Suchergebnisse

Revolution of Dignity / Yaroslav Hrytsak -- Myths of Maidan / Taras Liutyi -- Events -- Nebesna Sotnya -- Phenomena: Viche, Food, "Right Sector", "Self-Defence", Protest Art, Culture, Architecture, Medics, Anti-Maidan, Journalists, "Berkut", Objects, Grassroots, Locations, People -- Photographers

The article deals with the issue on the correlation, study and usage of the international relations history theoretical foundations as a sufficiently specific scientific direction, combining the features of historical and political sciences, in particular world history, the history of diplomacy, political science, the theory of the international relations, etc. The emergence of the international relations history is connected with the development of national historical sciences, the study of the history of diplomacy, geopolitical concepts, the theory of international relations, etc. The results of the scientific study of the international relations history have laid the basis for the common international processes study. Throughout the XX-th century this direction was actively developing, been influenced upon by the confrontation of political systems. Accordingly, antagonistic ideologies were used, a sample selection of historical facts and sources was carried out. Such issues as the concept and the subject of the international relations history, its periodization, and relations with the world history, history of diplomacy, the theory of international relations and other scientific directions still remain controversial.

The creativity of Spengler and the ambiguity of his theory have caused and continue to cause profound interest, as well as fierce debates. Spengler introduced his cultural historical doctrine in the book "The Decline of the West", in which he sought to reflect all the diversity of historical metamorphoses of humanity. His advanced concept of high cultures allowed him to approach the analysis of contemporary political processes from a historical perspective. "The Decline of the West" has already become an integral part of the European spiritual culture. This paper attempts to analyze Spengler's philosophy of history. During the research, the authors have used the comparative-historical method, the methodology of philosophical hermeneutics, as well as the integrative anthropological approach.

Actuality. Management as a phenomenon of culture and an exclusively unique object of scientific knowledge occupies a special place in the life of society. As historical development of mankind is complicated as organizational structures, as well as the culture of management and a set of theories that describe them. However, modern science does not take into account that radical changes in organizational reality occur not continuously, but during the bifurcation of civilization. A specific culture that arose precisely in such conditions is mechanistic management, the study of which is devoted to this article. Purpose and methods. The purpose of the article is a theoretical and historical analysis of the culture of mechanistic management, the identification of the basic determinants of the genesis of this management culture and the formation of the main directions of its development in conditions of industrialism. The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical principle of cognition, systemic, civilization, historical approaches to the study of social phenomena and processes, and the fundamental provisions of the theory of management. Results. The objective preconditions of the formation of a culture of mechanistic management are determined: European science and mechanism arising from the Newtonian picture of the world – the presentation of organizational reality as a machine, as well as atomism, rationalism and social Darwinism as a "natural law" about inter-species struggle; Protestant ethics as a justification of profit; political economy, which introduced the economy in the form of a machine operating under the laws of Newtonian mechanics; great scientific and technical discoveries, demanding new forms of organization of production. The essence of the article is given, comparative characteristics are given and prospects of further application of the main directions of culture of mechanistic management: scientific organization of labor and management are outlined; administrative management; the ...

