Reports on WRDRR activities in Asia-Pacific region (Part 1) ; This report gives an account of the wind conditions in Hong Kong and the corresponding wind related damages in Hong Kong throughout the years. Details are presented in the report under three different aspects. First, typhoon wind and related damages; second, thunderstorm wind and related damages; and third, flooding related to wind storms and damages. Measures taken by the Hong Kong Government to reduce the risk of damages and disaster mitigation are also presented. ; postprint
Underground space development is regarded as an effective approach to promote a quality living environment in compact city. In Hong Kong, urban underground space developed by private sectors seems not well organized. Besides, underground use in HK can be multifunctional. Thirdly, inner design in some underground spaces is not desirable and lacks vibrancy. Fourthly, underground space development in HK lacks governmental incentives. Last but not least, the regulations and legal loophole on property rights are also controversial. Through in-depth sustainability evaluation of two case studies: TST and Umeda Osaka, research finds out urban underground space development is a good approach for urban sustainability in Hong Kong if with careful integrated planning. Then the specific underground uses for urban area, New Town and Island area are put forward. Among them, underground shopping street is recommended in the highly populated "Commercial+Tourism" areas, such as TST. The research argues that the effect of recreational use underground space development in TST is weak and only by shifting the tourism flow underground can improve the residents' living quality. Commercial and recreational use underground space development are suggested to develop first in Hong Kong. Finally, measures for sustainable underground space development in Hong Kong are put forward in terms of improved living environment, safety, linkage problem, third party operating, reserved space for planning, illumination, ventilation and landscape design etc. And research argues that a master plan in district scale is in urgent need and the significance of governmental incentive (e.g. plot ratio privilege for underground space), environmental-friendly design and recommendations on fire, flood, and crime safety are made on the existing Building Ordinances and relevant Codes. ; published_or_final_version ; Urban Planning and Design ; Master ; Master of Science in Urban Planning
Hong Kong has a curious mixture of laws old and new, written and unwritten, home-grown and imported. Made by various bodies in various ways with various results, these laws constitute a reasonably coherent body of rules, principles, practices, procedures, assumptions, and attitudes. How are these differing sources of law best described and explained? How are they mobilized and employed? How do they achieve the coherence they seem to display, and can that coherence be maintained? Such are the questions which this book seeks to illuminate. They are vital questions for a legal system undergoing significant change at a crucial time in the political development of Hong Kong ; published_or_final_version ; Preface ; Table of cases ; Table of legislation ; Index p303 ; Pt. 1 The Common Law p1 ; Pt. 2 The Reception of English Law p85 ; Pt. 3 Chinese Law and Custom p203 ; Pt. 4 Aspects of Statutory Interpretation p225 ; 1 Understanding the common law p3 ; 2 Theories of adjudication p21 ; 3 The theory of stare decisis p31 ; 4 The practice of horizontal stare decisis p65 ; 5 Vertical stare decisis within Hong Kong p81 ; 6 Statutory provisions importing English law p87 ; 7 Statute law p103 ; 8 The effect of pre-1843 Acts of Parliament p115 ; 9 Common law and equity p131 ; 10 Practice and procedure p143 ; 11 Vertical stare decisis p181 ; 12 Chinese law and custom as a source of law p205 ; 13 Ejusdem generis and the disjunctive p227 ; 14 Literal or liberal? p237 ; 15 Resort to Hansard p249 ; 16 Offences of strict liability p255 ; 17 Mandatory or directory? p273 ; 18 Retroactive and retrospective ordinances p289
Desk-top research found that the performance of green building development in Hong Kong has lagged behind other countries or cities of similar international status. The main reason for that is the lack of green building policy to coordinate the existing measures. Hence, this dissertation aims to fill the gap by finding out whether green building policy should be implemented in Hong Kong and what instruments or tools should be included in the policy if it is formulated. Further to the focus study on four selected countries, i.e. Singapore, the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, it is noted that an effective green building policy should contain a quantitative target as goal achievement and comprise mandatory instruments, economic instruments and information tools as policy options. After identifying some suitable policy options, a survey has been conducted to collect people's views. Survey results supported that there is a need for the buildings in Hong Kong to be greener and for the Hong Kong government to formulate a set of green building policy. It is recommended that Hong Kong green building policy should include quantitative commitment for both new public and private buildings in short run; and extend to existing public and private buildings in long run. The government should keep reviewing and extending its mandatory requirements on green building design and energy performance, and introducing mandatory energy audit for disclosure of key consumption data for public viewing and full report during premises or building transactions. As mandatory energy audit is a fresh idea in Hong Kong and may not be easily accepted by citizens, the government should provide sufficient assistance at the teething stage when implementing it. To further promote green building development, it is suggested that the Hong Kong government should provide financial incentives, such