence), 'A Survey Approach to Measuring the Penetration of Modern Management Practices in India.' In CONSUMER ATTITUDES AND BUYING INTEN- TIONS AS AIDS TO MARKETING FORECASTING AND GOV- ERNMENT POLICIES (WAPOR SESSION), the following are included: Gordon Heald (London Business Sch, England), 'The Use of Consumer Attitude and Buying-Intentions Data as an Aid to Government Policymaking'; Wim de Jonge, 'Price Expectations and Time to Buy'; Jay Schmiedeskamp (U of Michigan, Ann Arbor), 'Understanding Why Consumer Attitudes and Expectations Change.' NEW DIRECTIONS IN ELECTION RE- SEARCH, includes: Robert C. Sorensen, 'Social Invention in Political Polling: An Urban Case History'; Samuel Lubell, 'The Hidden Crisis in American Politics'; William R. Klecka (Northwestern U, Evanston, Ill), 'The Use of Political Generations in Studying Political Change'; Derek W. Urwin (Yale U, New Haven, Conn), 'Persistence and Change in Western Party Systems, 1945-1968.' A section entitled, STUDENT AWARD PAPERS presents: Charles K. Atkin (U of Wisconsin, Madison), 'Reassessing Two Alternative Explanations of De Facto Selective Exposure'; Gary A. Mauser (U of California, Irvine), 'A Structural Approach to Predicting Patterns of Electoral Substitution'; Philip Palmgreen (U of Kentucky, Lexington), 'A Daydream Model of Communication: The Effect of Daydreaming on Message Reception and Comprehension.' NEW DIRECTIONS IN ANALYTICAL MODELS, ineludes: Russel Haley, 'Marketing Implications of the Perceptual Screen'; F. Gerald Kline, Marshall J. Graney, & Dennis K. Davis (U of Minnesota, Minneapolis), 'Mass Communication Theory and Nonmetric Models'; Leonard S. Kogan (City U of New York, NY), 'Multivariate Methods and Attitude Research.' BLACKS IN AMERICA TODAY: POLITICS, EDUCA- TION, AND CONSUMER BEHAVIOR, contains: Edith Arlen, 'Social Psychological Themes in Negro Life Styles'; Walter Reichman & Marguerite Levy (City U of New York, NY), 'Academic Motivation of College Discovery Program Students and Regular Matriculants in Community Colleges of the City University of New York'; Robert T. Riley & Thomas F. Pettigrew (Harvard U, Cambridge, Mass), 'Sources of White Support for Hatcher, Stokes, and Bradley.' RECENT RESEARCH IN IN- TERVIEWING, presents: Regina Loewenstein & Andre A. O. Varma (Columbia U, New York, NY), 'Effect of Interaction of Interviewers and Respondents in Health Surveys'; Fansayde Calloway (Nat'l Opinion Res Center, Chicago, Ill), 'Interviewers Wanted: No Experience Necessary'; Andre Laurent (U of Michigan, Ann Arbor), 'Memory and Information Retrieval in the Interview.' In NEW PERSPECTIVES IN CROSS- CULTURAL RESEARCH, the following are included: D. F. Haythorne, et al (U of Alberta, Calgary), 'Cross-National Differences in Reported Health Behavior'; Richard W. Brislin (Western Washington State Coll, Bellingham), 'Cross Cultural Attitude Measurement'; Alexander Szalai, 'The Timing of Everyday Activities in Twelve Countries'; F. B. Waisanen & Hideya Kumata (Michigan State U, East Lansing), 'Functional Literacy in Comparative Perspective.' YOUTH IN AMERICA TODAY: POLITICS, CIGARETTES, AND DRUGS, contains: Michael Maidenberg & Philip Meyer (Russell Sage Foundation, New York, NY), 'The Berkeley Rebels: Five Years Later'; Seymour Lieberman, 'Cigarette Smoking and the Teenager'; Eric Josephson (Columbia U, New York, NY), 'Adult Perceptions of Youthful Drug Behavior'; Ann F. Brunswick (Columbia U, New York, NY), 'Black Adolescents: Some of Their Self-Attitudes and Expectations of Life.' A brief report of the Annual Advisory AAPOR Business Meeting concludes the Proceedings. M. Maxfield.

