Suchergebnisse

COVID-STORM Clinicians Giuseppe Foti1, Giacomo Bellani 1, Giuseppe Citerio1, Ernesto Contro1, Alberto Pesci2, Maria Grazia Valsecchi3, Marina Cazzaniga4 1Department of Emergency, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy. 2Department of Pneumology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy. 3Center of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy. 4Phase I Research Center, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza IT ; COVID Clinicians Jorge Abad1, Sergio Aguilera-Albesa2, Ozge Metin Akcan3, Ilad Alavi Darazam4, Juan C. Aldave5, Miquel Alfonso Ramos6, Seyed Alireza Nadji7, Gulsum Alkan8, Jerome Allardet-Servent9, Luis M. Allende10, Laia Alsina11, Marie-Alexandra Alyanakian12, Blanca Amador-Borrero13, Zahir Amoura14, Arnau Antolí15, Sevket Arslan16, Sophie Assant17, Terese Auguet18, Axelle Azot19, Fanny Bajolle20, Aurélie Baldolli21, Maite Ballester22, Hagit Baris Feldman23, Benoit Barrou24, Alexandra Beurton25, Agurtzane Bilbao26, Geraldine Blanchard-Rohner27, Ignacio Blanco1, Adeline Blandinières28, Daniel Blazquez-Gamero29, Marketa Bloomfield30, Mireia Bolivar-Prados31, Raphael Borie32, Cédric Bosteels33, Ahmed A. Bousfiha34, Claire Bouvattier35, Oksana Boyarchuk36, Maria Rita P. Bueno37, Jacinta Bustamante20, Juan José Cáceres Agra38, Semra Calimli39, Ruggero Capra40, Maria Carrabba41, Carlos Casasnovas42, Marion Caseris43, Martin Castelle44, Francesco Castelli45, Martín Castillo de Vera46, Mateus V. Castro37, Emilie Catherinot47, Martin Chalumeau48, Bruno Charbit49, Matthew P. Cheng50, Père Clavé31, Bonaventura Clotet51, Anna Codina52, Fatih Colkesen53, Fatma Çölkesen54, Roger Colobran55, Cloé Comarmond56, David Dalmau57, David Ross Darley58, Nicolas Dauby59, Stéphane Dauger60, Loic de Pontual61, Amin Dehban62, Geoffroy Delplancq63, Alexandre Demoule64, Jean-Luc Diehl65, Stephanie Dobbelaere66, Sophie Durand67, Waleed Eldars68, Mohamed Elgamal69, Marwa H. Elnagdy70, Melike Emiroglu71, Emine Hafize Erdeniz72, Selma Erol Aytekin73, Romain Euvrard74, Recep Evcen75, Giovanna Fabio41, Laurence Faivre76, Antonin Falck43, Muriel Fartoukh77, Morgane Faure78, Miguel Fernandez Arquero79, Carlos Flores80, Bruno Francois81, Victoria Fumadó82, Francesca Fusco83, Blanca Garcia Solis84, Pascale Gaussem85, Juana Gil-Herrera86, Laurent Gilardin87, Monica Girona Alarcon88, Mònica Girona-Alarcón88, Jean-Christophe Goffard89, Funda Gok90, Rafaela González-Montelongo91, Antoine Guerder92, Yahya Gul93, Sukru Nail Guner93, Marta Gut94, Jérôme Hadjadj95, Filomeen Haerynck96, Rabih Halwani97, Lennart Hammarström98, Nevin Hatipoglu99, Elisa Hernandez-Brito100, Cathérine Heijmans101, María Soledad Holanda-Peña102, Juan Pablo Horcajada103, Levi Hoste104, Eric Hoste105, Sami Hraiech106, Linda Humbert107, Alejandro D. Iglesias108, Antonio Íñigo-Campos91, Matthieu Jamme109, María Jesús Arranz110, Iolanda Jordan111, Philippe Jorens112, Fikret Kanat113, Hasan Kapakli114, Iskender Kara115, Adem Karbuz116, Kadriye Kart Yasar117, Sevgi Keles118, Yasemin Kendir Demirkol119, Adam Klocperk120, Zbigniew J. Król121, Paul Kuentz122, Yat Wah M. Kwan123, Jean-Christophe Lagier124, Bart N. Lambrecht33, Yu-Lung Lau125, Fleur Le Bourgeois60, Yee-Sin Leo126, Rafael Leon Lopez127, Daniel Leung125, Michael Levin128, Michael Levy60, Romain Lévy20, Zhi Li49, Agnes Linglart129, Bart Loeys130, José M. Lorenzo-Salazar91, Céline Louapre131, Catherine Lubetzki131, Charles-Edouard Luyt132, David C. Lye133, Davood Mansouri134, Majid Marjani135, Jesus Marquez Pereira136, Andrea Martin137, David Martínez Pueyo138, Javier Martinez-Picado139, Iciar Marzana140, Alexis Mathian14, Larissa R. B. Matos37, Gail V. Matthews141, Julien Mayaux142, Jean-Louis Mège143, Isabelle Melki144, Jean-François Meritet145, Ozge Metin146, Isabelle Meyts147, Mehdi Mezidi148, Isabelle Migeotte149, Maude Millereux150, Tristan Mirault151, Clotilde Mircher67, Mehdi Mirsaeidi152, Abián Montesdeoca Melián153, Antonio Morales Martinez154, Pierre Morange155, Clémence Mordacq107, Guillaume Morelle156, Stéphane Mouly13, Adrián Muñoz-Barrera91, Leslie Naesens157, Cyril Nafati158, João Farela Neves159, Lisa FP. Ng160, Yeray Novoa Medina161, Esmeralda Nuñez Cuadros162, J. Gonzalo Ocejo-Vinyals163, Zerrin Orbak164, Mehdi Oualha20, Tayfun Özçelik165, Qiang Pan-Hammarström166, Christophe Parizot142, Tiffany Pascreau167, Estela Paz-Artal168, Sandra Pellegrini49, Rebeca Pérez de Diego84, Aurélien Philippe169, Quentin Philippot77, Laura Planas-Serra170, Dominique Ploin171, Julien Poissy172, Géraldine Poncelet43, Marie Pouletty173, Paul Quentric142, Didier Raoult143, Anne-Sophie Rebillat67, Ismail Reisli174, Pilar Ricart175, Jean-Christophe Richard176, Nadia Rivet28, Jacques G. Rivière177, Gemma Rocamora Blanch15, Carlos Rodrigo1, Carlos Rodriguez-Gallego178, Agustí Rodríguez-Palmero179, Carolina Soledad Romero180, Anya Rothenbuhler181, Flore Rozenberg182, Maria Yolanda Ruiz del Prado183, Joan Sabater Riera15, Oliver Sanchez184, Silvia Sánchez-Ramón185, Agatha Schluter170, Matthieu Schmidt186, Cyril E. Schweitzer187, Francesco Scolari188, Anna Sediva189, Luis M. Seijo190, Damien Sene13, Sevtap Senoglu117, Mikko R. J. Seppänen191, Alex Serra Ilovich192, Mohammad Shahrooei62, Hans Slabbynck193, David M. Smadja194, Ali Sobh195, Xavier Solanich Moreno15, Jordi Solé-Violán196, Catherine Soler197, Pere Soler-Palacín137, Yuri Stepanovskiy198, Annabelle Stoclin199, Fabio Taccone149, Yacine Tandjaoui-Lambiotte200, Jean-Luc Taupin201, Simon J. Tavernier202, Benjamin Terrier203, Caroline Thumerelle107, Gabriele Tomasoni204, Julie Toubiana48, Josep Trenado Alvarez205, Sophie Trouillet-Assant206, Jesús Troya207, Alessandra Tucci208, Matilde Valeria Ursini‬83, Yurdagul Uzunhan209, Pierre Vabres210, Juan Valencia-Ramos211, Eva Van Braeckel33, Stijn Van de Velde212, Ana Maria Van Den Rym84, Jens Van Praet213, Isabelle Vandernoot214, Hulya Vatansev215, Valentina Vélez-Santamaria42, Sébastien Viel171, Cédric Vilain216, Marie E. Vilaire67, Audrey Vincent35, Guillaume Voiriot217, Fanny Vuotto107, Alper Yosunkaya90, Barnaby E. Young126, Fatih Yucel218, Faiez Zannad219, Mayana Zatz37, Alexandre Belot220* ; Imagine COVID Group Christine Bole-Feysot, Stanislas Lyonnet*, Cécile Masson, Patrick Nitschke, Aurore Pouliet, Yoann Schmitt, Frederic Tores, Mohammed Zarhrate Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France. *Leader of the Imagine COVID Group. ; French COVID Cohort Study Group Laurent Abel1, Claire Andrejak2, François Angoulvant3, Delphine Bachelet4, Romain Basmaci5, Sylvie Behillil6, Marine Beluze7, Dehbia Benkerrou8, Krishna Bhavsar4, François Bompart9, Lila Bouadma4, Maude Bouscambert10, Mireille Caralp11, Minerva Cervantes-Gonzalez12, Anissa Chair4, Alexandra Coelho13, Camille Couffignal4, Sandrine Couffin-Cadiergues14, Eric D'Ortenzio12, Charlene Da Silveira4, Marie-Pierre Debray4, Dominique Deplanque15, Diane Descamps16, Mathilde Desvallées17, Alpha Diallo18, Alphonsine Diouf13, Céline Dorival8, François Dubos19, Xavier Duval4, Philippine Eloy4, Vincent VE Enouf20, Hélène Esperou21, Marina Esposito-Farese4, Manuel Etienne22, Nadia Ettalhaoui4, Nathalie Gault4, Alexandre Gaymard10, Jade Ghosn4, Tristan Gigante23, Isabelle Gorenne4, Jérémie Guedj24, Alexandre Hoctin13, Isabelle Hoffmann4, Salma Jaafoura21, Ouifiya Kafif4, Florentia Kaguelidou25, Sabina Kali4, Antoine Khalil4, Coralie Khan17, Cédric Laouénan4, Samira Laribi4, Minh Le4, Quentin Le Hingrat4, Soizic Le Mestre18, Hervé Le Nagard24, François-Xavier Lescure4, Yves Lévy26, Claire Levy-Marchal27, Bruno Lina10, Guillaume Lingas24, Jean Christophe Lucet4, Denis Malvy28, Marina Mambert13, France Mentré4, Noémie Mercier18, Amina Meziane8, Hugo Mouquet20, Jimmy Mullaert4, Nadège Neant24, Marion Noret29, Justine Pages30, Aurélie Papadopoulos21, Christelle Paul18, Nathan Peiffer-Smadja4, Ventzislava Petrov-Sanchez18, Gilles Peytavin4, Olivier Picone31, Oriane Puéchal12, Manuel Rosa-Calatrava10, Bénédicte Rossignol23, Patrick Rossignol32, Carine Roy4, Marion Schneider4, Caroline Semaille12, Nassima Si Mohammed4, Lysa Tagherset4, Coralie Tardivon4, Marie-Capucine Tellier4, François Téoulé8, Olivier Terrier10, Jean-François Timsit4, Théo Trioux4, Christelle Tual33, Sarah Tubiana4, Sylvie van der Werf34, Noémie Vanel35, Aurélie Veislinger33, Benoit Visseaux16, Aurélie Wiedemann26, Yazdan Yazdanpanah36 1Inserm UMR 1163, Paris, France. 2CHU Amiens, France. 3Hôpital Necker, Paris, France. 4Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France. 5Hôpital Louis Mourrier, Colombes, France. 6Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. 7F-CRIN Partners Platform, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France. 8Inserm UMR 1136, Paris, France. 9Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland. 10Inserm UMR 1111, Lyon, France. 11Inserm Transfert, Paris, France. 12REACTing, Paris, France. 13Inserm UMR 1018, Paris, France. 14Inserm, Pôle Recherche Clinique, Paris, France. 15CIC 1403 Inserm-CHU Lille, Paris, France. 16Université de Paris, IAME, INSERM UMR 1137, AP-HP, University Hospital Bichat Claude Bernard, Virology, Paris, France. 17Inserm UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France. 18ANRS, Paris, France. 19CHU Lille, Lille, France. 20Pasteur Institute, Paris, France. 21Inserm sponsor, Paris, France. 22CHU Rouen–SMIT, Rouen, France. 23FCRIN INI-CRCT, Nancy, France. 24Inserm UMR 1137, Paris, France. 25Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Inserm CIC1426, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France. 26Inserm UMR 955, Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Instiute (VRI), Paris, France. 27F-CRIN INI-CRCT, Paris, France. 28CHU de Bordeaux–SMIT, Bordeaux, France. 29RENARCI, Annecy, France. 30Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France. 31Hôpital Louis Mourier–Gynécologie, Colombes, France. 32University of Lorraine, Plurithematic Clinical Investigation Centre Inserm CIC-P; 1433, Inserm U1116, CHRU Nancy Hopitaux de Brabois, F-CRIN INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), Nancy, France. 33Inserm CIC-1414, Rennes, France. 34Institut Pasteur, UMR 3569 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France. 35Hôpital la Timone, Marseille, France. 36Bichat–SMIT, Paris, France. ; CoV-Contact Cohort Loubna Alavoine1, Karine K. A. Amat2, Sylvie Behillil3, Julia Bielicki4, Patricia Bruijning5, Charles Burdet6, Eric Caumes7, Charlotte Charpentier8, Bruno Coignard9, Yolande Costa1, Sandrine Couffin-Cadiergues10, Florence Damond8, Aline Dechanet11, Christelle Delmas10, Diane Descamps8, Xavier Duval1, Jean-Luc Ecobichon1, Vincent Enouf3, Hélène Espérou10, Wahiba Frezouls1, Nadhira Houhou11, Emila Ilic-Habensus1, Ouifiya Kafif11, John Kikoine11, Quentin Le Hingrat8, David Lebeaux12, Anne Leclercq1, Jonathan Lehacaut1, Sophie Letrou1, Bruno Lina13, Jean-Christophe Lucet14, Denis Malvy15, Pauline Manchon11, Milica Mandic1, Mohamed Meghadecha16, Justina Motiejunaite17, Mariama Nouroudine1, Valentine Piquard11, Andreea Postolache11, Caroline Quintin1, Jade Rexach1, Layidé Roufai10, Zaven Terzian11, Michael Thy18, Sarah Tubiana1, Sylvie van der Werf3, Valérie Vignali1, Benoit Visseaux8, Yazdan Yazdanpanah14 1Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Inserm CIC 1425, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France. 2IMEA Fondation Léon M'Ba, Paris, France. 3Institut Pasteur, UMR 3569 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France. 4University of Basel Children's Hospital. 5Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht, Netherlands. 6Université de Paris, IAME, Inserm UMR 1137, F-75018, Paris, France, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France. 7Hôpital Pitiè Salpétriere, APHP, Paris. 8Université de Paris, IAME, INSERM UMR 1137, AP-HP, University Hospital Bichat Claude Bernard, Virology, Paris, France. 9Santé Publique France, Saint Maurice, France. 10Pole Recherche Clinique, Inserm, Paris, France. 11Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France. 12APHP, Paris, France. 13Virpath Laboratory, International Center of Research in Infectiology, Lyon University, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS, UCBL, Lyon, France. 14IAME Inserm UMR 1138, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France. 15Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales; Groupe Pellegrin-Place Amélie-Raba-Léon, Bordeaux, France. 16Hôpital Hotel Dieu, APHP, Paris, France. 17Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Bichat–Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France. 18Center for Clinical Investigation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France. ; Amsterdam UMC Covid-19 Biobank Michiel van Agtmael1, Anna Geke Algera2, Frank van Baarle2, Diane Bax3, Martijn Beudel4, Harm Jan Bogaard5, Marije Bomers1, Lieuwe Bos2, Michela Botta2, Justin de Brabander6, Godelieve de Bree6, Matthijs C. Brouwer4, Sanne de Bruin2, Marianna Bugiani7, Esther Bulle2, Osoul Chouchane1, Alex Cloherty3, Paul Elbers2, Lucas Fleuren2, Suzanne Geerlings1, Bart Geerts8, Theo Geijtenbeek9, Armand Girbes2, Bram Goorhuis1, Martin P. Grobusch1, Florianne Hafkamp9, Laura Hagens2, Jorg Hamann10, Vanessa Harris1, Robert Hemke11, Sabine M. Hermans1, Leo Heunks2, Markus W. Hollmann8, Janneke Horn2, Joppe W. Hovius1, Menno D. de Jong12, Rutger Koning4, Niels van Mourik2, Jeaninne Nellen1, Frederique Paulus2, Edgar Peters1, Tom van der Poll1, Benedikt Preckel8, Jan M. Prins1, Jorinde Raasveld2, Tom Reijnders1, Michiel Schinkel1, Marcus J. Schultz2, Alex Schuurman13, Kim Sigaloff1, Marry Smit2, Cornelis S. Stijnis1, Willemke Stilma2, Charlotte Teunissen14, Patrick Thoral2, Anissa Tsonas2, Marc van der Valk1, Denise Veelo8, Alexander P.J. Vlaar15, Heder de Vries2, Michèle van Vugt1, W. Joost Wiersinga1, Dorien Wouters16, A. H. (Koos) Zwinderman17, Diederik van de Beek4* 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 3Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 4Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 5Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 6Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 7Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 8Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 9Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 10Amsterdam UMC Biobank Core Facility, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 11Department of Radiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 12Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 13Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 14Neurochemical Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 15Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 16Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 17Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 18Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. *Leader of the AMC Consortium. ; COVID Human Genetic Effort Laurent Abel1, Alessandro Aiuti2, Saleh Al Muhsen3, Fahd Al-Mulla4, Mark S. Anderson5, Andrés Augusto Arias6, Hagit Baris Feldman7, Dusan Bogunovic8, Alexandre Bolze9, Anastasiia Bondarenko10, Ahmed A. Bousfiha11, Petter Brodin12, Yenan Bryceson12, Carlos D. Bustamante13, Manish Butte14, Giorgio Casari15, Samya Chakravorty16, John Christodoulou17, Elizabeth Cirulli9, Antonio Condino-Neto18, Megan A. Cooper19, Clifton L. Dalgard20, Alessia David21, Joseph L. DeRisi22, Murkesh Desai23, Beth A. Drolet24, Sara Espinosa25, Jacques Fellay26, Carlos Flores27, Jose Luis Franco28, Peter K. Gregersen29, Filomeen Haerynck30, David Hagin31, Rabih Halwani32, Jim Heath33, Sarah E. Henrickson34, Elena Hsieh35, Kohsuke Imai36, Yuval Itan8, Timokratis Karamitros37, Kai Kisand38, Cheng-Lung Ku39, Yu-Lung Lau40, Yun Ling41, Carrie L. Lucas42, Tom Maniatis43, Davoud Mansouri44, Laszlo Marodi45, Isabelle Meyts46, Joshua Milner47, Kristina Mironska48, Trine Mogensen49, Tomohiro Morio50, Lisa FP. Ng51, Luigi D. Notarangelo52, Antonio Novelli53, Giuseppe Novelli54, Cliona O'Farrelly55, Satoshi Okada56, Tayfun Ozcelik57, Rebeca Perez de Diego58, Anna M. Planas59, Carolina Prando60, Aurora Pujol61, Lluis Quintana-Murci62, Laurent Renia63, Alessandra Renieri64, Carlos Rodríguez-Gallego65, Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu66, Vijay Sankaran67, Kelly Schiabor Barrett9, Mohammed Shahrooei68, Andrew Snow69, Pere Soler-Palacín70, András N. Spaan71, Stuart Tangye72, Stuart Turvey73, Furkan Uddin74, Mohammed J. Uddin75, Diederik van de Beek76, Sara E. Vazquez77, Donald C. Vinh78, Horst von Bernuth79, Nicole Washington9, Pawel Zawadzki80, Helen C. Su52, Jean-Laurent Casanova81 1INSERM U1163, University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France. 2San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. 3King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 4Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait. 5University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 6Universidad de Antioquia, Group of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Antioquia, Colombia. 7The Genetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. 8Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. 9Helix, San Mateo, CA, USA. 10Shupyk National Medical Academy for Postgraduate Education, Kiev, Ukraine. 11Clinical Immunology Unit, Pediatric Infectious Disease Departement, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Averroes University Hospital; LICIA Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, d'Inflammation et d'Allergie, Hassann Ii University, Casablanca, Morocco. 12Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. 13Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. 14University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 15Medical Genetics, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. 16Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA. 17Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Victoria, Australia. 18University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. 19Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. 20The American Genome Center; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. 21Centre for Bioinformatics and System Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK. 22University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA. 23Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India. 24School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. 25Instituto Nacional de Pediatria (National Institute of Pediatrics), Mexico City, Mexico. 26Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. 27Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Canarian Health System, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. 28University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. 29Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health USA, Manhasset, NY, USA. 30Department of Paediatric Immunology and Pulmonology, Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent (CPIG), PID Research Lab, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Centre, Ghent University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium. 31The Genetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. 32Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE. 33Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA. 34Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 35Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. 36Riken, Tokyo, Japan. 37Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece. 38University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. 39Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan. 40The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. 41Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 42Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. 43New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA. 44Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 45Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary. 46KU Leuven, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Transplantation, Leuven, Belgium. 47Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. 48University Clinic for Children's Diseases, Skopje, North Macedonia. 49Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. 50Tokyo Medical & Dental University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. 51Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore. 52National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. 53Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy. 54Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy. 55Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. 56Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. 57Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey. 58Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Human Diseases, Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain. 59IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain. 60Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe e Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil. 61Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, IDIBELL–Hospital Duran I Reynals; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA); CIBERER U759, ISCiii Madrid Spain, Barcelona, Spain. 62Institut Pasteur (CNRS UMR2000) and Collège de France, Paris, France. 63Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Center and Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science Technology (A*STAR), Singapore. 64Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Italy; GEN-COVID Multicenter Study. 65Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Canarian Health System, Canary Islands, Spain. 66Imperial College London, London, UK. 67Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 68Saeed Pathobiology and Genetic Lab, Tehran, Iran. 69Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. 70Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain. 71University Medical Center Utrecht, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 72Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia. 73The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 74Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College; Centre for Precision Therapeutics, NeuroGen Children's Healthcare; Genetics and Genomic Medicine Centre, NeuroGen Children's Healthcare, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 75Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Dubai, UAE; The Centre for Applied Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 76Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 77University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. 78McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada. 79Charité–Berlin University Hospital Center, Berlin, Germany. 80Molecular Biophysics Division, Faculty of Physics, A. Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, Poznań, Poland. 81Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Necker Hospital, New York, NY, USA. *Leaders of the COVID Human Genetic Effort. ; NIAID-USUHS/TAGC COVID Immunity Group Huie Jing1,2, Wesley Tung1,2, Christopher R. Luthers3, Bradly M. Bauman3, Samantha Shafer2,4, Lixin Zheng2,4, Zinan Zhang2,4, Satoshi Kubo2,4, Samuel D. Chauvin2,4, Kazuyuki Meguro1,2, Elana Shaw1,2, Michael Lenardo2,4, Justin Lack5, Eric Karlins6, Daniel M. Hupalo7, John Rosenberger7, Gauthaman Sukumar7, Matthew D. Wilkerson7, Xijun Zhang7 1Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA. 2NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. 3Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. 4Laboratory of Immune System Biology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA. 5NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA. 6Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA. 7The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. ; Clinical outcome upon infection with SARS-CoV-2 ranges from silent infection to lethal COVID-19. We have found an enrichment in rare variants predicted to be loss-of-function (LOF) at the 13 human loci known to govern TLR3- and IRF7-dependent type I interferon (IFN) immunity to influenza virus, in 659 patients with life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia, relative to 534 subjects with asymptomatic or benign infection. By testing these and other rare variants at these 13 loci, we experimentally define LOF variants in 23 patients (3.5%), aged 17 to 77 years, underlying autosomal recessive or dominant deficiencies. We show that human fibroblasts with mutations affecting this pathway are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2. Inborn errors of TLR3- and IRF7-dependent type I IFN immunity can underlie life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with no prior severe infection. ; We thank the generous donation from Fisher Center for Alzheimer's Research Foundation for our research. The Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases is supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Rockefeller University, the St. Giles Foundation, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R01AI088364), the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program (UL1 TR001866), a Fast Grant from Emergent Ventures, Mercatus Center at George Mason University, the Yale Center for Mendelian Genomics and the GSP Coordinating Center funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) (UM1HG006504 and U24HG008956), the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the "Investments for the Future" program (ANR-10-IAHU-01), the Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Excellence (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), the French Foundation for Medical Research (FRM) (EQU201903007798), the FRM and ANR GENCOVID project, ANRS-COV05, the Square Foundation, Grandir - Fonds de solidarité pour l'enfance, the SCOR Corporate Foundation for Science, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), the University of Paris. The French COVID Cohort study group was sponsored by Inserm and supported by the REACTing consortium and by a grant from the French Ministry of Health (PHRC 20-0424). Regione Lombardia, Italy (project "Risposta immune in pazienti con COVID-19 e co-morbidità"), and the Intramural Research Program of the NIAID, NIH. The laboratory of Genomes & Cell Biology of Disease is supported by "Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases" (grant no. ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), the "Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale" (grant FRM - EQU202003010193), the "Agence Nationale de la Recherche" (ANR FLASH COVID project IDISCOVR cofounded by the "Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale"), University of Paris ("Plan de Soutien Covid-19": RACPL20FIR01-COVID-SOUL). IM is a senior clinical investigator with the FWO Vlaanderen; IM and LM are supported by FWO G0C8517N – GOB5120N. The VS team was supported by "Agence Nationale de la Recherche" (ANR-17-CE15-0003, ANR-17-CE15-0003-01), and by Université de Paris "PLAN D'URGENCE COVID19". LK was supported by a fellowship from the French Ministry of Research. VS-S is supported by a UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship (MR/S032304/1). SZA-M is supported by the Elite Journals Program at King Saud University through grant number PEJP-16-107. JM lab is supported by Columbia University COVID biobank and grant: UL1TR001873. Work in the Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease was supported by NIH grants P01AI138398-S1, 2U19AI111825, and R01AI091707-10S1, a George Mason University Fast Grant, and the G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Foundation. JLP is supported by a European Molecular Biology Organization Long-Term Fellowship (ALTF 380-2018). Work at the Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 824110 (EasiGenomics grant COVID-19/ PID12342) to A.P., and Roche and Illumina Covid Match Funds to M.G. C.R.G and colleagues are supported by cInstituto de Salud Carlos III (COV20_01333 and COV20_01334), Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, with the funding of European Regional Development Fund-European Social Fund -FEDER-FSE; (RTC-2017-6471-1; AEI/FEDER, UE), and Cabildo Insular de Tenerife (CGIEU0000219140 and "Apuestas científicas del ITER para colaborar en la lucha contra la COVID-19"). D.C.V. is supported by the Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec clinician-scientist scholar program. Helen Su is adjunct faculty at the University of Pennsylvania. A-L.N. was supported by the Foundation Bettencourt Schueller. The Amsterdam UMC Covid-19 Biobank was funded by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw, NWO-vici 91819627), The Corona Research Fund (Amsterdam UMC), Dr. J. C. Vaillantfonds, and Amsterdam UMC. Work on COVID-19 at the AG-S lab is partly supported by NIH supplements to grants U19AI135972, U19AI142733 and R35 HL135834, and to contract HHSN272201800048C, by a DoD supplement to grant W81XWH-20-1-0270, by DARPA project HR0011-19-2-0020, by CRIP (Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis), a NIAID funded Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS, contract HHSN272201400008C), by an NIAID funded Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Center (SEM-CIVIC, contract 75N93019C00051) and by the generous support of the JPB Foundation, the Open Philanthropy Project (research grant 2020-215611(5384)) and anonymous donors. The Virscan analysis presented in fig. S11 was performed with financial support from Sidra Medicine ; Peer reviewed