The modern cynological service of Ukraine is an integral part of the National Police of Ukraine, the National Guard of Ukraine, the State Border Guard Service, the State Emergency Service of Ukraine.The purpose of this study was to shed light on the history of cynology. To address this issue, the task was to collect and systematize data on the development of cynology. The main purpose of dog training in the law enforcement system is primarily to assist employees of these structures in improving the effectiveness of their activities to prevent, stop, detect and investigate crimes, using the special knowledge of dog handlers, as well as their skillful use of service dogs as a special means.The following research methods were used in the research process: general scientific – logical analysis, generalization, classification, systematization, actualization and comparison; historical – biographical, problem-chronological, comparative-historical.The history of the human-dog relationship dates back more than 500,000 years. Archival documents contain records of the use of dogs in military affairs more than 6,000 years ago in Eurasia, Africa and North America. As early as 7000 BC, purposeful dog breeding was widespread.No other animal species shows such diversity. Today there are more than 400 breeds of dogs, not counting crossbreeds. Despite this biodiversity, all domestic dogs belong to the same family, the Canis familiis, whose wild ancestor is the wolf, as evidenced by DNA analysis.To date, there are three main areas of dog breeding: service, which includes herding, associated with various branches of animal husbandry, riding (harness) and own service – the use of dogs for guard, search and other services; hunting (industrial and sports); decorative (breeding of mostly domestic dogs of original forms, companion dogs).Thus, the study of the history of cynology will allow more extensive use of the capabilities of dogs in the modern cynological service. ; Сучасна кінологічна служба України є невід'ємною складовою частиною Національної поліції України, Національної гвардії України, Державної прикордонної служби, Державної служби України з надзвичайних ситуацій.Метою даного дослідження було висвітлити історію становлення кінології. Для вирішення цього питання було поставлено завдання зібрати та систематизувати данні стосовно розвитку кінології.У процесі досліджень було використано наступні методи досліджень: загальнонаукові – логічного аналізу, узагальнення, класифікації, систематизації, актуалізації та порівняння; історичні – біографічний, проблемно-хронологічний, порівняльно-історичний.Історія відносин людини і собаки бере свій початок більше 500 тис. років тому. В архівних документах збереглись записи про використання собак у військовій справі більше 6000 років тому в Євразії, Африці та Північній Америці. Вже 7000 років до н.е., було широко поширене цілеспрямоване розведення собак.На сьогоднішній день розрізняють три основних напрямки собаківництва: службове, що включає пастуше, пов'язане з різними галузями тваринництва, їздове (упряжне) і власне службове – використання собак для караульної, розшукової та інших служб; мисливське (промислове і спортивне); декоративне (розведення переважно кімнатних собак оригінальних форм, собак-компаньйонів).Отже, вивчення історії кінології дасть змогу більш широко використовувати можливості собак в сучасній кінологічній службі.

The article brieflyoverview of the history Lukyanovskaya prison(Lukianivka prison castle, Kiev prison (prison number 13))from its creation to the present. Reveals the stages of construction and operation of the complex structures of the institution.Characterized fate as famous prisoners and innocent victims,were in prison. It was found that 150Lukianivska years of prisonwas not only a place of punishment, but a certain symbol of sufferingopponents of different political regimes.Notes that it is now placing in the prestigious central area of Kyiv andfinancial status is not only the state and citywide, but the built problem. ; У статті подано короткийогляд історії Лук'янівської в'язниці(Лук'янівського тюремного замку, Київського слідчого ізолятора (СІЗО № 13))від часу її створення до сьогодення. Розкрито етапи будівництва та функціонування комплексу споруд цієї установи.Охарактеризовано долі як відомих арештантів, так і безневинних жертв, щоперебували у тюрмі. З'ясовано, що за 150років існування Лук'янівська в'язницястала не лише місцем відбування покарання, а й певним символом стражданьпротивників різних політичних режимів.Зауважено, що нині її розміщення у престижному центральному районі Києва іматеріальний стан є не тільки державною та загальноміською, але й архітектурно-містобудівною проблемою.

Politics, coming back to its original meaning which might be defined as influencing other people and which is involves the making of a common decision for people, then, life is never politics-free. When we are thinking, we are contributing in the political life, how to influence or how to be influenced, how to make a decision in life or how to follow a decision. Politics contain of many dimensions, one might think politics in a negative or positive way depending on which dimensions he stick the politics with. Political party is one of the main institutions in the political life which used in practicing the democracy as the representative system needed by the community. It used as a media to transfer the political messages from the community to the government, as peoples' media to send their aspiration to the people 'above', which existence is influencing the development of the policies of the country depending on its effectiveness. As a Muslim-Largest country, Islam has a very important role in Indonesia's political zone. Though, not everything that has an "Islam" name is able to completely represent Islamic values and so some "non-Islam" might also represent Islamic ethical values. The point of this article is to focus more on how is the relationship between politics and Islam in Indonesia by observing the development of Islamic Political Parties and its phenomena. It will be well observed by the historic-phenomenology approach, which is describing and observing the history of Islamic Political Parties in Indonesia and the social facts that happened in the society