Books reviewed in this article:ABS HERMANN J.: Fragen der Zahlungsbilanz, des Geld‐ und Kapitalmarktes in der Bundesrepublik. (Kieler Vorträge, Neue Folge 5.) 16 Seiten, Kiel 1954Aktuelle Genossenschaftsprobleme. Internationale Professoren‐Konferenz über das Genossenschaftswesen, 7. bis 11. Oktober 1952, im Genossenschaftlichen Seminar Freidorf bei Basel. A. Francke AG, Bern 1953BARCLAY GEORGE W.: Colonial Development and Population in Taiwan. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J., 1954BARCLAY GEORGE W.: A Report on Taiwan's Population to the Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction. Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton N. J., 1954BOVET ERIC: L'organisation rationnelle de la distribution, moyen de stabilisation économique. Editions Delachaux & Niestlé, Neuchtel/Paris 1954Bureau International du Travail. Initiation à la pratique de la coopération. Genève 1952BURLEW JOHN S. (ED.): Algal Culture. From Laboratory to Pilot Plant. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington D. C. 1953CARONE G.: Der Fremdenverkehr undsein Anteil am Wirtschaftsleben der Region Trentino‐Tiroler Etschland. Hg. vom Assessorat für Industrie, Handel, Fremdenverkehr und Transportwesen, Trento (Italien). Arti Grafiche R. Manfrini, Rovereto 1954CARELL ERICH: Allgemeine Volkswirtschaftslehre. 6. Aufl. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg 1954CASTILLON RICHARD: Les réparations allemandes. Deux expériences, 1919–1932, 1945–1952. 198 pages, Paris 1953CUVILLIER ARMAND: Introduction à la sociologie. 5e éd. revue et augmentée. Librairie Armand Colin, Paris 1954Defense against Recession: Policy for greater Economic Stability. A Statement on National Policy by the Research and Policy Committee of the Committee for Economic Development. New York 1954DUPLESSIS‐LE GUELINEL GÉRARD: Les mariages en France. (Cahiers de la fondation nationale des sciences politiques, n 53), xi, 198 p., Paris 1954The Federal Reserve System, Purposes and Functions. Ed. by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Washington, D. C., 1954Freedom and Welfare. Social Patterns in the Northern Countries of Europe. Edited by George R. Nelson, assisted by Aune Mäkinen‐Ollinen, Sverrir Thorbjörnsson, Kaare Salvesen, and Göran Tegner. xiii, 540 pp., Kopenhagen 1954GLESKE LEONHARD: Die Liquidität in der Kreditwirtschaft. Verlag Fritz Knapp, Frankfurt a. M., (ohne Jahr)HAAVELMO T.: A Study in the Theory of Economic Evolution. Contributions to Economic Analysis III. North‐Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam 1954HEGELAND HUGO: The Multiplier Theory. Lund Social Science Studies No. 9. C. W. K. Gleerup, Lund 1954HEIMANN EDUARD: Wirtschaftssysteme und Gesellschaftssysteme. Veröffentlichungen der Akademie fur Gemeinwirtschaft Hamburg. J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tubingen 1954HEINRICH KLAUS: Strukturwandlungen und Nachkriegsprobleme der Wirtschaft Spaniens. Kieler Studien 28, Forschungsberichte des Instituts für Weltwirtschaft an der Universität Kiel. Hg. von Fritz Baade. Kiel 1954HELD GEORG: Noch einmal: Theorie der Merkantil‐ und der Kameralrechnung. 92 S. Wiesbaden 1953HENDERSON W. O.: Britain and Industrial Europe 1750–1870. Studies in British Influence on the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe. University Press of Liverpool, Liverpool 1954Income Redistribution and Social Policy. A Set of Studies, ed. by Alan T. Peacock. Jonathan Cape, London 1954KINDLEBERGER CHARLES P.: International Economics. Homewood 1953LAUFENBURGER HENRY: Economie du système fiscal français national et local. Traité d'économie et de législation financière, 5e éd. entièrement refondue. Recueil Sirey, Paris 1954LEHMANN M. R.: Lenkende Wirtschaftspolitik. Necessitas‐Verlag, Wiesbaden 1954LEIBENSTEIN HARVEY: A Theory of Economic‐Demographic Development. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J., 1954MARCUS EDWARD: Canada and the International Business Cycle. Bookman Associates, New York 1954MERCILLON HENRI: Cinéma et monopoles. Le cinéma aux Etats‐Unis: étude économique (Centre d'Etudes économiques, Etudes et Mémoires n 13). xii + 203 pages, Paris 1953MITRA ASHOK: The Share of Wages in National Income. Thesis, Netherlands School of Economics, Rotterdam 1954NEISSER HANS and MODIGLIANI FRANCO: National Incomes and International Trade. A quantitative analysis, xviii, 396 pp., Urbana (Ill.) 1953PHELPS CLYDE WILLIAM: Instalment Sales Financing: Its Services to the Dealer. (Studies in Consumer Credit, No. 2), 99 pp., Baltimore 1953PHILIP KJELD: Inter government Fiscal Relations, Federal State and Local Finances. Institute of Economics and History. Ejnar Munksgaard, Copenhagen 1954POSTEL CLAUDE: L'aéroport de Paris. (Cahiers de la fondation nationale des sciences politiques, n 49). 