Inhaltsangabe:Introduction: We are living in an internationalized world; global trade keeps increasing and more companies from many countries around the world are going national at an astounding rate. This is a reflection of strong economic growth around the world and the globalization of the economy and corporations. Offices are spread from one continent to another and travel is essential to business. This is the reason why "business travel is increasing," states Hubert Joly, president and chief executive officer of CWT. In today's business world, you might well find yourself as an international manager in a foreign subsidiary of an American firm, facing on a daily basis all aspects of international management. Or you could end up at the home office in Germany coordinating operations with foreign affiliates. Or you could travel to countries like Japan or China, negotiating export sales or dealing with suppliers, customers, or franchise parties. Many different kinds of positions are available in the global arena, and training in international and cross-cultural management and negotiation styles is becoming a critical ingredient in moving up to high-level positions in global organizations. "In 2006, a record 30.1 million U.S. travelers visited overseas markets, an increase of five percent from 2005." One of the top five overseas markets visited by U.S. travelers in 2006 was Germany. China (if combining travel the PRC and Hong Kong) would have tied as second. Contributing to the new record for outbound travel, seven of the top 20 U.S. outbound destination markets posted records in 2006, including Japan and China. Hundreds of thousands of jobs in the Germany owe their existence and sustainment to business travel. In Germany, the effects of a growing European Union and worldwide business travel create a stable demand for modern transport infrastructures and services. The USA is one of the two most important business travel destinations for the German economy, closely followed by China. Two markets will dominate travel interests in the future: the USA and China. No other countries will be as important for business trips as these two different giants. China's economy still enjoys a huge growing potential although its gross domestic product (GDP) has maintained a double-digit growth for four straight years and hit a new high of 10.7 in the first three quarters of 2006. The growth rate of China's labor productivity stood at 9.5 percent last year, beating all other countries across the world. Since undergoing reform and being made more open, however, the speed of economic development has increased by an average of about 10% each year for the past twenty years. The challenge is that even with all the good will in the world, miscommunication is likely to happen, especially when there are significant cultural differences between communicators, such as from the United States, Germany, China and Japan. Whatever the size or nature of a firm, it is clear that an increasing number of managers around the world will be involved in international business. That involvement will include both foreign and/or domestic assignments requiring interactions with people and firms from other countries. The objective of this thesis is to understand and improve the interaction of businessmen from the four largest economies of the world - the United States, Japan, Germany and China. Furthermore it is tried to explain, describe, and compare cultural differences, identify culturally communication and negotiation practices, and to use effective cross-cultural negotiation techniques and strategies within countries and cultures in international business settings. Knowing how even small differences in culture might cause huge misunderstandings in everyday business life, we can foresee them, and hopefully make better communication and negotiation with our business relations in other cultures.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: Table of ContentsII List of FiguresIV List of TablesV List of AbbreviationsVI Introduction1 PART I Culture5 1.Definition of Culture5 2.Models to Classify Cultures7 2.1Cultural Dimensions according to Hofstede7 2.1.1Power Distance Index7 2.1.2Individualism - Collectivism8 2.1.3Uncertainty Avoidance Index8 2.1.4Masculinity - Femininity9 2.1.5Long-Term Orientation10 2.1.6Hofstede's Dimensions for the United States11 2.1.7Hofstede's Dimensions for Germany11 2.1.8Hofstede's Dimensions for Japan12 2.1.9Hofstede's Dimensions for China12 2.2The Iceberg Model of Culture13 2.3The Trompenaars' Model of Cultural Orientation14 PART II Negotiation and Communication Styles19 3.Time Conceptualization / Cultural Time Differences19 3.1Monochronic vs. Polychronic Time21 3.2Interactions between M-time and P-time Cultures24 3.3Working Times25 3.4Paid Annual Leave28 4.Nonverbal Communication31 4.1Body Language and Gestures31 4.2Greetings35 4.3Touch and Personal Space38 5.Cross-Cultural Etiquette42 5.1Table Etiquette / Table Manners42 5.2Dress Etiquette50 5.3Gift-Giving Etiquette53 6.The Do's and Don'ts of Business Behavior59 7.High-Context vs. Low-Context Cultures71 8.Face and Face Saving76 PART III Barriers to Cross-Cultural Communication83 9.Stereotypes and Prejudices83 9.1Definition of Stereotypes and Prejudices83 9.2Origins of Stereotypes87 9.3"Sophisticated" Stereotypes88 9.4Stereotypes Change90 10.Cross-Cultural Communication Problems92 10.1Language Difficulties92 10.2Cultural Barriers93 10.3Sentence Structure Differences94 10.4Nonverbal Communication Problems95 10.5Difficulties with Idioms95 10.6Reasons for Communication Problems97 10.6.1Potential Solutions98 Conclusion101 BibliographyVII Online SourcesXITextprobe:Text Sample: Chapter 3.3, Working Times: The working times and ethics of the four countries Japan, Germany, the United States and China differ greatly. In big Japanese cities, long working days (12 hours is typical) and long careers (a lifetime in the same company) are common. They use time to build harmonious agreements and harmonious relationships with each other. This means, effectively, putting people first. The Western visitor may think he is wasting yet more time on wining and dining after the official work day is over, while he is stuck between apparently inconclusive meetings and the final business decision.1 However, that time is everything but wasted. The kind of stiff patterns and conventions of Japanese office life fall away and the people can easier get in touch with each other. Japanese businessmen consider this also as a way to relieve business stress. The German view of time is extremely integrated with careful scheduling. Delegation, although practiced with thoroughness, usually has strings attached. This organization can make innovative decisions painful, since the subordinate's decision time with his boss is kept separate from his communication time with the business partner. The junior employee has full authority over an agreed and accorded range of decisions, but that range can never include the unexpected. If the employee takes the conservative way and blocks the upward progress of a surprise proposal of a foreign business partner, the answer they get to hear is always "I am not empowered to bring this matter to my boss's attention," the business negotiations are stuck. Even if German employees try the back door, and the boss likes the idea, he will be reluctant to overrule his subordinate. The economic emergency of the pas-war years when rules were frequently broken in order to get an urgent job done, was a long time ago. The German attitude to time is changing. Germans leave the office on time and keep themselves freehanded holidays. According to a senior manager of a German car firm: "Japanese competition is really unfair. We work efficiently; they work efficiently and long." Flexibility, enthusiasm, and teamwork are very important in the U.S. workplace. In general, Americans consider working and being productive very important and being busy as well as working extensively may also serve as their way of obtaining self-esteem. Speed in decision-making is in opposite proportion to bureaucracy. "North American industry is often hung on top-down decision-making systems; "why change a winning formula?" is a rhetorical question most frequently asked by the man at the top who invented the formula. For all their protestations about time being money, American middle managers frequently disappoint by their hesitations and procrastination." The decision making process of Chinese businessmen is slow. Foreigners should not expect to conclude their business quickly. Many Chinese will want to refer to the stars or wait for a lucky day before they make a decision. Basically nothing is possible without "guanxi" in China. "Guanxi" means "relations" and it stands for connections defined by reciprocity and mutual obligations." The basis of a contact varies. New relations must be raised intensively and carefully--for example, with invitations for dinners and with small favors or presents, as these will keep the relationship going. All business is personal: it is essential for success or failure to have "guanxi" and belong to a social network. The Chinese separate people into two groups: we and the others, no matter how it is in business life or in private life. Everything is based on reciprocal trust and accomplishment. The time it takes to establish such "guanxi" relationships is often underrated. Westerners should allow for adequate time in their business travels to establish and nurture their relations. Time spent by Western businessmen in building relationships is honored by the Chinese side. "The more time one invests in establishing good relations with business partners, the more important the partners feel and consequently the more face you give them." It is very difficult to compare the actual hours worked, because of a lack of uniform statistics. A major problem is that in some cases national figures distinguish between full- and part-time workers and in others they do not. Possibly, the best way of comparing working time among businessmen from Germany, Japan and the USA, is to look at annual working hours. The Japan Institute of Labor (JIL), based on several national figures, has produced estimates for annual total hours actually worked for Japan, the USA and Germany. The annual number of hours actually worked was 1,970 in Japan in 2000, which was virtually on par with the USA at 1,986 hours. Germany was far behind with 1,525 hours (1999). Therefore the average American worked about 450 hours more than the average German. Figures for average collectively agreed annual working hours are available from the European Industrial Relations Observatory (EIRO) for eight European Union (EU) countries where working time is measured on this basis, while JIL has produced figures for "scheduled" annual working hours in Japan and the USA. Allowing for differences in calculation methods, the Table 6 shows that the differences among the EU countries, Japan and the USA are generally far less when considering normal/scheduled hours than for actual hours. This indicates that the differences between Germany, Japan and the USA lie more in the overtime and additional hours worked. Chapter 3.4, Paid Annual Leave: The amount of paid annual leave to which workers are entitled is another important aspect of working time (a factor which obviously influences the annual duration of working time). In the EU, figures are available from EIRO for the average number of days of collective agreed annual leave. These show an average annual leave entitlement in 2001 of 25.7 days. Germans have a 30-day average. For Japan, figures are available from JIL on the average paid holiday entitlement, which were 18.0 days in 2000. Nevertheless, entitled holidays in Japan are actually not taken. In 2000, only 49.5% of annual leave entitlement (8.9 days) was taken on average. The latest figures available for the USA from the U.S. Department of Labor are the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). They refer to 2001 and cover "average vacation days" in the medium and large private sector. No total figure is available for all workers, but separate ones for varying lengths of service. Therefore, annual vacation days stood at 9.6 days at one year's service, 13.8 days at five years' service, 16.9 days at 10 years' service and 20.3 days at 20 years' service. Special attention has been given to the issue of extensive working hours in China, but the extent and nature of the situation has never been fully understood. There has not been much information provided on exactly what feelings the Chinese workers have towards their working time. Also, depending on the length of the service, the annual paid leave varies between 5 and 15 days. The standard of annual working hours has been estimated to be set as 2,000 hours. The weekly working hours of employees with local urban household registration were found to be 44.2 hours, making it the shortest working time. Employees with rural household registration had the longest weekly working time which was 48.4 hours. The variable time is much more complex than it is possible to convey. It influences the course of communications, and can be responsible for conflict or the escalation of conflict when it leads to miscommunication or misinterpretation. A culturally-fluent approach to conflict means working over time to understand these and other ways communication varies across cultures, and applying these understandings in order to enhance business relationships among those from different countries.