Проведено розмежування предметних полів таких прикладних галузей історичної науки як історичної регіоналістики, історичного краєзнавства та історичної урбаністики. Ці наукові дисципліни мають міждисциплінарний статус, який обумовлює їх специфіку та унікальність.Показано, що у дослідницькому фокусі історичної регіоналістики знаходиться регіон, який виступає як територія, яка є однорідною з погляду певних визначальних критеріїв і за цими ж критеріями відрізняється від суміжних територій. Історична регіоналістика акцентує увагу на явище регіоналізму, тобто виявляє комплекс соціокультурних, ментально­духовних структур, за допомогою яких формується для певної локально організованої спільноти спільна історична пам'ять, інтегративні настанови тощо.Визначено, що предметом вивчення історичного краєзнавства є історія рідного краю, «малої батьківщини» (регіону, району, міста, села). Ця історія локалізована в історичних подіях, які матеріалізовані в пам'ятках історії та культури. На відміну від історичної регіоналістики, історичне краєзнавство має більш прикладний характер, приділяє увагу деталям, конкретним аспектам історії рідного краю («малої батьківщини»). Доведено, що історична урбаністика об'єднує предметні поля історичної регіоналістики та історичного краєзнавства в аспекті дослідження історії міських поселень. У дослідницькому фокусі історичної урбаністики знаходиться міський спосіб життя, що дозволяє аналізувати міста в їх цілісності – як специфічні соціокультурні феномени із власними фазами розвитку, в широкому політичному й ідеологічному контексті. Наголошується, що історична урбаністика вивчає урбанізацію та урбанізованість, які пов'язані з утвердженням міського способу життя як феномена культури і сучасної цивілізації. Оскільки урбанізація є процесом, то її характеризують динамічні показники (темпи урбанізації), тоді як урбанізованість характеризується статичними показниками (кількість та частка міського населення, кількість міських поселень, їх площа та ін.). Саме в цьому аспекті історична урбаністика зближується з історичною регіоналістикою. ; Проведено розмежування предметних полів таких прикладних галузей історичної науки як історичної регіоналістики, історичного краєзнавства та історичної урбаністики. Ці наукові дисципліни мають міждисциплінарний статус, який обумовлює їх специфіку та унікальність.Показано, що у дослідницькому фокусі історичної регіоналістики знаходиться регіон, який виступає як територія, яка є однорідною з погляду певних визначальних критеріїв і за цими ж критеріями відрізняється від суміжних територій. Історична регіоналістика акцентує увагу на явище регіоналізму, тобто виявляє комплекс соціокультурних, ментально­духовних структур, за допомогою яких формується для певної локально організованої спільноти спільна історична пам'ять, інтегративні настанови тощо.Визначено, що предметом вивчення історичного краєзнавства є історія рідного краю, «малої батьківщини» (регіону, району, міста, села). Ця історія локалізована в історичних подіях, які матеріалізовані в пам'ятках історії та культури. На відміну від історичної регіоналістики, історичне краєзнавство має більш прикладний характер, приділяє увагу деталям, конкретним аспектам історії рідного краю («малої батьківщини»). Доведено, що історична урбаністика об'єднує предметні поля історичної регіоналістики та історичного краєзнавства в аспекті дослідження історії міських поселень. У дослідницькому фокусі історичної урбаністики знаходиться міський спосіб життя, що дозволяє аналізувати міста в їх цілісності – як специфічні соціокультурні феномени із власними фазами розвитку, в широкому політичному й ідеологічному контексті. Наголошується, що історична урбаністика вивчає урбанізацію та урбанізованість, які пов'язані з утвердженням міського способу життя як феномена культури і сучасної цивілізації. Оскільки урбанізація є процесом, то її характеризують динамічні показники (темпи урбанізації), тоді як урбанізованість характеризується статичними показниками (кількість та частка міського населення, кількість міських поселень, їх площа та ін.). Саме в цьому аспекті історична урбаністика зближується з історичною регіоналістикою. ; A distinction of subject fields such application areas as historical science historical regional studies, local history and urban history. These academic disciplines are interdisciplinary status that determines their specificity and uniqueness. It is demonstration that the research focus of historical regional studies is a region that serves as an area that is homogeneous in terms of defining certain criteria and these criteria are different from adjacent areas. The historical regional studies focuses on the phenomenon of regionalism, that reveals the complex cultural, mental and spiritual bodies, through which is formed to a specific local community organized a common historical memory, integrative instruction and more.Determined that the subject of studies of local history is the history of his native land, 'homeland' (region, district, city, village). This history is localized in the historical events that materialized in the monuments of history and culture. Unlike historical regional studies, local history is more applied nature, pays attention to detail, the specific aspects of the history of his native land ('homeland').It is proved that combines subject field of urban history, historical regional studies and local history in terms of research into the history of urban settlements. In historical research focus of urban history is urban lifestyle that allows you to analyze the city in their integrity – both sociocultural phenomena with their own phases of development, in the broad political and ideological context. It is noted that the historical urban studies urbanization, which are connected with the adoption of urban lifestyles as a phenomenon of culture and modern civilization. Urbanization represented in two dimensions – dynamic and static. Since urbanization is a process that characterize the dynamic parameters (rates of urbanization), while urbanization is characterized by static parameters (the number and proportion of urban population, the number of urban settlements, its area, etc.). This feature of the urban historical approaches to the historical regional studies.