190 p. Paris 1953SCHICKELE RAINER: Agricultural Policy. Farm Programs and National Welfare. McGraw‐Hill, New York/Toronto/London 1954SCHOBESBERGER OTTO: Sozialversicherung und soziale Sicherung. Eine grundsätz‐liche Stellungnahme vom Naturrecht her. vi, 161 S. Braunau 1953SCHUMPETER JOSEPH A.: Aufsátze zur Soziologie. Hg. von Erich Schneider und Arthur Spiethoff. J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tübingen 1953Das schweizerische Bankivesen im Jahre 1952 (Mitteilungen der volkswirtschaftlichen und statistischen Abteilung der Schweizerischen Nationalbank, 36. Heft). 273 Seiten, Zurich 1953SHIMKIN DEMITRI B.: Minerals ‐ A Key to Soviet Power. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1953SNIDER DELBERT A.: Introduction to International Economics. Richard D. Irwin, Homewood (Ill.), 1954TAUTSCHER ANTON: Die öffentliche Wirtschaft. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin und München 1953Thèses de sciences sociales: Catalogue analytique international de thèses inédites de doctorat, 1940–1950. 236 p. Paris 1954The Teaching of the Social Sciences in the United Kingdom. 140 pp. Paris 1953THOMAS BRINLEY: Migration and Economic Growth. A Study of Great Britain and the Atlantic Economy. National Institute of Economic and Social Research, Economic and Social Studies, Vol. XII. Cambridge University Press, London 1954United Nations: The Determinants and Consequences of Population Trends. A Summary of the Findings on the Interrelationships between Population Trends and Economic and Social Conditions. United Nations Population Studies No. 17. 404Uppsala Symposium on Psychological Factor Analysis 17–19th March 1953. Nordisk Psykologi's Monograph Series No. 3. Distributed by Ejnar Munksgaards, Copenhagen and Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm, 1953WALRAS LÉON: Elements of Pure Economics or the Theory of Social Wealth. Translated by William Jaffé. Published for the American Economic Association and The Royal Economic Society by George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London 1954WEBER WILHELM: Theorie und Politik der Beschäftigung. Der Stand der Debatte um die Vollbeschäftigung. Manzsche Verlags‐ und Universitätsbuchhandlung, Wien 1954WEISE HERBERT: Das britische Einkommenssteuerrecht in wirtschaftlicher Sicht. Kieler Studien 27, Forschungsberichte des Instituts für Weltwirtschaft an der Universität Kiel, hg. von Fritz Baade. Kiel 1954WELTER ERICH: Falsch und richtig planen. Eine kritische Studie über die deutsche Wirtschaftslenkung im zweiten Weltkrieg. Veröffentlichungen des Forschungs‐instituts für Wirtschaftspolitik an der Universität Mainz, hg. von E. Welter, Bd. 1. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg 1954WHELPTON PASCAL K.: Cohort Fertility. Native White Women in the United States. Princeton University Press, Princeton (N. J.) 1954WOLD HERMAN: A Study in the Analysis of Stationary Time Series. 2nd Ed., with an Appendix by Peter Whittle. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm 1954

Social Europe is back on the political agenda - as a result of severe economic crises, prior austerity policies and a change in the European discourse framework. Six years after being announced, the European Pillar of Social Rights - although legally non-binding - has become the central reference point for social policy projects at the EU level. Slowly but steadily, the EU's social situation is improving, although major divergences remain. In the Member States, the Pillar and its accompanying Social Scoreboard are used only erratically. Social investments and reforms financed through the Recovery and Resilience Facility are only partly oriented towards social deficits. At the same time, European crisis management during the pandemic con­tributed to the implementation of the Pillar of Social Rights. This success was made possible by financially supported instruments such as the SURE short-time working scheme loans. The implementation of the Pillar could be stabilised through a series of measures. It would be advisable to use the indicators of the Scoreboard in a more targeted way at the national level, to develop SURE into a European unemployment insurance scheme, to set up a procedure on social im­balances and to create scope for social investments in the Stability and Growth Pact. (author's abstract)