David J. Bier


President Biden has used the immigration authority known as "parole" to permit many immigrants to enter the country or remain in the country legally. But his actions have deep historical precedent. Under section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(d)(5)), the Attorney General and later the Secretary of Homeland Security has had the authority to waive the normal restrictions on entry and allow certain noncitizens to enter the United States since 1952.
Table 1 provides a list of 126 programmatic or categorical parole orders, meaning orders that were nationalized policies intended to permit the entry of certain defined types of noncitizens. This list is certainly not exhaustive. Until recently, programmatic or categorical uses of parole were often not publicized in any formal, consistent, or even public way. The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) would simply create internal guidance that would only become public if stakeholders or the media publicized it.











For example, one instance in Table 1 is an INS official in 1990 listing six separate categories for parole in operation at the time that no other document refers to before or since. That is an exceptional case. In many cases, however, Congress acknowledged these uses of parole through subsequent or previous congressional actions, allowing for parolees to adjust to legal permanent residence or receive refugee benefits. In some cases, it just acknowledged that these procedures were in effect or expressed support for them.
This list helps dispel some myths. Since the creation of the parole power in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952—which codified executive powers already in use—Congress has substantively amended the parole authority twice: in the Refugee Act of 1980 (P.L. 96–212, March 17, 1980), barring refugees from being paroled into the United States, and in the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–208), which made two statutory changes. First, the standard for paroling someone changed from "emergent" or "public interest" reasons to "urgent humanitarian" or "significant public benefit" reasons. Second, each determination had to be made on a case‐​by‐​case basis.
Few at the time thought these changes were substantive, and the categorical parole regulations then in effect were reenacted verbatim. Moreover, the case‐​by‐​case basis requirement was in effect for decades, including for large‐​scale programmatic uses of parole, such as for Cubans and Vietnamese. Case‐​by‐​case determinations always meant an individual determination, even if someone's categorization created a presumption that they met the "emergent/​humanitarian" or "public interest/​significant public benefit" requirement.
In many cases, these parole programs have received almost no attention in many years but contain precedents that the current administration should consider reimplementing. For example, parole used to be available in 1990 for children aging out of eligibility for green cards. In the 1950s, it was used for the employment‐​based first preference category (skilled immigrants) when immigrant visas were unavailable under the cap. These two issues are particularly relevant now, with the employment‐​based cap being exhausted even for Nobel laureates and their children.
Unfortunately, there is no comprehensive set of statistics for the number of people paroled since 1952. Figure 1 shows the data that the INS published from 1982 to 2003. Table 2 shows the programmatic grants under various programs from the 1950s through the year 2000.






