In modern conditions, state regulation in the field of innovation, encouragement of inventive intellectual activity is a mechanism for ensuring sustainable economic development of the state. It was revealed that in Ukraine there is a sufficiently substantial legislative base that allows regulating issues in the field of intellectual property, its updating is taking place in accordance with the requirements of the time. At the same time, as indicated in the Annual Report of the European Commission, intellectual property rights are systematically violated in Ukraine, thereby damaging the economic interests of the European Union. It is argued that the basic mechanism for ensuring the effectiveness of public administration in the field of intellectual property is the involvement of all subjects of public administration in lawmaking processes. It is noted that the organization of an effective system of law enforcement in the process of creating and using intellectual property objects directly affects the development of national scientific-technological and scientific-technical spheres of state life, increasing their investment image, introducing a favorable innovation climate. Indicated the need to involve all subjects of public administration in the formation of state policy in the field of intellectual property, development of legislation on the protection of industrial property and innovative proposals, updating the provisions of the Labor Code and the Civil Code of Ukraine. It is proposed to include to the Civil Code a number of provisions to ensure the remuneration of persons who have contributed to the creation, legal protection and use of inventions, industrial designs and innovative proposals; effective functioning of the intellectual property protection system created by students, listeners, cadets and teachers in the learning process. It is also proposed to create a Code of Intellectual Property, which will eliminate internal contradictions and promote the harmonization of intellectual property issues and ...

The article focuses on scientific, practical and socio-political importance of the multivolume "Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine" compiled and published by the Institute of History of Ukraine, the Academy of Science of Ukraine. The paper estimates specific character of Encyclopedia, its structure, content and logical coherence, interrelatedness of separate thematic blocks and articles covering world history issues. The materials selected for the Encyclopedia proved to be thoroughly researched and are based on specific examples. They are mainly related to the landmark political and social events in the world history which affected the fate of Ukraine and its people. Cultural overviews place a great focus on the relations between various states and Ukraine, highlight key events in international relations and their relevance to Ukraine and the "Ukrainian Question", spotlight foreign policy of Ukraine. Much attention is paid to outstanding personalities (state leaders, politicians, scientists, cultural figures) who left a rich legacy in the history of the country. ; У статті розкривається наукове, практичне й громадсько-політичне значення підготовки і видання Інститутом історії України НАН України багатотомної «Енциклопедії історії України». Дається загальна характеристика специфіки її побудови, передусім змісту та логічної підпорядкованості й взаємопов'язаності тих сюжетно-тематичних блоків та окремих статей-гасел, що стосуються проблем всесвітньої історії. На конкретних прикладах висвітлюється ступінь вивчення й основний зміст представлених в енциклопедії матеріалів про головні політичні і суспільні події та явища світової історії з акцентуванням на їхньому впливі на долю українців та України; країнознавчі нариси, з виділенням сюжетів про взаємовідносини відповідної держави та України; основні події міжнародного життя й відносин та їх дотичність до України або «українського питання»; міжнародні зв'язки українського народу та зовнішню політику України, а також про окремих визначних особистостей планети (державних діячів, політиків, вчених, діячів культури), діяльність яких причетна до України.