as the provision of tax credits for green building investment and subsidy for upgrading energy performance of existing building. However, energy tax may not be a suitable option to implement at present in view of its necessity and respondents' objections from the survey results. Apart from mandatory and economic instruments, it is opined that the Hong Kong government should allocate resources for research and development, and education for promoting green building development. This is also greatly supported by respondents according to the survey results. As green building may still be a new concept to many building practitioners in Hong Kong, the government should also set up a designated team to administer green building issues and provide a wide-spreading platform for knowledge exchange and experience sharing. Developing green building in Hong Kong not only requires commitments from the Administration and contributions from the stakeholders, but also the involvement of every citizen. With the support from everyone, this definitely can smoothen the formulation and implementation of green building policy, and make the built environment green and sustainable for the next generations to enjoy! ; published_or_final_version ; Environmental Management ; Master ; Master of Science in Environmental Management
Hong Kong está asistiendo a una sublevación digital donde miles de jóvenes se manifiestan en las calles de la antigua colonia británica para demandar a las autoridades de Pekín una democracia real en el territorio. Esta investigación pretende realizar un exhaustivo estudio de la incidencia de las estrategias digitales dentro de un movimiento revolucionario y subversivo como el protagonizado en Hong Kong teniendo en cuenta para ello las dinámicas de actuación de los rebeldes, por un lado, las tácticas empleadas por el Gobierno, por otro, y la respuesta internacional, por último. ; Hong Kong is attending a digital uprising where thousands of young people demonstrating in the streets of the former British colony to sue the authorities in Beijing real democracy in the territory. This research aims to conduct a comprehensive study of the impact of digital strategies within a revolutionary and subversive movement as played in Hong Kong for it considering the dynamic action of the rebels, on the one hand, the tactics employed by the Government on the other, and the international response, finally.
Hong Kong's school history curriculum is unique worldwide in that it consists of two entirely separate subjects-'History' and 'Chinese History'-which differ not only in content, but also in terms of their pedagogy and their assumptions concerning the nature of history as a discipline. The distinct subject of 'Chinese History' was first created in the 1950s, largely in response to the colonial government's desire to limit the politicisation of local schools. However, there was subsequently little interference by the government in the development of curricula for the 'two histories'. The pattern of curriculum development for history in Hong Kong over the past few decades does not support conventional theories concerning the impact of colonialism on education. On the contrary, it suggests that the relationship of colonialism to curriculum development may in Hong Kong's case be better understood in terms of a mutually convenient collaboration between the government and local educational élites. ; postprint
Includes bibliographical references (p. [165]-166) and index ; Hong Kong is frequently acclaimed as being the most open and business user friendly environment in the world. However, it is often forgotten or overlooked that this paragon of capitalism is founded, and indeed underpinned, by a socialist leasehold land tenure system. As the government is landlord to virtually all land in the Special Administrative Region, it plays a pivotal role in the administration of this scarce and therefore valuable resource. The purpose of this book is to explain both the historical development and current practice of land administration. It should therefore be of interest not only to students and practitioners of surveying, architecture, planning and law, but also to the wider business and financial community ; published_or_final_version ; Preface ; Introduction ; Appendices p119 ; Glossary p163 ; Bibliography p165 ; Index p167 ; Sect. I.Historical Development of Land Administration ; Sect. II.Present-Day Land Administration ; Sect. III.Land Administration Problems and Practice Associated With the New Territories ; Land Administration Office Practice and Information Notes p161 ; 1 The First Land Sales, 1841-1842 p3 ; 2 The Early Years, 1843-1898 p9 ; 3 1989 Onwards - The New Territories Lease p17 ; 4 The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984 and Basic Law 1990 p27 ; 5 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government p37 ; 6 Economic Background and Land Needs p45 ; 7 Lands Department Functions Under Administrative Law p49 ; 8 Land Exchange and Lease Modifications p63 ; 9 Development Control in Older Lease Conditions p73 ; 10 Access Arrangements and Rights of Way p81 ; 11 Town Planning Controls and Development Restrictions in Lease Conditions p83 ; 12 Land Management and Lease Enforcement p89 ; 13 Land Exchange Entitlements (Also Known as Letters A/ B) p99 ; 14 Small House Policy [actual symbol not reproducible] and the 300-Foot Rule p105 ; 15 Limitations Ordinance and Adverse Possession p109 ; 16 Tsos and Tongs and Their Impact on Land Assembly p111 ; 17 Succession p113 ; 18 Fung Shui [actual symbol not reproducible] and Graves p115 ; 19 Boundary Disputes, Missing Lots and Missing Documents p117
Kong is a global City With a unique status . r^emerging on s ' UrbanLandscape Over the past three Dozen years , it has provided Chinese cities with transferableExperience in urban development, actualized Trans-border/boundary 4 glurbanization' Within a changing regional Context , and is increasingly being bounded By a multi-scalar ^ velopmental ^ political Economy . To rise up to the the Challenge from Other Chinese Global(izing) Cities , It ? high-time so $ Kong revamped its regional and national Visions soAs To scale new Heights In An 4 Urban -