Humanitarian and public interest parole categories (1952—present): This type of parole has evolved over time in the types of categories that fall under it. In 1964, the INS associate commissioner listed several categories of immigrants who would be granted parole: to "either attend to sickness or burial or some close family affair," "accompany servicemen, members of the Armed Forces where the wife or some child would have been technically inadmissible," reunite a mentally handicapped child who would otherwise be excludable with their family, or deal with medical emergencies. Since 1982, at least some of these reasons have been included in regulations. In 1980, the INS provided examples of parole, including children coming for medical treatment, people coming to donate a kidney, and a Chinese woman who was allowed to visit her 81‐​year‐​old adoptive mother, who had been expelled by the communists from China. In 1990, the INS described a "small sampling" of the kinds of humanitarian and public interest categories of parole available at the time: 1) Someone's immediate family member just died or is dying, and consular officers lack time to process a visa or deny the visa; 2) People coming for organ, blood, or tissue donation; 3) Extradited criminals, informants, witnesses; and 4) National security assets (e.g., Soviet dissidents and foreign U.S. spies). In September 2008, ICE, USCIS, and CBP signed a memorandum of agreement on the use of parole by the agencies. This document listed, among other programs described below, parole categories for 1) registered sources of the U.S. intelligence community, 2) transiters through the United States to legal proceedings in a third country, 3) trainees, 4) individuals necessary for prosecutions or investigations, 5) confidential informants, 6) extraditions, 7) civil court participants, and 8) international organization event participants.
Parole from detention (1954—1980): On November 12, 1954, Ellis Island and several other INS detention centers were closed, and detainees were paroled into the United States. The number of detained immigrants fell from a monthly average of 225 to less than 40. Paroles were carried out under section 212(d)(5) of the INA. The INS promulgated a regulation on January 8, 1958, authorizing this practice of parole from ports of entry rather than detention. From 1954 until 1981, "most undocumented aliens detained at the border were paroled into the United States." Even after 1982, when the use of parole was narrowed, its use continued "when detention is impossible or impractical." The INS associate commissioner testified in 1964 that the closing of the detention facilities met the requirement of the parole statute because "it created a better image of the American Government and American public."
Orphan parole (1956): The Refugee Relief Act of 1953 created 4,000 slots for orphans adopted by U.S. citizens, but when the slots were filled, the attorney general authorized the entry of additional orphans under his parole authority on October 30, 1956. A total of 925 orphans were paroled.
Adjustment of status: On September 11, 1957, Congress enacted Public Law 85–316, which authorized the adjustment of status to legal permanent residence of any eligible orphaned paroled into the United States.
Hungarian parole (1956): On November 13, 1956, President Eisenhower ordered that 5,000 Hungarians be paroled into the United States. On December 1, 1956, he revised the limit to 15,000 Hungarians before eliminating the limit on January 2, 1957. By June 30, 1957, 27,435 parolees had entered, and the total reached 31,915 by 1958. For context, only 109 immigrants were admitted from Hungary in 1956, and only 321,625 immigrants were admitted worldwide. The Justice Department said in 1957 that this was "the first time that the parole provision has been applied to relatively large numbers of people." Several U.S. charitable organizations helped prepare their parole applications and to find housing and jobs for them.
Adjustment of status: On July 25, 1958, Congress enacted legislation (P.L. 85–559) that allowed Hungarians to adjust their status to legal permanent residence if they were "paroled into the United States" at any point after October 23, 1956 (including after the enactment of the act) if they had been in the United States for at least two years. Ultimately, 30,491 received legal permanent residence in this way. This set a precedent for handling adjustments of later parolees.
Pre‐​Examination Parole (1957—1959): Regulations of December 6, 1957 provided that someone who was subjected to pre‐​examination in the United States prior to requesting an immigrant visa in Canada who was found inadmissible in Canada "shall be paroled" into the United States. This regulation was revoked in 1959.
Crew Members Parole (1957—present): Regulations of December 6, 1957 provided for the parole of noncitizen crewmembers under certain circumstances and stated that shipwrecked or castaway crew members "shall be paroled." On December 8, 1961 and March 22, 1967, expanded the grounds for parole to asylum seekers from communist countries. On July 27, 1990, this parole was expanded to crewmen facing persecution in any country. On March 6, 1997, this provision was updated and reenacted, and it was revised and reenacted again on February 19, 1999. On April 4, 2004, the parole of lightering crews that were not eligible for D‑1 visas for technical reasons was authorized. The parole of crew members was recognized in Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–208, 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(13)(A)).
Cuban parole (1959—1965): Starting about January 1, 1959, following the communist revolution, the Eisenhower administration used parole to allow a "small percentage" of Cubans who had left the island and entered illegally into the United States (INS 1960). By June 1961, there were 4,000 paroled Cubans in the United States (INS 1961). By December 31, 1961, there were 12,200 in parole status. In 1962, Cuban illegal entrants ceased to be referred for deportation hearings and were instead paroled into the United States (INS 1962). By June 1962, the number of Cubans on parole rose to 62,500 (INS 1962). Commercial travel between the U.S. and Cuba was suspended in 1962, and only a few thousand more Cubans made it off the island through the Red Cross (INS 1963). Altogether, about 107,116 Cubans were paroled into the United States from 1959 to 1965.
Adjustment of status: The Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 (P.L. 89–732, November 2, 1966) made it possible for Cuban parolees, including future parolees, to adjust their status to legal permanent residence after two years in the United States if they entered after 1959.
Guam parole (1959—1974): Starting in April 1959, the INS began to parole into the United States some Filipinos to work with the Defense Department and the Government of Guam on the island under the Parolee Defense program. At least 16 orders establishing and renewing Guam parole programs went out between 1960 and 1969, and an INS internal memo of January 27, 1960 established the initial rules for the program. Workers received INS Form I‑94 stamped, "Paroled into Guam under section 212(d)(5) I&N Act until the purpose of parole has been served not exceeding—–." Parolees could enter for up to a year and could be extended at least twice. On November 15, 1962, the INS created the Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Parole Program to parole workers from the Philippines and the Trust Islands into Guam to help with emergency repairs to homes and defense installations following a storm (INS 1963). From FY 1963 to FY 1974, 26,501 workers received parole to enter Guam temporarily. The Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Parole Program ended in 1970, and the Parolee Defense program was eliminated in 1975 in favor of admitting workers under the H‑2 nonimmigrant work visa program.
Refugee‐​escapee parole (1960—1965): On July 14, 1960, Congress passed the Fair Share Law (Public Law 86–648), a joint resolution to "enable the United States to participate in the resettlement of certain refugees." The law directed the INS to parole into the United States any refugee who fled from a communist or Middle Eastern country in an amount not to exceed 25 percent of the total number of such refugees accepted by other countries in the world, and it allowed any of those paroled to receive legal permanent residence after two years. During fiscal year 1961, 2,942 refugees entered as parolees (INS 1961), the largest portion of which were from Yugoslavia. In 1962, the total reached 8,260 (INS 1962). By 1966, the total had reached 19,705 (INS 1966). Public Law 86–648 included a sunset date for this use of parole of July 1, 1962, but authorization to continue to parole was extended indefinitely by section 6 of the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act Public Law 87–510 (July 1, 1962). Section 16 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 ended this parole program, and the law introduced a new capped category of immigrant visas for refugees.
Adjustment of status: Public Law 86–648 of 1960 (the original statute establishing the refugee‐​escapee parolees) allowed parolees to adjust their status to legal permanent residence after two years in the United States. Section 16 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 terminated this provision.
First Preference parole (1961): In January 1962, the INS reported that "recent changes in regulations" allowed for the parole of two groups of first preference skilled workers who could not receive green cards or immigrant visas as a result of the annual caps: 1) those who were abroad if they will be coming to work in defense industries; and 2) anyone in the United States. It's not clear exactly what change in regulation made this possible, but in 1964, the INS associate commissioner testified that this was the policy for "many years." He testified, "The basis for this policy was this incompatible situation that seemed to exist in that, with one hand, the Service was in effect making a finding that the alien's services were urgently needed and, at the same time, in contradiction, we were seeking to expel him." Congress revised the caps in 1965, which may have ended this practice.
Hong Kong Chinese parole (1962—1965): On May 23, 1962, Attorney General Robert Kennedy ordered the INS to parole into the United States Chinese who had fled to Hong Kong so long as they were "relatives of United States citizens and resident aliens" or "Chinese persons possessing special skills needed in the United States" (INS 1962). By the end of FY 1963, the total number reached 7,047 (INS 1963). Processing continued into 1964, during which the total reached 10,617 (INS 1964). The number reached 13,619 in 1965 (INS 1965). By 1966, the total reached 14,757 (INS 1965, Table 14B). A few stragglers were approved in 1966 but did not arrive until later, bringing the total to 15,111 (INS 1966). The program ended in June 1965.
Adjustment of status: The INA was amended in 1960 to allow parolees to adjust their status to legal permanent residence for the first time—which many were eligible to do since parolees generally had to meet the standards for an immigrant visa except for a cap spot being available—but no law provided any special category for Hong Kong parolees. Nonetheless, when Congress created a new general refugee category in December 1965, the administration used it to enable most other Hong Kong Chinese refugees to adjust their status. On October 5, 1978, P.L. 95–412 authorized adjustment of status for "any refugee, not otherwise eligible for retroactive adjustment of status, who was or is paroled into the United States by the Attorney General pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act before September 30, 1980."

Russian Orthodox Old Believer parole (1963): The Russian Orthodox Old Believer church was being forced out of Turkey to the Soviet Union, where they would be persecuted. In response, the INS authorized the parole of 210 church members on May 10, 1963.
Adjustment of Status: On October 5, 1978, P.L. 95–412 authorized adjustment of status for "any refugee, not otherwise eligible for retroactive adjustment of status, who was or is paroled into the United States by the Attorney General pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act before September 30, 1980."

Cuban airlift parole (1965—1973): Starting on December 1, 1965, based on a November 6, 1965 memorandum of understanding with the Cuban government, the Johnson administration operated daily "Freedom Flights" from Cuba to Miami. During its operation, 281,317 Cubans were paroled into the United States. At its peak year, 46,670 Cubans arrived via parole in 1971. This compares to 361,972 total immigrants that year. The airlifts were funded by congressional appropriations. In May 1972, the flights were suspended by the Cuban government before being terminated permanently on April 6, 1973.
Adjustment of status: The Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 made it possible for Cuban parolees entering after 1959, including future parolees, to adjust their status to legal permanent residence after two years in the United States.
Czechoslovak parole (1970): Following the failed uprising against the Soviets in Czechoslovakia on September 4, 1968, Secretary of State David Rusk asked the president to authorize the attorney general to parole for Czechoslovaks fleeing the fallout of the failed anti‐​communist uprising. When the refugee numbers permitted under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 ran out, every member of the House Judiciary Committee wrote in November 1969 to the administration to request that it parole Czechoslovakian refugees. On January 2, 1970, the attorney general authorized the use of parole. Nearly 5,000 were processed from February to November 1970, with 6,500 total. These parolees were given I‑94 documents that stated that the period of admission was "indefinite" and the purpose of the parole was "refugee." This type of indefinite parole document was still available throughout the 1980s for other parole types.
Adjustment of Status: On October 5, 1978, Public Law 95–412 authorized adjustment of status for "any refugee, not otherwise eligible for retroactive adjustment of status, who was or is paroled into the United States by the Attorney General pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act before September 30, 1980."

Soviet Union minority religious groups (1971): Following a letter from Rep. Peter Rodino of the House Judiciary Committee, on October 1, 1971, Attorney General John Mitchell announced that the United States would parole Soviet religious minorities who secured exit permits from the Soviet Union. The first four arrived on January 7, 1972, and in FY 1973, 200 were processed this way (INS 1973).
Adjustment of Status: On October 5, 1978, Public Law 95–412 authorized adjustment of status for "any refugee, not otherwise eligible for retroactive adjustment of status, who was or is paroled into the United States by the Attorney General pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act before September 30, 1980."

Advance Parole (1971): Advance parole appears to date to 1971 when the INS implemented a regulation in 1971 deeming an adjustment of status application abandoned if a person left the country while it was still pending unless "he had previously been granted permission by the Service for such absence." If someone had entered with a nonimmigrant visa and tried to adjust status, they would have had to prove "nonimmigrant intent" (i.e., intention to leave) upon reentry, which would be impossible with a pending adjustment of status application, and the only alternative to a visa is parole. Advance parole would not have helped prior to the effective date of the 1960 act, which authorized parolees to adjust their status (under a normal immigrant visa category) for the first time. The first advance parole regulation from 1982 stated that "parole [may be] authorized for an alien who will travel to the United States without a visa." Since then, advance parole has often been the top reason for granting parole. In several acts since then (1986, 1990, and 1996), Congress specifically mentioned how "advance parole" can be granted to people already paroled into the United States (8 U.S.C. 1151(c)(4)(A)).
Ugandan Asian parole (1972): The Ugandan government ordered Ugandan Asians to leave the country in 1972, and Attorney General Mitchell responded by initially ordering the INS to parole 1,000 Ugandan Asians. It ended up paroling almost 1,200 into the United States in FY 1973 (INS 1973). Another roughly 1,300 came thereafter.
Adjustment of Status: On October 5, 1978, P.L. 95–412 authorized adjustment of status for "any refugee, not otherwise eligible for retroactive adjustment of status, who was or is paroled into the United States by the Attorney General pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act before September 30, 1980."

Asylum parole (1972—1980): Following the United States acceding to the Protocol to the U.N. Convention on the Status of Refugees in 1968, the INS had no uniform process or status providing to asylum recipients because Congress had not created a specific status for them, but some were granted "individual parole." The April 10, 1979 regulations specifically provided for immigration judges to "grant asylum by parole under section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act."
Adjustment of Status: The Refugee Act of 1980 (P.L. 96–212, March 17, 1980) provided the opportunity for those granted asylum to adjust their status to receive legal permanent residence.

Cuban third country parole (1973—1978): On October 26, 1973, the INS created a parole program for Cubans outside of Cuba who had family in the United States (INS 1975). A total of 11,577 were paroled in FY 1974, 6,940 in FY 1975, 2,341 in FY 1976, 413 in FY 1977, and 580 in FY 1978.
Adjustment of status: The Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 made it possible for Cuban parolees entering after 1959, including future parolees, to adjust their status to legal permanent residence after two years in the United States.

South American/​Chilean parole (1975—1979): On June 12, 1975, the INS permitted 400 detained Chilean dissidents (and their families) to be paroled into the United States. A total of 1,600 people were ultimately paroled from 1975 to 1977. On October 27, 1976, the INS again authorized parole of 200 households, representing 800 people in FY 1977, and included some Uruguayans and Bolivians. On June 14, 1978, the parole of 500 households was authorized, and 2,000 people were admitted, including some Brazilians and Argentinians. More would have come if the government of Argentina had allowed more of them to leave.
Adjustment of Status: On October 5, 1978, Public Law 95–412 authorized adjustment of status for "any refugee, not otherwise eligible for retroactive adjustment of status, who was or is paroled into the United States by the Attorney General pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act before September 30, 1980."

Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian parole (1975—1980): In late March 1975, a parole program was authorized for Vietnamese orphans, and the first 2,279 Vietnamese orphans were flown out on April 2, 1975 (INS 1975), and on April 18, 1975, the president authorized a large‐​scale evacuation to Guam using parole. In FY 1975 alone, about 135,000 received parole. Congress funded (partially retroactively) the processing under the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act (Public Law 94–23, May 23, 1975). In August 1975, the program was expanded to Cambodians and Vietnamese with special connections to the United States, and on May 6, 1977, 11,000 more were authorized from Vietnam, Cambodia, or Laos. The three countries were grouped together in expansive programs starting August 11, 1977, January 25, 1978, June 14, 1978, December 5, 1978, April 13, 1979, October 16, 1979, and December 15, 1979. From 1975 to the middle of 1980—when the Refugee Act was enacted and replaced the parole programs—more than 330,000 Vietnamese, Cambodians, and Laotians were paroled into the United States. These refugees were all assessed on a case‐​by‐​case basis.
Adjustment of status: In 1977, Congress passed Public Law 95–145 (October 1977) that authorized adjustment of status to anyone from Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia who was paroled as a refugee before March 31, 1979—that is, about two years in the future. On October 5, 1978, Public Law 95–412 extended the date to September 30, 1980 and allowed any refugee to adjust from any country.
Soviet and Eastern European parole (1977—1980): On January 13, 1977, the attorney general created a Special Parole Program for 4,000 Soviet Jewish refugees (INS 1977). In December 1978, another program was initiated for 5,000 Soviet Jews and Romanians (INS 1978). On June 14, 1978, the INS launched another parole program for Eastern European refugees, with 3,260 processed in FY 1978 and 8,740 processed in FY 1979 (INS 1978). On April 12, 1979, 25,000 additional entries were authorized and occurred under parole in 1979. On October 16 and December 15, 1979, 3,000 additional entries were authorized per month until the enactment of the Refugee Act in March 1980.
Adjustment of Status: On October 5, 1978, Public Law 95–412 authorized adjustment of status for "any refugee, not otherwise eligible for retroactive adjustment of status, who was or is paroled into the United States by the Attorney General pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act before September 30, 1980."