The article deals with family retellings of the representatives of the Kharkiv sergeant-noble family of Kovalevsky. A large number of its members is known in various fields. Representatives of the Kovalevsky family become military, hold responsible state positions, study science and culture. From the actions of the representatives of the dynasty gradually formed a variety of family retellings, legends. They are recorded in memoirs, memoirs, documents, newspaper articles, and eyewitness accounts. The feature of family legends is a variety of variations that may arise in connection with the lack of information, the conscious or unconscious distortion of facts, etc. Family legends can be used to increase authority, to increase their social status, to "decorate" reality. It is because of the fact that for a long time the real story of the family can change, there is a great need for careful study, arrangement and selection of the necessary information to achieve the most accurate reflection of family history.In this article, an attempt is made to understand some of the most promising sources of information in order to achieve the goal. Prospects are: the memoirs of Maxim Maximovich (1851-1916) - My Life and Peter Yevgrafovich Kovalevsky (1901-1978) - The Revenge of the Kovalevsky for three hundred years 1651-1951, as well as compiled a variety of authorship collection of articles in the book "M. M. Kovalevsky scholar, state and public figure and citizen". Of particular importance are archival funds. Namely, the fund of the Central Intelligence Agency of Ukraine № 1814, devoted to the aristocratic genus Kovalevsky. Comprehensive study of various sources of information opens the "forgotten" pages of the story of the family and, if necessary, corrects the existing ones.This article does not pretend to a comprehensive study of family history. The main attention is paid only to some representatives of the genus Kovalevsky, their relatives and friends (A. I. Kovalevsky, V. Ya. Kovalevskaya, P. E. Kovalevsky, M. I. Kovalevsky, E. P. Kovalevsky, M. M. Kovalevsky senior , M. M. Kovalevsky junior, P. I. Kovalevsky, I. I. Mechnikov, V. N. Karazin, their acquaintances - G. C. Skovoroda, M. I. Kovalinsky, P. L. Lavrov). The article also included references to some of the family estates in order to update the material.Key words: Kovalevsky, family history, memoirs, biography. ; У статті розглядаються сімейні перекази представників Харківського старшинсько-дво­рян­сь­ко­го роду Ковалевських. Стаття присвячена ознайомленню, упорядкуванню та відбору необхідної інформації в межах дослідження сімейної історії цього роду. Стаття досліджує формування сімейних переказів, їх розвиток та презентацію нащадкам. В межах їх дослідження основна увага приділяється деяким представникам роду Ковалевських, їх родичам, друзям та знайомим.Ключові слова: Ковалевські, сімейні історії, мемуари, біографія. В статье рассматриваются семейные предания представителей Харьковского старшинско-дворянского рода Ковалевских. Статья посвящена ознакомлению, упорядочению и отбору необходимой информации в рамках исследования семейной истории этого рода. Статья исследует формирование семейных преданий, их развитие и презентацию потомкам. В рамках их исследования основное внимание уделяется некоторым представителям рода Ковалевских, их родственникам, друзьям и знакомым.Ключевые слова: Ковалевские, семейные истории, мемуары, биография. The article deals with family retellings of the representatives of the Kharkiv sergeant-noble family of Kovalevsky. A large number of its members is known in various fields. Representatives of the Kovalevsky family become military, hold responsible state positions, study science and culture. From the actions of the representatives of the dynasty gradually formed a variety of family retellings, legends. They are recorded in memoirs, memoirs, documents, newspaper articles, and eyewitness accounts. The feature of family legends is a variety of variations that may arise in connection with the lack of information, the conscious or unconscious distortion of facts, etc. Family legends can be used to increase authority, to increase their social status, to "decorate" reality. It is because of the fact that for a long time the real story of the family can change, there is a great need for careful study, arrangement and selection of the necessary information to achieve the most accurate reflection of family history.In this article, an attempt is made to understand some of the most promising sources of information in order to achieve the goal. Prospects are: the memoirs of Maxim Maximovich (1851-1916) - My Life and Peter Yevgrafovich Kovalevsky (1901-1978) - The Revenge of the Kovalevsky for three hundred years 1651-1951, as well as compiled a variety of authorship collection of articles in the book "M. M. Kovalevsky scholar, state and public figure and citizen". Of particular importance are archival funds. Namely, the fund of the Central Intelligence Agency of Ukraine № 1814, devoted to the aristocratic genus Kovalevsky. Comprehensive study of various sources of information opens the "forgotten" pages of the story of the family and, if necessary, corrects the existing ones.This article does not pretend to a comprehensive study of family history. The main attention is paid only to some representatives of the genus Kovalevsky, their relatives and friends (A. I. Kovalevsky, V. Ya. Kovalevskaya, P. E. Kovalevsky, M. I. Kovalevsky, E. P. Kovalevsky, M. M. Kovalevsky senior , M. M. Kovalevsky junior, P. I. Kovalevsky, I. I. Mechnikov, V. N. Karazin, their acquaintances - G. C. Skovoroda, M. I. Kovalinsky, P. L. Lavrov). The article also included references to some of the family estates in order to update the material.Key words: Kovalevsky, family history, memoirs, biography.

