Harto conocida es la sucesión de hechos, desencadenada a partir del 3 de abril, cuando el gobierno de Hong Kong presentó un proyecto en el Consejo Legislativo, el cual permitiría a las autoridades judiciales, tras revisar cada caso particular, extraditar sospechosos criminales a jurisdicciones con las que no posee acuerdos formales en dicha materia. Las resistencias a la medida se acrecentarían hasta culminar en la primera gran movilización del 9 de junio. Las manifestaciones de protesta y su creciente degeneración en violentos enfrentamientos con las fuerzas de seguridad, instalaron definitivamente en la prensa local e internacional las preocupaciones de los manifestantes. A su vez, pusieron en aviso a Beijing, obligándolo a concentrar fuerzas en la vecina provincia de Guandong a mediados de agosto. Atención que también debió dirigir más allá de sus fronteras, ante el temor de intervención de fuerzas extranjeras. ; Centros de Estudios Chinos ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales
Hong Kong está asistiendo a una sublevación digital donde miles de jóvenes se manifiestan en las calles de la antigua colonia británica para demandar a las autoridades de Pekín una democracia real en el territorio. Esta investigación pretende realizar un exhaustivo estudio de la incidencia de las estrategias digitales dentro de un movimiento revolucionario y subversivo como el protagonizado en Hong Kong teniendo en cuenta para ello las dinámicas de actuación de los rebeldes, por un lado, las tácticas empleadas por el Gobierno, por otro, y la respuesta internacional, por último. ; Hong Kong is attending a digital uprising where thousands of young people demonstrating in the streets of the former British colony to sue the authorities in Beijing real democracy in the territory. This research aims to conduct a comprehensive study of the impact of digital strategies within a revolutionary and subversive movement as played in Hong Kong for it considering the dynamic action of the rebels, on the one hand, the tactics employed by the Government on the other, and the international response, finally.
This article analyses from a Constitutional Law point of view, the factors that characterize Sino- Hongkonese relations with the aim of analysing the future of the One Country, Two Systems regime. The strong protests that took place in 2019 and the latest actions taken by the Beijing government, such as the approval of the national security law, constitute a clear sign of the tension experienced in the region in view of the uncertain future of the Hong Kong regime, which appears to be limited by Article 5 of its Basic Law to the 30th of June of 2047. In view of this uncertainty, this research assesses three possible future scenarios: Hong Kong becomes part of Mainland China, a democratic transition takes place in the region, or the One Country, Two Systems regime endures over time. ; El presente artículo analiza los factores que caracterizan las relaciones sino-hongkonesas con el objetivo de analizar el futuro del régimen One Country, Two Systems desde un punto de vista del derecho constitucional. Las fuertes manifestaciones acontecidas en el año 2019, así como las últimas acciones impulsadas por el Gobierno de Pekín, como la aprobación de la ley de seguridad nacional, constituyen una señal inequívoca de la tensión experimentada en la región ante el futuro incierto del régimen de Hong Kong, que parece estar limitado por el artículo 5 de su Ley Fundamental hasta el 30 de junio de 2047. Ante esta incertidumbre, esta investigación valora tres posibles escenarios de futuro: Hong Kong pasa a formar parte de China continental, acontece una transición democrática en la región o el régimen One Country, Two Systems perdura en el tiempo.
A mig camí entre la sociologia i les ciències polítiques, en el present treball, s'analitzarà la creació i les característiques principals del sistema de representació de Hong Kong durant el període colonial. resum: A mitad de camino entre la sociología y las ciencias políticas, en el presente trabajo, se analizará la creación y las caracteristicas principales del sistema de representación de Hong Kong durante el periodo colonia resum: Halfway between sociology and political science, in this paper, the creation and main characteristics of the Hong Kong representation system during the colonial period will be analyzed.
Deindustrialization and the rise of the service economy have altered the urban landscape in many countries, and are generally associated with redevelopment in central cities and gentrification. This paper examines the spatial dimension of the transformation of the economic geography of Hong Kong at the turn of the 21st century, asking specifically how the relative centralization of employment and steepening of the bid rent curve has affected the residential location of different income groups. The Hong Kong case is noteworthy due to the speed of deindustrialization, the centralization of employment during this time period, and extensive urban growth due in part to the construction of public housing projects in outlying new towns. The paper describes changes in the distribution of jobs over space and sectors from 1986 to 2006, and analyzes the changes by distance to city center and at the neighborhood level using census, geographic, and administrative data for 150 neighborhoods. Wealth is found to be centralized though this centralization has declined. This decline stems more from an increase in incomes in outlying areas, however, than from a change in incomes in central parts of the city. Public housing plays an important role in limiting income change, as residents of public housing move infrequently, and government investments do not have a significant impact on neighborhood change at the scale measured. The implications for Chinese cities are explored in the conclusion.