Lebanese parole (1978): On December 6, 1978, the attorney general announced the creation of a new parole program for 1,000 victims of civil strife in Lebanon, and by 1980, 349 had been used, and 107 were pending.
Adjustment of Status: On October 5, 1978, Public Law 95–412 authorized adjustment of status for "any refugee, not otherwise eligible for retroactive adjustment of status, who was or is paroled into the United States by the Attorney General pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act before September 30, 1980."

Cuban prisoner parole (1978, 1985): On December 6, 1978, following an invitation by the Castro regime to take them, the attorney general announced the creation of a new parole program for 3,500 political prisoners who were then imprisoned or released since August 1978 plus their family. Ultimately, 12,000 Cubans were paroled in FY 1979. On December 14, 1984, Cuba and the United States signed an agreement under which the United States would take 3,000 Cuban political prisoners through parole and the refugee program. In fiscal year 1988, the State Department and INS approved 2,040 prisoners for entry to the United States, and 928 entered the United States.
Adjustment of status: The Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 made it possible for Cuban parolees entering after 1959, including future parolees, to adjust their status to legal permanent residence after two years in the United States.

Iranian parole (1979—1982): On April 16, 1979, following the Islamic revolution in Iran, the INS granted "extended voluntary departure" to Iranians in the United States and began paroling others into the country. Precise parole figures were not kept, but "a large number" ("thousands") were paroled. Part of this parole effort was a program under which—as the State Department put it—"not too many questions were asked" about B‑2 visa applicants from Iran, and those clearly not qualified were often paroled anyway. In 1983, Iranians were included under the Refugee Act cap for the first time, which—the administration said—replaced "the practice of the past several years of admitting them through the Attorney General's parole authority."
Adjustment of Status: On October 5, 1978, authorized adjustment of status for "any refugee, not otherwise eligible for retroactive adjustment of status, who was or is paroled into the United States by the Attorney General pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act before September 30, 1980."

Cuban/​Haitian entrant parole (1980): In April 1980, thousands of Cubans began arriving in Florida from Mariel, Cuba, by boat. Initially, these Cubans were granted parole for 60 days and allowed to seek asylum under the procedures of the newly‐​passed Refugee Act of 1980 (P.L. 96–212, March 1980). As the crisis escalated, INS declared on June 20, 1980 that it would extend 6‑month parole documents to Cubans and Haitians who had already arrived. On October 21, 1980, these 6‑month paroles were then authorized to be extended again to those who arrived before October 10, 1980. More than 125,000 Cubans and 25,000 Haitians were paroled. Congress passed a statute that recognized the existence of the Cuban and Haitian "entrant status" parole in 1981. Congress specifically authorized benefits for both past and future Cuban and Haitian parolees in The Refugee Education Assistance Act of 1980 (P.L. 96–422, October 10, 1980). On December 28, 1987, INS finalized a special regulation on the parole of Mariel boatlift Cubans detained since the boatlift ended, which resulted in about 7,000 additional paroles (or re‐​paroles).
Adjustment of Status: The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1980 (P.L. 99–603, November 6, 1986) allowed any Cuban or Haitian who entered before 1982 and either received Cuban/​Haitian entrant status or had a "record created" with the INS.

Parole from detention (1982—present): In 1981, the INS reversed its prior practice of not detaining people unless they were deemed a flight risk or a danger to the community. A court enjoined the policy, and the INS issued an interim regulation on July 9, 1982 that detailed the grounds under which it would issue parole from detention. On October 19, 1982, it finalized the regulation. This included the following categories of people eligible for parole from detention: people needing medical care, pregnant women, young children and teenagers whose processing will take longer than 30 days and who cannot be held with an accompanying adult; people with U.S. family eligible to petition for an immigrant visa for them; witnesses going to testify; people subject to prosecution; any other person whose "continued detention is not in the public interest." On March 6, 1997, INS reiterated its categories for those eligible for parole under the language of the new parole statute. On December 21, 2000, the INS revised its procedures for the parole of people ordered removed who could not be removed.
Khmer border parole (1986): In May 1986, the attorney general created a parole program for Cambodians who fled the Khmer government to Thailand, had approved immigrant petitions filed by U.S. citizen family in the United States, and had no visa available to them because of the caps. A total of 53 approvals were made in 1986, and only 418 were made as of March 1988. In 1991, 1,123 received parole. This program ended in FY 1992. About 3,500 total paroles were issued.
Adjustment of Status: The Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act of 1989 (P.L. 101–167, November 21, 1989) allowed any Cambodian paroled into the United States between 1988 and September 30, 1990 (about ten months in the future) to adjust to legal permanent residence after one year if they had been denied refugee status.

Parole for U.S. expats (1987): On December 12, 1987, the United States announced that it would parole former‑U.S. citizens who renounced their U.S. citizenship and then were ordered deported by their new state of nationality.
Soviet/​Moscow Refugee Parole (1988—present): In August 1988, the attorney general overturned the presumption that Soviet Jews qualified as refugees. On December 8, 1988, he created a "public interest" parole program for 2,000 Soviets per month who were denied refugee status. Parolees needed to have sponsors in the United States and were not eligible for refugee benefits. A total of 7,652 were paroled in FY 1989. Congress reinstated the presumption of refugee status for Jews and Evangelical Christians from the Soviet Union in 1989 (P.L. 101–167, November 21, 1989). Parole continued after this change in part because Jews had a plausible offer of alternative resettlement in Israel and continued after the Soviet Union dissolved under the label of the Moscow Refugee Parole Program. About 17,000 Soviets were paroled from 1992 to 1998 (INS 1996, 1998). On August 6, 2007, responsibility for the Moscow Refugee Parole Program was transferred to USCIS. In July 2011, it was canceled.
Adjustment of Status: The Foreign Operations Appropriations Act of 1989 (P.L. 101–167, November 21, 1989) allowed any Soviet paroled into the United States between 1988 and September 30, 1990 (about ten months in the future) to adjust to legal permanent residence after one year if they had been denied refugee status. In 1992, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were added explicitly. This provision was then repeatedly reauthorized.

Orderly Departure Vietnam parole (1989—1999): In February 1989, the attorney general created a parole program to supplement the Orderly Departure refugee program from Vietnam, which was offered only to those denied refugee status. About 770 entered in 1989. Parole was also used for Vietnamese with immigrant visa petitions approved but who could not immigrate due to the caps. Some Laotians and Cambodians also were paroled. This program was created after the attorney general overturned the presumption that Vietnamese (and others) in refugee camps qualified as refugees under the Refugee Act of 1980. Parolees had to prepay their travel expenses. The program was closed at the end of fiscal year 1999 after about 32,000 paroles.
Adjustment of Status: The Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act of 1990 (P.L. 101–167, November 21, 1989) allowed any Vietnamese paroled into the United States between 1988 and September 30, 1990 (about ten months in the future) to adjust to legal permanent residence after one year if they had been denied refugee status. On November 6, 2000, Congress enacted the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act of 2001 (Public Law 106–429), which authorized adjustment of status for citizens or natives of Vietnam, Cambodia, or Laos paroled before October 1, 1997, even if they had not been denied refugee status.

Hungarian and Polish parole (1989): In the middle of 1989, Hungary and Poland's communist governments fell, meaning that refugees from those countries no longer feared persecution on political grounds. On November 21, 1989, the INS began denying them refugee status and paroled some 832 people who were already in the process, had been interviewed, and had family in the United States.
Adjustment of Status: Section 646 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–208, September 30, 1996) granted legal permanent residence to these parolees.

Undated 1990s parole categories: In 1990, the INS described the following grounds for parole at the time without giving a date for when they started being used:
Spouses of U.S. military members who cannot qualify for visas because of the caps;
Aged‐​out children of immigrant visa applicants who had waited for years for a visa;
Children of immigrant visa recipients who failed to immigrate soon after visa receipt and for whom a visa number is not immediately available;
Someone who was trying to legalize their status by getting an immigrant visa, but the State Department erred in scheduling an appointment because there were no visa numbers available for them and is attempting to return to their U.S. residence.
Adopted children of U.S. citizens who do not qualify as orphans; and
Unaccompanied children in refugee camps with family in the United States.

Chinese parole (1990): On April 11, 1990, the president ordered the attorney general to defer the removal of unauthorized Chinese until January 1, 1994. The INS determined that parole for detained Chinese should be considered in the public interest.
Adjustment of Status: Congress enacted the Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992 (Public Law 102–404, October 9, 1992) that provided permanent residence to Chinese who were covered by the president's order and in the United States on April 11, 1990, if they were inspected and admitted or paroled.

Parole of asylum seekers (1990—present): Paroling asylum seekers is a subset of parole under the 1982 regulations, the final category of which (public interest) was amenable to several interpretations. On May 1, 1990, INS launched a "pilot parole program" for detained asylum seekers with a limit of 200. The pilot was expanded and made permanent everywhere on April 20, 1992. From 1993 to 1996, there were about 3,800 to 4,500 asylum paroles. On October 7, 1998, the INS made having established a "credible fear" of persecution a presumptive category of eligibility for parole. On November 6, 2007, DHS eliminated this presumption. On December 8, 2009, DHS reinstated the presumption to parole those establishing a credible fear of persecution. Despite a memorandum from the DHS secretary in 2017 that stated parole should be used "sparingly," the 2009 directive remained in force, though widely flouted during the Trump administration years. On March 29, 2022, DHS lowered the standard to parole someone who had not yet established credible fear.
Haitian Guantanamo parole (1991): A 1991 coup led to refugee flows by sea from Haiti to the United States. The U.S. government intercepted the boats and relocated Haitians to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, for processing. In September 1991, the INS announced a new parole program for Haitians at Guantanamo Bay who demonstrated a "credible fear" of persecution. The program continued until May 1992 when it was suspended. A small number of Haitians continued to be paroled thereafter, but they faced a strong presumption that they should be returned to Haiti. They received one‐​year parole authorizations. About 13,000 Haitians received parole from 1992 to 1996 (INS 1996, 1998; INS Parole Report 1999).
Adjustment of Status: The Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act (P.L. 105–277, October 21, 1998) provided for the adjustment of status to legal permanent residence for any Haitian in the United States as of December 31, 1995 who applied for asylum or was paroled into the United States after a finding of credible fear.

ABC Settlement Parole (1991): On January 31, 1991, the INS settled a lawsuit that challenged its asylum adjudication policies for certain Salvadorans and Guatemalans. As part of the agreement, certain Salvadorans and Guatemalans were permitted to reapply for asylum. Among these were 20,000 who were paroled into the United States to reapply in fiscal years 1993 and 1994.
Adjustment of Status: Section 203 of the Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (P.L. 105–100, November 2019) permitted these Guatemalans and Hondurans subject to the settlement agreement to apply for suspension of deportation (which provides legal permanent residence) under the lower pre‐​1996 standards.

Adoptee parole (1994): On November 25, 1994, the INS created a new parole program for children adopted by U.S. citizens who did not fall into the "orphan" category required to receive an immigrant visa.
Adjustment of Status: Congress passed Public Law 104–51 (November 15, 1995) to amend the definition of "child" to create green card eligibility for these children and other adoptees moving forward.

Cuban Migration Accord paroles (1994—present): On September 9, 1994, the United States and Cuba signed an agreement to pursue policies designed to reduce illegal immigration, including the United States maintaining a minimum level of 20,000 legal admissions of Cubans per year. The U.S. Coast Guard interdicted Cubans and moved them to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. On October 14, 1994, the White House announced that the INS would parole unaccompanied children, people over age 70, and chronically ill people at Guantanamo Bay. On December 2, 1994, it announced it would consider paroling family units if children would be adversely affected by staying in Guantanamo Bay on a case‐​by‐​case basis. On May 2, 1995, the United States agreed to accept all 18,500 Cubans currently detained at Guantanamo Bay detention facility through parole, but end the practice of taking Cubans there and simply return them to Cuba. In order to meet the 20,000 immigration quota, the United States created the Special Cuban Migration Program to grant parole to about 5,000 Cubans per year through a lottery (which was restricted to those who met at least two of the following criteria: 1) having any relatives living in the United States, 2) 3 years of work experience, and 3) a high school or college degree). In 1995, 1,898 were granted parole through the lottery out of 189,000 applicants. On March 15, 1996, the second parole lottery registration was opened. There were 433,000 applicants. On June 15, 1998, the final registration period was opened for the lottery, and 541,00 applied by July 15, 1998. Those qualifying under the 1998 registration continued to be paroled thereafter. Since 1998, the Cuban government has refused to allow another registration to occur in the country. Around 75,000 Cubans were paroled under these programs from 1994 to 2003 (the last year that statistics were available).
Adjustment of Status: All Cubans paroled after 1959 are eligible to adjust to legal permanent residence after one year in the United States under the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966.

Cuban Wet Foot, Dry Foot parole (1995—2017): On May 2, 1995, the U.S. government announced that it would not parole any Cubans intercepted at sea, even if in U.S. waters, but it would parole anyone on U.S. soil or arriving at a port of entry. The Customs and Border Protection field manual provided that Cuban asylum seekers "may be paroled directly from the port of entry" except for those who "pose a criminal or terrorist threat." Subsequently, the number of Cubans paroled at ports of entry (mainly along the southwest border) increased significantly. From 2004 to 2016, 226,000 Cubans were paroled at U.S. land borders. On January 12, 2017, DHS canceled the wet foot, dry foot parole process.
Adjustment of Status: All Cubans paroled after 1959 are eligible to adjust to legal permanent residence after one year in the United States under the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966.

Iraqi parole (1996): On September 17, 1996, the United States began airlifting some Iraqi Kurds to Guam, where they were granted parole. A total of 6,550 Iraqi Kurds who worked with the United States and 650 opposition activists were granted parole starting in September 1996.
Adjustment of Status: The FY 1999 Omnibus Appropriations Act (Public Law 105–277, October 21, 1998) waived the cap on green cards for those adjusting after receiving asylum for Iraqis evacuated via parole but did not create a special green card category.