The article presents data on the prevalence of hormonal disorders and the establishment of their relationship between the state of mental health and the functional state of body systems in women who participated in hostilities who suffered contusions. The objective: to establish the relationship between the indicators of hormonal homeostasis in women–participants of hostilities of reproductive age, who suffered injuries, and the state of their mental and physical health. Materials and methods. In the last few years, 55 women of reproductive health were excluded (the main group and the group of children), who took part in the fighting women and became aware of contusions, the middle age of the situation was 27.08±4.23. Term perebuvannya in the zone of fighting days 29.34±9.21 months, an hour from the moment of rejection of a light traumatic ear injury (contusion) 18.8±9.2 months. The control group received data from 65 civilian women of reproductive health (average age 32.21±7.32). In the main group, 20 women of reproductive age may have traces of contusion in patients with post-concussion syndrome (F7.02 for MKH-10) and 35 women of reproductive age in the group of children who do not have traces of contusion in patients with post-concussion syndrome. Results. Statistically significant deviations in the indicators of autonomic regulation, levels of gonadotropic and steroid hormones, as well as an integrated indicator of pathology in comparison with civilian women. It has been proven that women servicemen, participants in hostilities who have suffered contusions, acquire reproductive health disorders due to the impact of both traumatic brain injury and stress factors associated with military service. Conclusions. This justifies the feasibility of developing a program of medical and psychological support for women servicemen and appropriate medical and psychological rehabilitation of veterans, aimed at their full adaptation to peaceful life.

The article is devoted to the study of the battle history of the new town of Oster and the topography of its fortifications. The fortress of Oster originated in the 11th century on the bank of the river of the same name, at its confluence with the river Desna, in the 12th c. settlement already had three lines of fortifications, the remains of which remained until the mid-20th century. In the 60's 16th c. Oster Castle and the surrounding settlements were rebuilt in a new location due to the displacement of the Desna River bed. At that time, Oster was the castle of the Commonwealth on the border with the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Based on the descriptions of the 16th and 17th centuries, the author reconstructed the location of the castle of new Oster. After the town and the castle were burned down by the Muscovites in 1616, the Osterian governor Remigian Zaleski began to rebuild the settlement near the old hillfort.However, the government of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth did not support this project, and ordered the castle to be rebuilt on the site of New Oster so that the local garrison could control traffic along the Desna River. In order to attract people to the town and improve its economic status, in 1628 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth government released the residents of new Oster from paying taxes, first for 8 years and then for another 6 years. As a result, the settlement has grown significantly. In the mid-17th century. New Oster had a castle, fortified with wooden walls and towers, and two lines of defensive fortifications around the town. Fortifications defended the city from the east, on the other hand the city had a natural protection – the Popivka and Desna rivers and Lake Desnishche.During the Russo-Ukrainian War of 1668, fortifications were built along the river Popivka, which were to defense the town from the castle occupied by Moscow soldiers. After the second partition of Poland in 1793, the western border of the Russian Empire moved much westward, so the fortress in Oster became ...