The purpose of this paper is to present an example of good practice in the fight against public corruption driven by the Independent Commission of Hong Kong. To this end, we have investigated the strategy developed by the Commission to combat corruption based on deterrence through the strengthening legislative and research, prevention and education. While the first strategy is important, it is even more relevant prevention and education. One of the objectives of this Commission is to change the perception of citizens that bribes and kickbacks are a normal part of everyday life. We believe that the results obtained by this independent organization in its fight against corruption since 1974, represent an example to take into account to offer solutions our situation. ; La finalidad de este trabajo es presentar un ejemplo de buenas prácticas en la lucha contra la corrupción pública impulsada por la Comisión Independiente de Hong Kong. Para ello, se ha investigado en la estrategia que desarrolla la Comisión para combatir la corrupción basada en la disuasión, a través del fortalecimiento legislativo y la investigación, la prevención y la educación. Aunque la primera estrategia es importante, aún lo es más la prevención y la educación. Uno de sus objetivos que persigue esta Comisión es cambiar la percepción de la ciudadanía de que los sobornos y comisiones ilegales son algo normal de la vida cotidiana. Creemos que los resultados obtenidos por esta organización independiente en su lucha contra la corrupción desde 1974, representan un ejemplo a tener en cuenta a la hora de ofrecer soluciones y propuestas claras extrapolables a nuestra situación actual.
The purpose of this paper is to present an example of good practice in the fight against public corruption driven by the Independent Commission of Hong Kong. To this end, we have investigated the strategy developed by the Commission to combat corruption based on deterrence through the strengthening legislative and research, prevention and education. While the first strategy is important, it is even more relevant prevention and education. One of the objectives of this Commission is to change the perception of citizens that bribes and kickbacks are a normal part of everyday life. We believe that the results obtained by this independent organization in its fight against corruption since 1974, represent an example to take into account to offer solutions our situation. ; La finalidad de este trabajo es presentar un ejemplo de buenas prácticas en la lucha contra la corrupción pública impulsada por la Comisión Independiente de Hong Kong. Para ello, se ha investigado en la estrategia que desarrolla la Comisión para combatir la corrupción basada en la disuasión, a través del fortalecimiento legislativo y la investigación, la prevención y la educación. Aunque la primera estrategia es importante, aún lo es más la prevención y la educación. Uno de sus objetivos que persigue esta Comisión es cambiar la percepción de la ciudadanía de que los sobornos y comisiones ilegales son algo normal de la vida cotidiana. Creemos que los resultados obtenidos por esta organización independiente en su lucha contra la corrupción desde 1974, representan un ejemplo a tener en cuenta a la hora de ofrecer soluciones y propuestas claras extrapolables a nuestra situación actual.