Cuban Medical Professional Parole (CMPP) Program (2006—2017): On August 11, 2006, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) created a new parole program for Cuban doctors in third countries conscripted by the government of Cuba. In fiscal year 2007, 480 of 28,000 Cuban physicians applied for parole. As of December 2010, 1,574 physicians were paroled. On January 12, 2017, DHS canceled the program except for dependents of the physicians already in the program.
Adjustment of Status: All Cubans paroled after 1959 are eligible to adjust to legal permanent residence after one year in the United States under the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966.

Parole in Place for family of U.S. veterans (2007—present): On June 21, 2007, DHS announced that it would grant parole to a spouse of a U.S. active duty soldier, enabling the spouse to adjust to a green card. This policy continued for the next six years. On November 15, 2013, DHS issued a memorandum that provided clearer guidance on this program and expanded it to include veterans of the armed forces. On November 23, 2016, DHS expanded the program to cover family of deceased veterans and adult or married children of veterans. The National Defense Authorization Act of 2020 (P.L. 116–92) expressed congressional support for an ongoing parole program for relatives of U.S. military members.
Adjustment of Status: Spouses of U.S. citizens have an uncapped opportunity to apply for a green card, but parole enables them to apply for a green card by allowing them to meet the requirement that they were "admitted or paroled" prior to applying.

Cuban Family Reunification Parole (2007—2017, 2021—present): On November 21, 2007, the DHS created a new parole program for any Cuban with an approved family‐​based petition for legal permanent residence. In December 2017, USCIS shut down its field office in Cuba and suspended the program. In 2014, DHS started requiring a fee for the parole program. On May 16, 2022, DHS announced that it would resume processing Cuban Family Reunification Parole cases.
Adjustment of Status: All Cubans paroled after 1959 are eligible to adjust to legal permanent residence after one year in the United States under the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966.

Haitian Orphan Parole Program (2010): Following a 2010 Earthquake, on January 18, 2010, DHS announced that it would parole Haitian orphans in the process of being adopted by U.S. citizens. It accepted applications through April 2010.
Adjustment of Status: Help Haitian Adoptees Immediately to Integrate Act of 2010 (Help HAITI Act, Public Law 111–293, December 2010) authorized DHS to adjust the status of adoptees to legal permanent residence even if the formal adoption process was not complete in Haiti as a result of the Earthquake.

Haitian Earthquake paroles (2010—2016): Following a 2010 Earthquake, on January 13, 2010, ICE suspended deportations to Haiti, and ICE began to generally parole detained Haitians. CBP at ports of entry along the U.S.-Mexico border likewise began to parole Haitians rather than detain them for transfer to ICE. On January 25, 2010, DHS authorized an automatic extension of advance parole documents through March 12, 2010 for Haitians who had traveled outside the United States prior to the Earthquake after receiving advance parole. From 2010 to 2016, about 16,000 Haitians were paroled after being deemed inadmissible at ports of entry.
Central American Minors (CAM) parole (2014—2017, 2021—present): On November 14, 2014, DHS and the State Department announced a combination refugee and parole program for Salvadoran, Guatemalan, and Honduran children with U.S. family sponsors in legal status in the United States (and the minor children of the child and in‐​country parent of the child if married to the sponsoring U.S. parent). On July 26, 2016, DHS expanded the program to include other relatives, including siblings and any in‐​country biological parent of the child. On August 16, 2017, DHS announced it would be canceling the parole program. On March 10, 2021, DHS and the State Department announced it would be restarting the program for those who previously applied before the termination in 2017. On June 15, 2021, they announced the program would reopen to new applicants, including children whose parents were in the United States with pending asylum applications. The parole is indefinite. On April 11, 2023, it expanded the program to allow sponsorship by parents of children who have pending T visa applications. As of December 2016, there were 10,758 applicants for the CAM program. Of these applicants, 873 had received refugee status, and 2,086 had received parole. In 2017, another 2,700 were permitted to enter.
Haitian Family Reunification Parole (2014—present): On December 18, 2014, DHS created a new parole program for any Haitian with an approved family‐​based immigrant visa petition if they have a priority date within two years of being current. On August 2, 2019, DHS announced it would terminate the program but would extend the parole of current participants. On October 12, 2021, it reversed its decision and continued the program.
Filipino World War II Veterans Parole (FWVP) program (2016—present): On May 9, 2016, DHS created a new parole program for Filipino World War II veterans who have approved family‐​based immigrant visa petitions. On August 2, 2019, DHS announced its plans to terminate the program but would extend the parole of current participants. On December 28, 2020, it proposed a regulation to finalize this change. On October 12, 2021, it reversed its earlier decision and continued the program.
International Entrepreneur Parole (2017): On January 17, 2017, DHS created a parole program for certain entrepreneurs. On July 11, 2017, DHS published a rule delaying the effective date of the program. In December 2017, the rule delaying the rule was vacated by a court and was forced to implement the rule. From 2017 to 2019, 30 people applied, and only one approval was granted.
Parole + Alternatives to Detention program (2021): On July 31, 2021, Border Patrol created a policy of paroling detained immigrants at the border when ICE cannot accept custody of the person, there isn't a risk to national security or public safety, processing capacity exceeds 75%, and arrivals exceed discharges, the average processing time exceeds two days, and arrivals will likely exceed discharges the following day. On November 2, 2021, the Border Patrol chief formalized this policy with respect to family units. On July 18, 2022, Customs and Border Protection expanded this policy to cover both families and single adults. On March 8, 2023, the policy was blocked by a federal district court judge after about 700,000 paroles.
Afghan evacuation parole (2021): After the Taliban seized control of Afghanistan on August 15, 2021, the U.S. military began to fly thousands of Afghans to U.S. military bases in the region. On August 23, 2021, DHS launched a new parole operation under Operation Allies Welcome (OAW). In the next few weeks, it paroled more than 75,898 Afghans into the United States. After the initial evacuation, DHS received 50,000 parole requests from Afghans, adjudicated about 9,500, and denied all but about 500. In September 2022, DHS stated that Afghans abroad would generally no longer be considered for parole at all. On June 8, 2023, DHS announced it would extend the parole of Afghan parolees in the United States. The Extending Government Funding and Delivering Emergency Assistance Act of 2021 (P.L. 117–43, May 2022) provided refugee benefits to Afghan parolees, explicitly appropriating money for those benefits, and directing the creation of a plan to process pending Afghan parole applications between July 31, 2021, and September 30, 2022 or paroled into the United States after September 30, 2022 if a spouse or child of an Afghan parolee or parent or legal guardian of an unaccompanied Afghan child.
Uniting for Ukraine (2022): After the Russian invasion of Ukraine, DHS decided to parole Ukrainians arriving at the U.S.-Mexico border ports of entry, formally announcing the policy on March 11, 2022, and about 23,000 were paroled with 1‑year admissions. On April 27, 2022, DHS created a new parole program for Ukrainians with U.S. sponsors. As of May 2022, DHS had paroled about 125,000 Ukrainians under the Uniting for Ukraine sponsorship program with 2‑year admissions. The Additional Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2022 (P.L. 117–128, May 2022) provided refugee benefits to Ukrainians paroled between February 24, 2022 and September 30, 2023 or paroled into the United States after September 30, 2022 if a spouse or child of a Ukrainian parolee or parent or legal guardian of an unaccompanied Ukrainian child. On March 13, 2022, DHS extended the parole of the 23,000 paroled at ports of entry.
Adjustment of Status: A Ukrainian Adjustment Act (H.R.3911) was introduced in 2023.

Cuban, Haitian, Nicaraguan, and Venezuelan parole sponsorship processes (2022—2023): On October 19, 2022, DHS created a parole program for Venezuelans with U.S. sponsors modeled on Uniting for Ukraine with a cap of 24,000. On January 9, 2023, DHS replaced this cap with a combined 30,000 per month cap for Venezuela, Haiti, Cuba, and Nicaragua (each of which received its own parole sponsorship programs the same day). 1.5 million applicants had applied by May 2023, and about 131,000 had been admitted.
Adjustment of Status: All Cubans paroled after 1959 are eligible to adjust to legal permanent residence after one year in the United States under the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966. A Venezuelan Adjustment Act (H.R. 7854) was introduced in 2022.

Family Reunification Parole Processes (2023): On July 10, 2023, DHS created family reunification parole programs for Colombians, Salvadorans, Guatemalans, and Hondurans who have approved immigrant visa petitions. Parole applicants had to be invited by the U.S. government. This announcement followed up on the May 2023 announcement that the United States wanted to accept as many as 100,000 individuals from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras through the family reunification pathway. As of May 2023, there were 73,500 eligible for the program, but many more were waiting for their immigrant visas to be approved.