The article is devoted to the study of the battle history of the new town of Oster and the topography of its fortifications. The fortress of Oster originated in the 11th century on the bank of the river of the same name, at its confluence with the river Desna, in the 12th c. settlement already had three lines of fortifications, the remains of which remained until the mid-20th century. In the 60's 16th c. Oster Castle and the surrounding settlements were rebuilt in a new location due to the displacement of the Desna River bed. At that time, Oster was the castle of the Commonwealth on the border with the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Based on the descriptions of the 16th and 17th centuries, the author reconstructed the location of the castle of new Oster. After the town and the castle were burned down by the Muscovites in 1616, the Osterian governor Remigian Zaleski began to rebuild the settlement near the old hillfort.However, the government of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth did not support this project, and ordered the castle to be rebuilt on the site of New Oster so that the local garrison could control traffic along the Desna River. In order to attract people to the town and improve its economic status, in 1628 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth government released the residents of new Oster from paying taxes, first for 8 years and then for another 6 years. As a result, the settlement has grown significantly. In the mid-17th century. New Oster had a castle, fortified with wooden walls and towers, and two lines of defensive fortifications around the town. Fortifications defended the city from the east, on the other hand the city had a natural protection – the Popivka and Desna rivers and Lake Desnishche.During the Russo-Ukrainian War of 1668, fortifications were built along the river Popivka, which were to defense the town from the castle occupied by Moscow soldiers. After the second partition of Poland in 1793, the western border of the Russian Empire moved much westward, so the fortress in Oster became ...

The formulation of the problem. Petro Mohyla is one of the most famous religious, cultural and public figures of Ukraine, whose true greatness is marked in the history by the term "Mohyla's Period of Ukrainian History." He is a prominent theologian, educator, humanist, reformer, founder of the national cultural revival of Ukraine. The life of Kyiv Metropolitan Petro Mohyla for many people even today is extraordinary mystery. Complex and controversial was the fate of the church and prominent cultural figure that left considerable mark in the history and culture of Ukraine. The analysis of recent research. In historiography today there are several views on Mohyla, none of which can be considered neither complete nor objective as their political or narrow religious affiliation and tendency are too obvious. The conclusions. The figure of Petro Mohyla has never lost interest of his contemporaries and later historians as causing polar thoughts and opinions. But whatever traits or features of activities they stopped at they all agreed that it was a strong–willed, authoritative, hard head, called by his era and its customs. At the same time certainly they marked his skills of an experienced organizer, a good counselor, a wise mentor. His name is linked to deployment of higher and secondary education in Ukraine and Russia which was not simply copying Western schools, but could compete with them. He was the founder and creator of the first in Eastern Europe higher education institution — Kyiv–Mohyla College, which became the forerunner of Ukrainian Academy and the University of Kiev. ; Рассмотрены основные вехи жизни и деятельности Петра Могилы, установлены место и роль владыки в общественно-политической и культурно-религиозной жизни Украины, раскрыто значение Петра Могилы в популяризации образования среди украинского населения, выяснены особенности награждения педагогов нагрудным знаком «Петр Могила», в частности, преподавателей Приднепровской государственной академии строительства и архитектуры. ; Розглянуто основні віхи життя та діяльності Петра Могили, встановлено місце та роль владики у суспільно-політичному та культурно-релігійному житті України, розкрито значення Петра Могили у популяризації освіти серед українського населення, з'ясовано особливості нагородження освітян нагрудним знаком «Петро Могила», зокрема, викладачів Придніпровської державної академії будівництва та архітектури.