El 1 de julio de 1997 el mundo entero tuvo ocasión de seguir la ceremonia de transferencia de soberanía de Hong Kong, una de las joyas de la corona británica, a la República Popular China. Con aplausos de unos y lágrimas contenidas de otros se cerraba una página de la historia y comenzaba un angustioso periodo de incertidumbre para los habitantes de la antigua colonia. Durante los años previos se había ido gestando un complejo acuerdo que permitía el difícil encaje constitucional de Hong Kong -territorio liberal donde los haya- en uno de los pocos países formalmente comunistas que subsisten. Se alumbró así el concepto de Región Administrativa Especial, que al amparo de la fórmula un país, dos sistemas permite el autogobierno de Hong Kong
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Se ha realizado un análisis comparativo del crecimiento económico entre la Región Administrativa Especial (RAE) Hong Kong y Perú. Los dos primeros capítulos enmarcan la investigación en el entorno internacional y las teorías que se relacionan al desarrollo económico. En el capítulo I, se ha descrito la situación económica post segunda guerra mundial y la situación de los países denominados tigres asiáticos. En adición, se revisó los antecedentes de la formación de Hong Kong tomando en consideración algunas variables políticas, económicas, legales, sociales, culturales y religiosas. En el Capítulo II se ha desarrollado el marco teórico y se ha revisado seis teorías económicas (entre ellas, la teoría de los ciclos económicos, las teorías del crecimiento económico y la nueva teoría del comercio internacional), importantes para comprender los fundamentos del crecimiento económico de Perú y la RAE Hong Kong. En el Capítulo III se ha realizado un análisis comparativo histórico de Perú y la RAE Hong Kong, analizando las oportunidades de crecimiento que ambos países tuvieron. Asimismo, en este capítulo se ha complementado la revisión histórica analizando algunos parámetros económicos como el PIB, PIB per cápita, comercio, inversión directa extranjera e inversión en educación, en el periodo 1971 – 2012, logrando identificar qué factores fueron determinantes en el crecimiento económico de la RAE Hong Kong y Perú. Finalmente, el capítulo IV presenta las conclusiones y recomendaciones de la investigación. ; A comparative analysis of economic growth between Hong Kong and Peru has been made. The first two chapters have framed the research in the international environment and the economic development theories. In Chapter I, it has been described the economic situation after World War II and the situation of the Asian Tigers countries. In addition, it has been considered the history of the formation of Hong Kong analyzing economic, legal, social, cultural, religious and political variables. In Chapter II has been developed the ...
Examines economic and political situations of Hong Kong and Macao since the retrocession of each from Britain and Portugal, respectively, back to China, in 1997 and 1999. Effects of China's economic reform on Hong Kong; economic development in Hong Kong; relations between Hong Kong and China; political structures of the two Special Administrative Regions; gambling as an economic staple of Macao; Basic Laws; and prospects for the region of "Greater China".
En 1997, Hong Kong volvió a China en el marco de la gobernanza conocida como «Un país, dos sistemas», que fue ideado para permitir a la China continental seguir siendo «socialista», mientras Hong Kong podía mantener su sistema capitalista. Sin embargo, la estrategia retórica y legal de mantener metafórica y constitucionalmente la distancia entre los dos lugares y seguir afirmando su soberanía y unidad, es ambigua y contradictoria. Este artículo explora estas ambiguas contradicciones (estratégicas, ideológicas y retóricas) y tras ello su impacto en el debate sobre la democracia y el sufragio en Hong Kong, que su constitución, la Ley básica, promete para el futuro.
The topic discussed in this dissertation is the study of the public spaces in Hong Kong. In recent decades the city has established itself as a major financial centre and production, aiming to be one of global cities of the new millennium. In particular the study focuses on the analysis of collective spaces present in the urban structure, i.e. those spaces that are neither proper public nor private, which represent a distinctive aspect of the city's form . In Hong Kong the use of public space assumes a peculiar character, functions that usually took place outdoors are moving in the interior spaces of malls, becoming one of the standard tools to attract people to the commercial spaces. In this sense one of the main problems affecting the development of the city is to control the process and the management of the public spaces, strengthening the relationship between public and private interest. Hong Kong is a city where the boundaries between public and private space fade, creating a new category of space. This introduces one of the main features that have generated the study of this research, that is to say, the lack of boundaries between public and private realm . The lack of boundaries, which does not necessarily means to the difference between open and closed spaces, but public spaces that are inside private properties, grey areas where it's difficult to understand which kind of spaces we are crossing. In fact, much of the urban structure, is used for commercial purposes, this aspect affects the use and the meaning of the public space that in general, are not sufficient to meet the expectations and needs of the population. In this regard the implementation of the open spaces in the city is one of the most recurrent topic of the Government of Hong Kong. Due to limited land resources (due to morphology only 24% of the territory is urbanized) the city has developed a vertical high density where the high cost of land has become a large business for the private sector. This study attempts to examine the main ...