AMÉRICA LATINAMuere el disidente Oswaldo Payá, principal gestor de un cambio democrático para Cuba. Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/world/americas/cuba-dissident-death/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/07/23/internacional/_portada/noticias/4C0C7B70-8B23-4CAB-92B7-FCB2F3E7D758.htm?id={4C0C7B70-8B23-4CAB-92B7-FCB2F3E7D758} http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/860532.html http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/07/23/12897730-cuban-dissident-and-nobel-peace-prize-nominee-osal%20to%20Mixed=1&__utmk=89392472 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-18975660 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1492838-reclaman-a-cuba-que-investigue-la-muerte-de-paya#comentar http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/dissidentes-cubanos-sao-presos-no-enterro-de-oswaldo-paya-5567269#ixzz21aR7yv1q http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-oswaldo-paya-20120724,0,5477537.story En funeral de Payá detienen a opositor Guillermo Fariñas y a otros 50 cubanos.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/detencion-de-guillermo-farinas-en-funeral-de-oswaldo-paya_12060326-4 Unasur exige comicios democráticos en Paraguay para su reingreso al bloque.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1493019-unasur-exige-comicios-democraticos-en-paraguay-para-su-reingreso-al-bloque#comentarNativos del Cauca tensan la cuerda para echar de su zona al Ejército colombiano.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/17/world/americas/colombia-indigenous-clash/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/18/actualidad/1342572089_940711.html Detenidos por torturas seis policías en Argentina.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/20/actualidad/1342805020_329586.html http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/20/world/americas/argentina-video/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 La minería informal ha devastado miles de hectáreas en la Amazonia peruana.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/21/actualidad/1342893208_268998.html Fronteras en el Mar Caribe: otro juicio marítimo que resuelve La Haya. Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/07/23/internacional/_portada/noticias/165D9CAB-D42A-4F14-A9E9-362386A23103.htm?id={165D9CAB-D42A-4F14-A9E9-362386A23103} Humala renueva gabinete para encarar conflictos en Perú.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2012/07/23/le-gouvernement-peruvien-presente-sa-demission-au-president_1737381_3222.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-18964804 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/ministros-de-per-presentaron-renuncia-al-presidente-ollanta-humala_12057221-4 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexico-violence-20120717,0,2621578.story59% de los bolivianos apuesta a la reelección de Morales. Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/07/23/internacional/internacional/noticias/F8678237-06FC-42B2-87B0-23E95B0E7373.htm?id={F8678237-06FC-42B2-87B0-23E95B0E7373} Nicaragua crea batallón antidroga.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/860528.html General Motors suspende ocho fábricas en Brasil.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1493055-1493055#comentar Fiscalía cita a Lugo por reunión de canciller venezolano y militares.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/fiscala-cita-a-lugo-por-reunin-de-canciller-venezolano-y-militares_12057995-4 ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁMatanza en cine de Denver. Para más información: http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/suposto-atirador-do-colorado-seria-fa-do-unabomber-5565685#ixzz21aREdJ9c http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-07/24/content_15610387.htm http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/21/actualidad/1342870148_774946.html http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2012/07/23/le-suspect-de-la-tuerie-d-aurora-comparait-au-tribunal_1737339_3222.htmlSe reabre debate sobre la libre tenencia de armas en Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/23/world/americas/analysis-colorado-shooting-mann/index.html?hpt=wo_t4 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/se-reabre-debate-sobre-la-tencia-libre-de-armas-en-ee-uu_12056906-4 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/07/23/internacional/internacional/noticias/E575B18F-1A8B-490F-B5CB-AF0F69084BE8.htm?id={E575B18F-1A8B-490F-B5CB-AF0F69084BE8} http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/23/opinion/frum-guns/index.html?hpt=hp_c1 Diversos medios hacen referencia a la campaña electoral estadounidense.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/860548.html http://elpais.com/tag/elecciones_eeuu_2012/a/"The Economist" analiza la política monetaria de Washington.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2012/07/monetary-policy-7 Estados Unidos afina plan para remover a Al Assad.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-07/24/content_15610787.htm http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/07/23/internacional/_portada/noticias/088F1F29-57CB-4FB1-95AF-9908180BFA86.htm?id={088F1F29-57CB-4FB1-95AF-9908180BFA86}Obama advierte a Siria sobre usar armas químicas.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/860515.html "MSNBC" publica: "los canadienses ahora son más ricos que los estadounidenses"Para más información: http://bottomline.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/07/18/12817825-canadians-are-now-richer-than-americans?lite Estados Unidos amplía a África combate a narcos latinoamericanos. Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/07/23/internacional/internacional/noticias/F94804B0-0D72-4C17-A577-863182B54E64.htm?id={F94804B0-0D72-4C17-A577-863182B54E64}Vehículo con 23 migrantes choca en Texas: mueren 14 .Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/860505.htmlEUROPALa crisis en Europa: España a un paso de pedir el rescate. Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2012/07/daily-chart-15 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1492880-espana-a-un-paso-de-pedir-el-rescate#comentar http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18971041 http://economywatch.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/07/24/12931119-spain-teeters-on-the-edge-of-a-steep-fiscal-cliff?lite La Comisión Europea sostiene que Rumania bordea el precipicio.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/18/actualidad/1342627454_107296.htmlDiversos medios hacen referencia a la crisis económica en Europa.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21559387 http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-07/24/content_15611748.htm http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-07/24/content_15610570.htm http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/21/world/europe/21iht-letter21.html?ref=world&gwh=5F00A422070D0370265B29D72B183EE4 Miles de desempleados de todo el país convergieron en Madrid en repudio al plan de ajuste de Rajoy. Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/07/23/internacional/_portada/noticias/8BCEE0B0-0892-4637-BB53-EDF10359E1E8.htm?id={8BCEE0B0-0892-4637-BB53-EDF10359E1E8} http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1492392-marcha-de-desocupados-en-espana#comentarRupert Murdoch renunció a directorios de diarios británicos.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/rupert-murdoch-renunci-a-la-direccin-de-su-grupo-de-medios_12053192-4Noruega conmemoró el primer aniversario de la "Matanza de Utoya".Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/world/europe/norway-shooting-anniversary/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/primer-aniversario-del-doble-atentado-realizado-en-noruega_12054601-4 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1492557-noruega-conmemora-el-primer-aniversario-de-la-matanza-de-utoya#comentar http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/07/23/internacional/internacional/noticias/449BF1B1-92EE-43A1-B68A-3C457DD6F371.htm?id={449BF1B1-92EE-43A1-B68A-3C457DD6F371} http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/22/actualidad/1342948196_251106.htmlPolicía de Bulgaria tras pistas por ataque terrorista.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/world/europe/bulgaria-bombing-probe/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18973992 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/19/actualidad/1342725783_603339.html http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/07/24/12931949-bulgarian-pm-conspiracy-behind-suicidet%20Type%20to%20Content=Internal%20to%20Mixed=1&__utmk=101288258El informe que puso en jaque a uno de los bancos más grandes del mundo.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/informe-que-revela-cmo-hsbc-se-habra-prestado-para-lavar-dinero-a-narcos_12058424-4Ex-juez Baltasar Garzón defenderá a fundador de WikiLeaks. Para más información: http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/ex-juiz-baltasar-garzon-defendera-fundador-do-wikileaks-5574703 Un voraz incendio deja tres muertos y miles de hectáreas quemadas entre España y Francia.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1492570-un-voraz-incendio-deja-tres-muertos-y-miles-de-hectareas-quemadas-entre-espana-y-francia#comentar http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1492603-incendio-fuera-de-control-en-cataluna#comentar Mayordomo del Papa en arresto domiciliario tras salir de la cárcel. Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/21/actualidad/1342889681_208171.html http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/22/world/europe/ex-papal-butler-under-house-arrest-while-awaiting-decision.html?ref=world&gwh=87371F37B57C233BD1B2F4716BBB15C3ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTEContinúa la guerra civil en Siria.Para más información: http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/07/24/12926915-syrian-forces-launch-air-attacks-as-rebels-push-on-largest-city?lite&__utma=2381453&__utmk=27478399 http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/governo-sirio-esta-usando-cacas-contra-aleppo-5565545 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/lucha-entre-ejrcito-y-rebeldes-por-el-control-de-damasco-y-alepo_12056588-4 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-18973719 http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-07/24/content_15614173.htm http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/22/world/middleeast/us-to-focus-on-forcibly-toppling-syrian-government.html?ref=world&gwh=977E719DD9E2C30C25D6D1DCE9E5A01E http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/21/actualidad/1342894653_612303.html http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/23/world/meast/syria-street-of-death/index.html?hpt=wo_c1 http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2012/07/23/la-syrie-n-utilisera-ses-armes-chimiques-qu-en-cas-d-agression-des-occidentaux_1737329_3218.html http://www.economist.com/node/21559367Rebeldes sirios acusan al régimen de haber trasladado armas químicas.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/tropas-del-regimen-buscan-retomar-el-control-de-siria_12059761-4 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1492841-el-regimen-sirio-amenaza-con-usar-armas-quimicas#comentar Jóvenes prefieren huir de Siria que prestar el servicio militar.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/siria-jvenes-huyen-para-no-prestar-el-servicio-militar_12055464-4 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-syria-violence-20120724,0,609506.story http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-07/24/content_15610946.htm http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1492626-una-ola-de-deserciones-aisla-a-al-assad#comentar http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/22/world/middleeast/syrians-find-optimism-at-a-tent-city-in-turkey.html?_r=1&ref=world&gwh=0331125FDE361FBFCAE8A9044DC44833Tropas sirias entran en Líbano y bombardean la zona fronteriza.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/22/actualidad/1342945874_168111.htmlChina sufre una de las peores inundaciones en 60 años.Para más información: http://dailynightly.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/07/24/12931085-after-hong-kong-weathers-typhoon-anger-roils-over-beijing-flooding-deaths?lite http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1492604-pekin-sufre-las-peores-inundaciones-en-60-anos#comentar http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/23/world/asia/china-flooding-reaction/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2012/07/22/au-moins-dix-morts-dans-des-pluies-torrentielles-en-chine_1736845_3216.html http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2012/07/19/en-chine-les-terres-rares-tuent-des-villages_1735857_3216.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1492604-pekin-sufre-las-peores-inundaciones-en-60-anos#comentarSacude a Irak una ola de atentados: 111 muertos.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/23/world/meast/iraq-unrest/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/cadena-de-atentados-en-irak_12056582-4 http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-07/24/content_15610522.htm http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1492842-sacude-a-irak-una-ola-de-atentados-111-muertos#comentar Mensaje terrorista: Al Qaeda dice que recupera zonas en Irak. Para más información: http://usnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/07/23/12909634-al-qaida-leader-threatens-to-carry-out-more-attacks-on-us-soil?lite http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/07/23/internacional/internacional/noticias/2DFFA519-468B-40D7-A558-41557073F238.htm?id={2DFFA519-468B-40D7-A558-41557073F238} Tensión diplomática: Beijing enviará tropas a disputada isla del Mar del Sur de China. Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/07/23/internacional/internacional/noticias/53BFE1B4-8CB6-49E1-8EF1-66DDD7BBCAEC.htm?id={53BFE1B4-8CB6-49E1-8EF1-66DDD7BBCAEC}Los legisladores indios votan para elegir al próximo presidente.Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/07/23/internacional/internacional/noticias/430B9EF3-0721-4724-84A4-1649039E3CAC.htm?id={430B9EF3-0721-4724-84A4-1649039E3CAC} http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/19/actualidad/1342699225_775489.html Ataque suicida en Paquistán. Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/22/world/asia/suicide-bomb-kills-several-in-pakistan-tribal-area.html?ref=world&gwh=B22C26573C23D27F538D5AA456ECCD32 Nuevos reportes critican a TEPCO por crisis nuclear en Fukushima.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-07/24/content_15610471.htm http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/23/world/asia/japan-fukushima-report/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 Un tribunal chino ratifica la condena al artista Ai Weiwei por evasión fiscal.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/20/actualidad/1342784515_854922.html 12 muertos en accidente aéreo en Brunei.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/21/world/asia/brunei-helicopter-crash/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7ÁFRICAFalleció el presidente de Ghana.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/fallecio-el-presidente-de-ghana_12060663-4 http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/07/24/12929632-ghana-president-dies-un&__utmk=156501496 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18972107 http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2012/07/23/des-inondations-dans-le-centre-du-nigeria-font-au-moins-35-morts_1737327_3212.html Egipto nombra a Hisham Qandil como Nuevo primer ministro.Para más información: http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/mursi-escolhe-politico-pouco-conhecido-para-premier-do-egito-5567762#ixzz21aUbuqbd http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18969742 Segunda cadena perpetua para Ben Alí, por la muerte de 43 manifestantes en 2011.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/19/actualidad/1342709069_490268.htmlEl Tribunal Internacional de Justicia acusa a Hissene Habré, ex presidente de Chad, de torturar y asesinar a miles de opositores.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/20/actualidad/1342802719_473698.html Fuertes lluvias matan a 21 personas en Nigeria. Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/23/world/africa/nigeria-floods/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 Estados Unidos expande su estrategia antidrogas en África. Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/22/world/africa/us-expands-drug-fight-in-africa.html?ref=world&gwh=C4B88A6AAA952AD486CF09DB5AD45A29 La alianza pro occidental supera a los islamistas en las elecciones de Libia.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/18/actualidad/1342566811_750417.html Estados Unidos levanta sanciones comerciales contra Zimbabwe. Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-07/24/content_15612643.htmOTRAS "The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week". Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21559395

A horas del comienzo de las OlimpíadasLos XXIX Juegos Olímpicos se realizarán en Pekín, capital de la Republica Popular China, entre el 8 y el 24 de agosto de 2008. El evento deportivo contará con 302 pruebas en 28 deportes a las que se estima participen sobre 10.500 atletas provenientes de 205 comités olímpicos nacionales. Los ojos del mundo están puestos en China, seguridad, los preparativos, detenciones, amenazas, derechos humanos, deportes, libertad de prensa, contaminación atmosférica, los conflictos con el Tibet son temas que salen a la luz en los principales medios de prensa internacional:"New York Times":"China Orders Highest Alert for Olympics":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/04/sports/olympics/04china.html?ref=world"Bush to Urge China to Improve Human Rights": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/06/sports/olympics/07prexy.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=slogin Presenta su sitio web con información respecto a las olimpíadas:http://olympics.blogs.nytimes.com/"MSNBC":"Protests past, Olympic torch 'finally in Beijing'. Relay will tour city for three days before opening ceremony lighting":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26045609/"Bush: China must end detentions, ensure rights. President expected to express 'deep concerns' over lack of freedoms":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26049628/Presenta su sitio web con información respecto a las olimpíadas:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24696691 "El Mercurio" de Chile: "Hay miles de efectivos desplegados, incluso en ciudades donde no se celebrarán eventos deportivos: China está bajo el control total de las fuerzas de seguridad que resguardan las Olimpíadas":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/08/06/internacional/_portada/noticias/AC74DB89-E951-4FD8-AB2C-603006AF608D.htm?id={AC74DB89-E951-4FD8-AB2C-603006AF608D}"China Daily":Presenta su sitio web con información respecto a las olimpíadas: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/olympics/"El País" de Madrid:"La antorcha olímpica llega a Pekín. China ordena salir del país a los cuatro activistas que han desplegado esta mañana una pancarta pro-Tíbet":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/deportes/antorcha/olimpica/llega/Pekin/elppgl/20080806elpepudep_1/TesPresenta su sitio web con información respecto a las olimpíadas: http://www.elpais.com/especial/juegos-olimpicos/ "CCN":Presenta su sitio web con información respecto a las olimpíadas:http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2008/news/olympics/"Bush heads to Asia for talks, Olympics":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/08/03/bush.asia.ap/index.html "Los Ángeles Times":"Bush says U.S. firmly opposed to China's repression":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-bush7-2008aug07,0,3693219.storyPresenta su sitio web con información respecto a las olimpíadas: http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/olympics_blog/ "Miami Herald": "China breaks promises on rights, media, pollution": http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/story/629406.html"China apologizes for police beating of journalists":http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/story/630705.html"Beijing feels the pressure to be perfect: China is proud -- and a bit nervous -- as the Olympic games approach. The country wants to show that it has reached the top level of the world's nations.":http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/story/627475.html "The Economist":"China's dash for freedom: China's rise is a cause for celebration—but despite the Beijing Olympics, not because of them":http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?source=most_commented&story_id=11848192"Welcome to a (rather dour) party: China is keen to show its best face at the games and that face is indeed a lot better than it once was. But do not expect any dramatic slide from authoritarianism":http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11841531"Time":"Bush: China Must End Detentions":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1829817,00.html"China To Athlete Activist: Stay Out!":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1829803,00.html"Fears about Olympic Press Freedoms":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1829781,00.html"La Nación":"China, bajo los trastornos de la naturaleza: Un terremoto de 6,1 grados afectó la provincia de Sichuan y provocó la muerte de una persona y 23 heridos; en tanto, Hong Kong fue invadida por una tormenta tropical que hizo peligrar las pruebas de equitación":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1036992 AMERICA LATINA"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "Cristina Fernández no se arrepiente de nada. La presidenta argentina asegura en su primera rueda de prensa desde que asumió el poder que repetiría cada una de las decisiones que ha adoptado durante sus ocho meses de gestión, incluida la que derivó en el conflicto con el campo": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Cristina/Fernandez/arrepiente/nada/elpepuint/20080802elpepuint_8/Tes"La Nación" informa: "Tras recibir a radicales K, el Gobierno marcó su malestar con Cobos":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1037003"EL Mercurio" de Chile informa: " Argentina: Gobierno y agro retoman el diálogo tras conflicto":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/08/06/internacional/internacional/noticias/AE53BE80-6BBE-4840-B050-9AA6B1D7C944.htm?id={AE53BE80-6BBE-4840-B050-9AA6B1D7C944}"CNN" publica: "Putin eyes renewed Russian ties with Cuba":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/04/russia.cuba.ap/index.html"The Economist" analiza: "Cuba: Big brother's shadow": http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11848468"Time" informa: "Mexico Condemns Texas Execution":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1829804,00.htmlCrisis en Bolivia, varios medios nos informan.:"La Nación": "Faltan cuatro días para el referéndum: crece la agitación social: Estalla una ola de violencia en Bolivia. Choques entre mineros y policías dejaron dos muertos en una zona andina; una protesta frustró la cumbre presidencial en Tarija":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1036886"El País" de Madrid: "La violencia resurge en Bolivia. Mueren dos mineros en choques con la policía a cinco días del referéndum - Chávez y Cristina Fernández cancelan su viaje por las manifestaciones": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/violencia/resurge/Bolivia/elpepuint/20080806elpepiint_9/Tes"El Mercurio": "Manifestaciones fuera de control a pocos días del referéndum revocatorio: Violentas protestas en Tarija impiden reunión pública de Morales con Chávez y Cristina":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/08/06/internacional/_portada/noticias/009C1083-99C8-466C-871C-8A1D8D9ADBFB.htm?id={009C1083-99C8-466C-871C-8A1D8D9ADBFB}"The Economist" analiza: "Bolivia: Carry on voting": http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11848460ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA"La Nación" informa: "Bush comenzó una polémica gira por tres países de Asia. Asistirá a los Juegos Olímpicos de Pekín":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1036852"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "Bush inicia esta semana una gira por Asia, con la atención mundial puesta en los Juegos Olímpicos. El presidente estadounidense visitará Corea del Sur, Tailandia y China": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Bush/inicia/semana/gira/Asia/atencion/mundial/puesta/Juegos/Olimpicos/elpepuint/20080803elpepuint_6/Tes"CNN" publica: "No evidence of al Qaeda No. 2's illness or death, U.S. says":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/08/01/alzawahiri/index.html"Time" informa: "Bin Laden Driver Convicted at Gitmo":http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1829880,00.html"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "Un jurado militar declara culpable de apoyo al terrorismo al chófer de Bin Laden. Es el primer preso de Guantánamo juzgado y condenado.- Podría ser condenado a cadena perpetua": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/jurado/militar/declara/culpable/apoyo/terrorismo/chofer/Bin/Laden/elpepuint/20080806elpepuint_9/Tes"MSNBC" publica: "No time for Bush to see through 3 nuclear delas. Deals with India, North Korea, Iran will likely wait for next president":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26012694/Sitio con links a artículos sobre las elecciones estadounidenses:http://thepage.time.com/EUROPA"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "Serbia no renunciará a la adhesión a la UE ni a Kosovo. El presidente Boris Tadic pedirá a la Corte Internacional de Justicia su opinión sobre la independencia de Pristina.- Afirma que seguirá persiguiendo a los criminales de guerra": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Serbia/renunciara/adhesion/UE/Kosovo/elpepuint/20080803elpepuint_7/Tes"New York Times" publica: "Italy Begins Military Effort Against Illegal Immigrants":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/05/world/europe/05italy.html?ref=world"CNN" informa: "Italy deploys troops to fight street crime":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/04/italy.troops.ap/index.html"Time" analiza: "France Frees Sick Italian Terrorist":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1829568,00.html"MSNBC" anuncia: "Berlusconi takes fire for nipple cover-up, PM's office paints over oft-seen breast in painting; critic says move 'crazy'":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26010033/"CNN" informa: "Spain facing zero growth as economy suffers":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/04/spain.economy.ap/index.htmlAsia – Pacífico /Medio OrieNTE"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "Suben a 145 los muertos por una estampida en un templo hindú de India. Al parecer, el vallado del templo se ha derrumbado durante un festival religioso.- La mayoría de los fallecidos son mujeres y niños":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Suben/145/muertos/estampida/templo/hindu/India/elpepuint/20080803elpepuint_5/Tes"New York Times" publica: "In India, 148 Die in Stampede at Temple":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/05/world/asia/05india.html?ref=world"CNN" publica: "India: Deadly stampede after 'landslide rumor'":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/04/stampede.cause/index.html"New York Times" anuncia: "Ragtag Taliban Show Tenacity in Afghanistan":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/04/world/asia/04taliban.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=slogin"Time" informa: "Philippines: 'Cholera' Kills 21":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1829832,00.html"Time" publica: "Four Tibet Activists Detained":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1829818,00.html"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "Al menos 12 muertos al estallar un coche bomba en Bagdad. El atentado se ha producido en un barrio suní del norte de la capital iraquí": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/muertos/estallar/coche/bomba/Bagdad/elpepuint/20080803elpepuint_4/Tes"La Nación" informa: "El programa nuclear: Irán evitó responder al plan de incentivos. Quedó expuesto a recibir sanciones":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1036854"El País" de Madrid informa: "El G-6 acuerda buscar nuevas sanciones contra Irán. Las potencias han decidido que la UE mantendrá un "contacto informal" con el negociador iraní para asuntos nucleares": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Bush/apuesta/castigar/Iran/ambigua/respuesta/oferta/potencias/elpepuint/20080806elpepuint_1/Tes"New York Times" publica: "Iran Escalates Military Rhetoric":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/05/world/middleeast/05iran.html?ref=world"CNN" publica: "Hamas arrests more Fatah members":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/08/01/palestinian.infighting/index.htmlAFRICA"CNN" publica: "Somalia bomb kills 21 women street cleaners":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/08/03/somalia.strife/index.html"MSNBC" anuncia: "Bomb kills 20 Somalis, imperils peace deal. Explosion fuels power struggles within government, Islamic insurgency": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25998939/Mauritania(Estado al noroeste de África): las Fuerzas Armadas tomaron el control del palacio de gobierno y arrestaron al presidente y al primer ministro, en medio de una grave crisis política. Varios generales que habían sido destituidos de sus puestos en la cúpula militar del país han encabezado una asonada contra el presidente Sidi Mohamed Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, el primer presidente democrático del país, que había llegado al poder en marzo de 2007 en unas elecciones avaladas por la comunidad internacional que supusieron el primer paso en el camino hacia la democracia. La Unión Africana (UA) y la Unión Europea ya ha condenado el golpe de Estado y han pedido la restauración del gobierno democrático. Varios medios informan al respecto:"Time": "New Junta Announced in Mauritania":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1829834,00.html"La Nación": "Golpe de Estado en Mauritania: Las Fuerzas Armadas tomaron el control del palacio presidencial en medio de una grave crisis política":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1037001"El País": "Golpe de Estado en Mauritania. Militares rebeldes, molestos con la reorganización del Ejército, toman el Palacio Presidencial y detienen al presidente y el primer ministro":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Golpe/Estado/Mauritania/elpepuint/20080806elpepuint_6/Tes"MSNBC": "Renegade troops seize power in Mauritania: Generals launch coup over elected president's links to Islamic hard-liners":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26050583/ "El Universal": "Condena EU golpe de Estado en Mauritania.El poder desbancado ha sido un gobierno democráticamente elegido y constitucional, y condenamos el acto militar, dijo hoy el portavoz adjunto del Departamento de Estado": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/528059.html"Le Monde": "Coup d'Etat militaire en Mauritanie":http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2008/08/06/coup-d-etat-militaire-en-mauritanie_1080856_3212.html#ens_id=1080863ECONOMIA "The Economist" publica su informe semanal: "Business this week":http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11849942"CNN" publica: "BA talks to American Airlines about merger":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/08/04/ba.aa.ap/index.htmlLa crisis financiera internacional: Los grandes bancos europeos suman malos resultados. BNP Paribas, la entidad más grande entre las que cotizan en la bolsa francesa, reportó una caída del 34% en su ganancia; el alemán Commerzbank mostró una baja de sus utilidades de un 20,3%, "La Nación" anuncia:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1036999"MSNBC" publica: "The top 8 Olympic marketing screw-ups: Remember Dan and Dave? You better believe that Reebok still does":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26001006/"MSNBC" anuncia: "Wall Street pares losses on as oil declines: The well-being of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae is still a big concern": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3683270/OTRAS NOTICIASHiroshima en el 63 aniversario de la bomba atómica. Unas 45 mil personas se concentraron en el Parque de la Paz de Hiroshima para guardar un minuto de silencio a la misma hora en que tal día como hoy en 1945 Estados Unidos lanzaba la bomba atómica sobre la población civil: "El Universal" de Méjico publica:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/527976.html"MSNBC" informa: "63 years on, Hiroshima mayor urges nuke ban: City marks anniversary of U.S. attack that killed 140,000 during WWII":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26050483/"La Nación" publica: "Ultimo adiós a Solyenitzin: Miles de rusos rindieron homenaje de héroe al escritor":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1036849"El País" de Madrid informa: "Rusia despide a Solzhenitsin: Putin y Gorbachov desfilan junto a muchos moscovitas por la capilla ardiente":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Rusia/despide/Solzhenitsin/elpepiint/20080806elpepiint_8/Tes"Los Angeles Times" anuncia: "Russians pay respects to Alexander Solzhenitsyn":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-solzhenitsyn6-2008aug06,0,764866.story