Chor See-Yu, Li Chuan-Bei. ; Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-56). ; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY --- p.ii ; TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii ; LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi ; Chapter ; Chapter I. --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF WALT DISNEY CO --- p.1 ; Theme Park and Resort --- p.1 ; Creative Content --- p.2 ; Filmed Entertainment --- p.2 ; Television --- p.2 ; Walt Disney Feature Animation --- p.3 ; Walt Disney Theatrical Productions --- p.3 ; Disney Consumer Products --- p.3 ; Broadcasting --- p.4 ; Problems Identified in the Company --- p.5 ; Chapter II. --- INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS --- p.7 ; Organizational --- p.7 ; Financial --- p.8 ; Marketing --- p.9 ; R&D --- p.9 ; Conclusion of Internal Analysis --- p.10 ; Chapter III. --- COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS OF LOCATION --- p.12 ; Tourists --- p.13 ; Number of Tourists --- p.13 ; Purchasing Power of Tourists --- p.13 ; Local Residents --- p.14 ; Number of Local Residents --- p.14 ; Earning of Local Residents --- p.14 ; Political and Social Atmosphere --- p.14 ; Political Atmosphere and Stability --- p.14 ; Social Ethic Standard and Educational Level --- p.15 ; Government Policy --- p.15 ; Culture and Ethical Factor --- p.16 ; Economic Factors --- p.16 ; Cost of Doing Business --- p.16 ; Resources For Development --- p.17 ; Suitable Place For the Construction of the Park --- p.17 ; Infrastructure --- p.17 ; Overall Attractiveness of the City --- p.18 ; Other Factors --- p.19 ; Potential For Development of Other Segments --- p.19 ; Climate and Weather --- p.19 ; Summary of Analysis and Conclusion --- p.20 ; Chapter IV. --- EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS --- p.22 ; Five Forces Model --- p.22 ; Suppliers --- p.22 ; Buyers --- p.23 ; Competitors --- p.24 ; Substitutes --- p.24 ; New Entrants --- p.25 ; Political Environment --- p.25 ; Economical Environment --- p.26 ; Social Environment --- p.26 ; Technological Environment --- p.27 ; Conclusion of External Analysis --- p.27 ; Chapter V. --- SWOT ANALYSIS --- p.28 ...
The purpose of this research report can be divided into three sub-categories: [1] To provide a comprehensive description of the organised crime groups which exist within Hong Kong and China, VI The report begins with the historical account of the development of organised crime in both Hong Kong and China, with a section devoted to each. The Section on Hong Kong Organised Crime deals with the notion of the infamous Hong Kong Triad. These are the criminal organisations that have been in existence for several centuries and have become deeply entrenched in the Hong Kong criminal culture. The Triads conduct business in three ways: through illegal business, monopolised legal businesses, and investment in legal businesses. While they are usually associated with strong, hierarchical organisational structures, the Hong Kong Triad has gone through a series of changes in the past decade, mainly since the incorporation of Hong Kong into mainland China, there has been a significant shift in the way that Triads organise themselves; today, individuals are engaging in more individual enterprise acting independently of the Triad, which is now more horizontally organised than before. Mainland Organised Crime Groups have followed a slightly different historical path. like Hong Kong the concept of organised crime has been present in China for quite a long time. Chinese organised crime groups are mainly local in nature and only deal with localized crime. They deal in business in much ofthe same way that the Hong Kong Triads do, participating in illegal businesses and monopolising legitimate businesses to make their own profit. A defining feature of organised crime in China is the concept of the "protective umbrella" which is a more specific version of the Chinese cultural concept of guanxi. This describes the political-criminal nexus between organised crime groups and government officials; organised crime groups will establish ties with government officials, either through bribes or coercion, to make sure that their organisation is protected from policing authorities. Oftentimes organised crime groups will engage directly with the police to ensure their protection from the law. This has been a major obstacle when writing legislation against organised crime in mainland China. [2] To explain and dissect the pieces of legislation in both Hong Kong and Chinese Law and the steps that each government has taken that pertain directly to the outlawing of organised criminal groups, and The Second Section investigates the histories and contemporary writings of the Hong Kong and Chinese Governments' respective legislation against organised crime. Hong Kong has taken a very specific route of dealing with organised crime; it has focused most of its legislative writings on the Hong Kong Triads, even since the 19th century. This makes sense because this by far the most permanent, and arguably socially and economically dangerous, organised crime groups that operate within Hong Kong. While Hong Kong does use some common law carried over from the time it was a British colony. However, Hong Kong has two ordinances that are specifically designed to target organised crime, especially Hong Kong Triads. These are the Organised and Serious Crimes Ordinance, which focuses on organised criminal groups that are already operating (Chapter 455 of Hong Kong Legislation) and the Societies Ordinance (Chapter 151 of Hong Kong Legislation), which is a registration system that is designed to prevent illegal organisations from forming to begin with, again, directed towards the creation of the Triads. The punishments