Michael Andindilile in The Anglophone Literary-Linguistic Continuum: English and Indigenous Languages in African Literary Discourse interrogates Obi Wali's (1963) prophecy that continued use of former colonial languages in the production of African literature could only lead to 'sterility', as African literatures can only be written in indigenous African languages. In doing so, Andindilile critically examines selected of novels of Achebe of Nigeria, Ngũgĩ of Kenya, Gordimer of South Africa and Farah of Somalia and shows that, when we pay close attention to what these authors represent about their African societies, and the way they integrate African languages, values, beliefs and cultures, we can discover what constitutes the Anglophone African literary-linguistic continuum. This continuum can be defined as variations in the literary usage of English in African literary discourse, with the language serving as the base to which writers add variations inspired by indigenous languages, beliefs, cultures and, sometimes, nation-specific experiences

In den letzten Jahren ist der strukturelle Ausschluss von »People of Colour« und »Schwarzen Menschen« durch weiße Kultur- und Bildungsinstitutionen immer mehr in den Fokus künstlerischer sowie auch institutioneller Kritik geraten. Neue Förderinstrumente und Arbeitspraktiken führten oftmals nicht zu nachhaltigen Veränderungen. Zugleich werden immer wieder neue Strategien der Allianzenbildung und solidarischen Praxis initiiert.In den Beiträgen dieses Bandes kommen Künstler_innen, Kurator_innen und Wissenschaftler_innen zu Wort, die ihre Arbeitspraxis in Zusammenarbeit mit Institutionen und Mitstreiter_innen kritisch reflektieren. Das Ergebnis ist eine Bestandsaufnahme verschiedener aktueller Kämpfe zwischen selbstkritischem Lagebericht, Manifest und praxisnahem Handbuch.

This book examines the shape, composition, and practices of the United States political media landscape. It explores the roots of the current epistemic crisis in political communication with a focus on the remarkable 2016 U.S. president election culminating in the victory of Donald Trump and the first year of his presidency. The authors present a detailed map of the American political media landscape based on the analysis of millions of stories and social media posts, revealing a highly polarized and asymmetric media ecosystem. Detailed case studies track the emergence and propagation of disinformation in the American public sphere that took advantage of structural weaknesses in the media institutions across the political spectrum. This book describes how the conservative faction led by Steve Bannon and funded by Robert Mercer was able to inject opposition research into the mainstream media agenda that left an unsubstantiated but indelible stain of corruption on the Clinton campaign. The authors also document how Fox News deflects negative coverage of President Trump and has promoted a series of exaggerated and fabricated counter narratives to defend the president against the damaging news coming out of the Mueller investigation. Based on an analysis of the actors that sought to influence political public discourse, this book argues that the current problems of media and democracy are not the result of Russian interference, behavioral microtargeting and algorithms on social media, political clickbait, hackers, sockpuppets, or trolls, but of asymmetric media structures decades in the making. The crisis is political, not technological.

"China's rise is altering global power relations, reshaping economic debates, and commanding tremendous public attention. Despite extensive media and academic scrutiny, the conventional wisdom about China's economy is often wrong. Cracking the China Conundrum provides a holistic and contrarian view of China's major economic, political, and foreign policy issues. Yukon Huang trenchantly addresses widely accepted yet misguided views in the analysis of China's economy. He examines arguments about the causes and effects of China's possible debt and property market bubbles, trade and investment relations with the Western world, the links between corruption and political liberalization in a growing economy and Beijing's more assertive foreign policies. Huang explains that such misconceptions arise in part because China's economic system is unprecedented in many ways-namely because it's driven by both the market and state- which complicates the task of designing accurate and adaptable analysis and research. Further, China's size, regional diversity, and uniquely decentralized administrative system poses difficulties for making generalizations and comparisons from micro to macro levels when trying to interpret China's economic state accurately. This book not only interprets the ideologies that experts continue building misguided theories upon, but also examines the contributing factors to this puzzle. Cracking the China Conundrum provides an enlightening and corrective viewpoint on several major economic and political foreign policy concerns currently shaping China's economic environment. "--