The topic discussed in this dissertation is the study of the public spaces in Hong Kong. In recent decades the city has established itself as a major financial centre and production, aiming to be one of global cities of the new millennium. In particular the study focuses on the analysis of collective spaces present in the urban structure, i.e. those spaces that are neither proper public nor private, which represent a distinctive aspect of the city's form . In Hong Kong the use of public space assumes a peculiar character, functions that usually took place outdoors are moving in the interior spaces of malls, becoming one of the standard tools to attract people to the commercial spaces. In this sense one of the main problems affecting the development of the city is to control the process and the management of the public spaces, strengthening the relationship between public and private interest. Hong Kong is a city where the boundaries between public and private space fade, creating a new category of space. This introduces one of the main features that have generated the study of this research, that is to say, the lack of boundaries between public and private realm . The lack of boundaries, which does not necessarily means to the difference between open and closed spaces, but public spaces that are inside private properties, grey areas where it's difficult to understand which kind of spaces we are crossing. In fact, much of the urban structure, is used for commercial purposes, this aspect affects the use and the meaning of the public space that in general, are not sufficient to meet the expectations and needs of the population. In this regard the implementation of the open spaces in the city is one of the most recurrent topic of the Government of Hong Kong. Due to limited land resources (due to morphology only 24% of the territory is urbanized) the city has developed a vertical high density where the high cost of land has become a large business for the private sector. This study attempts to examine the main aspects of the privatization of public space, a phenomenon that in Asia is quite intense and, although less strongly, is involving the development of the European cities. During the eighties the Government of Hong Kong, in order to promote and improve the spatial quality versus high status density of the city, established the policy of POPS (Privately Owned Public Spaces) proceeding invented in New York, in 1960. The policy was created to promote the integration of public space in new developments by the private sector in exchange for bonus floor area. The property remains private, but the space is subject to the easement of public use in terms of access and use. In this case we have a space for public use that obviously is not a public domain, since it is not owned by the city. Despite his traditional role as main subject entitled to preserve the public space, the planning system in Hong Kong seems always weaker in front to the economic interest of the development of the city, losing the faculty to ensure the principals functions of the public life. The risk is that the responsibility and the management of the social life could transfer often more to private actors. This dissertation attempt to examine and evaluate this complex urban structure analysing the relationships that occur between the public spaces system, POPS and the other urban activities, through the identification of the main aspects that could improve the spatial structure of the city. ; Postprint (published version)
The topic discussed in this dissertation is the study of the public spaces in Hong Kong. In recent decades the city has established itself as a major financial centre and production, aiming to be one of global cities of the new millennium. In particular the study focuses on the analysis of collective spaces present in the urban structure, i.e. those spaces that are neither proper public nor private, which represent a distinctive aspect of the city's form . In Hong Kong the use of public space assumes a peculiar character, functions that usually took place outdoors are moving in the interior spaces of malls, becoming one of the standard tools to attract people to the commercial spaces. In this sense one of the main problems affecting the development of the city is to control the process and the management of the public spaces, strengthening the relationship between public and private interest. Hong Kong is a city where the boundaries between public and private space fade, creating a new category of space. This introduces one of the main features that have generated the study of this research, that is to say, the lack of boundaries between public and private realm . The lack of boundaries, which does not necessarily means to the difference between open and closed spaces, but public spaces that are inside private properties, grey areas where it's difficult to understand which kind of spaces we are crossing. In fact, much of the urban structure, is used for commercial purposes, this aspect affects the use and the meaning of the public space that in general, are not sufficient to meet the expectations and needs of the population. In this regard the implementation of the open spaces in the city is one of the most recurrent topic of the Government of Hong Kong. Due to limited land resources (due to morphology only 24% of the territory is urbanized) the city has developed a vertical high density where the high cost of land has become a large business for the private sector. This study attempts to examine the main aspects of the privatization of public space, a phenomenon that in Asia is quite intense and, although less strongly, is involving the development of the European cities. During the eighties the Government of Hong Kong, in order to promote and improve the spatial quality versus high status density of the city, established the policy of POPS (Privately Owned Public Spaces) proceeding invented in New York, in 1960. The policy was created to promote the integration of public space in new developments by the private sector in exchange for bonus floor area. The property remains private, but the space is subject to the easement of public use in terms of access and use. In this case we have a space for public use that obviously is not a public domain, since it is not owned by the city. Despite his traditional role as main subject entitled to preserve the public space, the planning system in Hong Kong seems always weaker in front to the economic interest of the development of the city, losing the faculty to ensure the principals functions of the public life. The risk is that the responsibility and the management of the social life could transfer often more to private actors. This dissertation attempt to examine and evaluate this complex urban structure analysing the relationships that occur between the public spaces system, POPS and the other urban activities, through the identification of the main aspects that could improve the spatial structure of the city. ; Postprint (published version)