distributed in Organised and Serious Crimes Ordinance differ greatly depending on whether the individual in question was involved with a regular organised crime group and a Triad, with the Triad affiliation gaining a much more severe punishment. The Chinese legislation against organised crime, up until the reform in 1997, had been much more ambiguous and full of loopholes, written in language that was hard to decipher. Crime is seen in a much more political light in China, in regards to how it makes the CCP appear among the Chinese population, especially pertaining to the problem of the "protective umbrella." In order to combat crime, because the law was written so poorly, the Chinese government conducted several Yanda campaigns that were designed to be brief periods of time in which there was a large number of criminal offences distributed with severe punishment in order to make a statement about the strength of the CCP. In 1997 the Chinese criminal law was rewritten with two articles pertaining specifically to the concept of organised crime: These are Article 26 and Article 294. One is supposed to deal with ordinary group crimes and the latter is supposed to define organised criminal syndicates (of an underworld nature). However, the language was ambiguous and there was a great deal of discrepancy over what the differences between the two actually were. The People's Supreme Court issued an evaluations report in 2000 which gave a list of defining factors of organised criminal groups of a syndicate/triad-like nature, including the controversial claim that they had to be affiliated in a " protective umbrella" network, which is very hard to prove. China has also taken external steps to combating organised crime including the signing of the United Nation's Convention on Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) and the ASEAN and China Cooperative Operations in Response to Dangerous Drugs (ACCORD). They're good indicators of the Chinese government's mind set in eliminating organised crime, but there is yet to be any significant progress yet to be made because of these treaties. [3] To provide a brief analysis of the applicability of each of the legislative models to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on the Australian Crime Commission (ACC)'s current Inquiry into the legislative arrangements to outlaw serious and organised crime groups. There are three pieces of legislation from the analysis of the Hong Kong and Chinese laws against organised crime that could potentially be helpful in the ACC's current inquiry. These are the Hong Kong Societies Ordinance in relation to the Australian bikie gangs, The indepth descriptions of organised criminal activities provided in both sets of criminal law, and the establishment of domestic law aimed at targeting the infiltration of foreign organised crime groups. Lastly, there is a list of recommendations that include the previous three statements as well as several that pertain directly to the issue of Chinese international organised crime and international crime within the Southeast Pacific, for both of these are relevant to Australia's fight against organised crime.
The current situation of English in Hong Kong is the subject of two competing discourses, a public one centred on the decline of language standards, and an academic one centred on the emergence of a distinctive Hong Kong English. It is not the case that one is right and the other wrong; they are two ways of looking at the same linguistic development, and both have validity for their very different purposes. After considering the social changes behind the `decline' account, this paper examines the grounds for recognising an emerging Hong Kong English. It then looks at how various political changes might affect a future Hong Kong identity, such that Hong Kong English might eventually become a public reality as well as an academic one. ; published_or_final_version
In July 1997, the British colony of Hong Kong was returned to the People's Republic of China ("PRC"). It became a Special Administrative Region ("SAR") of the PRC in accordance with the concept of "one country, two systems" embodied by the Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984. The constitutional instrument of Hong Kong's new legal and political system is the Basic Law of the SAR of Hong Kong, enacted by the National People's Congress of the PRC and effective as of July 1997. Under colonial rule, Hong Kong inherited a British-style legal system. English common law formed the foundation, and the British tradition of the Rule of law and the independence of the judiciary were transplanted to Hong Kong. In the post-War era, the people of Hong Kong enjoyed relatively more civil liberties than did the people of mainland China and Taiwan. Since the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration in 1984, the legal system of Hong Kong was further liberalized, and the political system partially democratized. Following the Tiananmen massacre of 1989, the British colonial government introduced into Hong Kong's constitution a Bill of Rights for the purpose of boosting residents' confidence in Hong Kong's future. Since the enactment of the Hong Kong Bill of Rights, the courts of Hong Kong have developed a solid body of case law on the protection of human rights, and have begun to exercise the power of judicial review of legislation. The era of constitutional adjudication thus began in Hong Kong. After the establishment of the SAR of Hong Kong in 1997, the judiciary faced dual challenges of finding a place in the new constitutional order of "one country, two systems" and leading Hong Kong forward in its legal and constitutional development. Delicate issues of Hong Kong's constitutional relationship with the central government in Beijing have arisen, which often underscore the contradiction between the Communist Party-led legal system in mainland China and the tradition of judicial independence and the Rule of law in Hong Kong. ...