Bei den Daten handelt es sich um Indikatoren aus den World Values Surveys (Wellen 1-6), die auf Länderebene aggregiert wurden.

Themen: Index Emanzipatorischer Werte (Emancipative Values Index, EVI); Index Emanzipatorischer Werte Kurzversion basierend auf den Komponenten reproductive choice (Reproduktionsentscheidungen) und gender equality (Gleichberechtigung); Komponente reproductive choice (Akzeptanz von Homosexualität, Scheidung und Abtreibung); Komponente Sprache (Priorität auf Redefreiheit und die Stimme der Menschen in nationalen und lokalen Angelegenheiten); Komponente gender equality (Unterstützung für die Gleichberechtigung von Frauen in den Bereichen Beruf, Bildung und Politik); Autonomiekomponente (Unabhängigkeit, Phantasie statt Gehorsam als geschätzte Eigenschaft von Kindern); Index säkularer Werte (Secular Values Index; SVI); Index säkularer Werte Kurzversion basierend auf den Komponenten disbelief (Ungläubigkeit, Zweifel) und defiance (Trotzhaltung, Renitenz); Komponente Ungläubigkeit (schwacher Glaube an Religiosität und wenig religiöse Praxis); Komponente Renitenz (geringer Nationalstolz, geringer Respekt vor Autoritäten und geringe Konformität mit elterlichen Erwartungen); Komponente Skepsis (geringes Vertrauen in die Polizei, Behörden und Gerichte); Komponente Relativismus (nur leichte Ablehnung von Bestechung, Steuerhinterziehung und Gebührenbetrug); Social movement activities (Beteiligung an Petitionen, Boykotten und Demonstrationen); Verknüpfung mit Informationsquellen (Nutzung von Internet, E-Mail und PC); wahrgenommene Stimulation: durchschnittliche Wahrnehmung der täglichen Aufgaben als kreativ, kognitiv und autonom; kognitive Mobilisierung; individuelle Befähigung (individual empowerment); Index zur Temperatur und Wasserversorgung (Cool Water Index); liberales Demokratieverständnis: freie Wahlen, Bürgerrechte und Gleichberechtigung; illiberales Demokratieverständnis: militärische Intervention; religiöse Autorität, Arbeitslosengeld; aufgeklärtes Demokratieverständnis; wahrgenommener Grad der Demokratisierung im eigenen Land; demokratisches Bestreben: Wunsch, in einem demokratisch regierten Land zu leben; Mobilisierungspotential für Demokratie; wahrgenommene Fairness anderer Menschen; Vertrauen: allgemeines Vertrauen; Vertrauen in Familie, Bekannte und Nachbarn; Vertrauen in Unbekannte und Menschen mit anderer Nationalität und Religion; unspezifisches und generalisiertes Vertrauen; Aktivitäten in zivilen Organisationen (z.B. Freizeit, Kirche, Parteien, etc.); Zufriedenheit mit der finanziellen Situation des Haushalts; Selbsteinschätzung des Gesundheitszustands; Fähigkeit zur Gestaltung des eigenen Lebens; Glück; Lebenszufriedenheit; Kampfbereitschaft für das eigene Land im Falle eines Krieges.

Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: für alle Länder: Nummer; Jahr, Name; Erhebungsjahr; Erhebungswelle; Kulturzone; Filterdummy für die letzte Welle je Land; numerischer Ländercode; 3-Buchstaben-Ländercode; Ländercode Weltbank; Index demokratische Rechte 1996 bis 2006; Index Bürgerrechte 1995 bis 2005; Index ehrliche Regierung 1996 bis 2006; Index wirksame Demokratie 1996 bis 2006; Index ehrliche Demokratie; Index Loyalitäts-Normen: Vertrauen in den öffentlichen Dienst, Polizei und Armee; Index Protest-Normen: Beteiligung an Demonstrationen, Boykotten, Petitionen.

Für weitere Informationen zur Variablenliste siehe die Dokumentation (Codebook) des CSES Module 1-3 Harmonized Trend File.
Informationen zum Inhalt können den Studiennummern ZA5179 CSES Module 1 Full Release, ZA5180 CSES Module 2 Full Release, und ZA5181 CSES Module 3 Full Release entnommen werden.

AMÉRICA LATINA Tras la muerte de Eduardo Campos, el Partido Socialista de Brasil oficializa la candidatura de Marina Silva. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21613316-marina-silva-upsets-electoral-calculus-third-way http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/20/world/americas/brazil-presidential-candidate/index.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1720290-tras-la-muerte-de-eduardo-campos-el-psb-oficializa-la-candidatura-de-marina-silva www.time.com/3149004/the-green-activist-who-might-become-brazils-next-president/ http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/marina-silva-la-mujer-que-podria-sacar-a-dilma-roussef-de-la-presidencia-en-brasil/14428443 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/08/24/actualidad/1408841665_890022.html markets.html?ref=world&gwh=A7C174942BD685FB47FD1B248820621E&gwt=pay http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1719742-marina-silva-le-ganaria-un-ballottage-a-dilma http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-28875205 http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/26/world/americas/intensifying-presidential-campaign-brings-tension-to-brazils-financial-markets.html Debido al desabastecimiento en Venezuela habrá que dar las huellas dactilares en los supermercados. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-28891292 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1720428-desabastecimiento-para-comprar-en-el-super-en-venezuela-habra-que-dar-las-huellas-dactilares http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/captahuellas-para-hacer-mercado-en-venezuela-comenzaria-en-2015/14419076 Desabastecimiento en Venezuela también golpea a hospitales. Para más información: http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/08/22/inenglish/1408716543_287566.html Datos insólitos sobre este combustible en Venezuela. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1720167-diez-datos-que-probablemente-no-sabe-sobre-la-nafta-en-venezuela Presos brasileños realizan violento motín. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-28930141 http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/25/world/americas/brazil-prison-riot/index.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2014/08/140825_ultnot_brasil_motin_parana_lav.shtml http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/motin-en-carcel-de-brasil-dejo-cuatro-presos-muertos/14434915 Curioso voto en contra en el Parlamento cubano: por primera vez en décadas, alguien se opuso a una ley del régimen. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1719997-curioso-voto-en-contra-en-el-parlamento-cubano El kirchnerismo apuesta por la "patria o buitres". Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/ee-uu-y-canada/juez-de-ee-uu-dice-que-canje-de-la-deuda-de-argentina-es-ilegal/14418744 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/08/25/actualidad/1408925589_268292.html http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/08/25/inenglish/1408977028_808376.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/intento-de-argentina-de-pagar-deuda-en-buenos-aires-es-ilegal/14418309 Bachelet deberá llegar a importantes consensos para poner en marcha reformas propuestas. Para más información:http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/08/22/inenglish/1408722919_728679.html Chilenos salen a las calles a protestar. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/estudiantes-chilenos-salen-de-nuevo-a-las-calles-para-protestar/14418512 Sismos sacuden Chile y Perú. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/24/world/americas/peru-earthquake/index.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/sismo-en-zona-central-de-chile/14427365 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-08/25/content_18478757.htm Assange dejará "pronto" la embajada de Ecuador en Londres. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1719745-assange-dejara-pronto-la-embajada-de-ecuador-en-londres http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/asilo-al-fundador-de-wikileaks-julian-assange/14427897 Peña Nieto visita California para dialogar con migrantes. Para más información:http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/08/25/inenglish/1408973805_794461.html Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo encuentran a otro de sus nietos. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/abuelas-de-plaza-de-mayo-encuentan-nieto-secuestrado-en-argentina/14422678 Oficial colombiano se reúne con rebeldes de las FARC en La Habana. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-28905674 Tormentas tropicales azotan a diversos países centroamericanos. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-27408964 http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/24/world/americas/tropical-weather/index.html www.nbcnews.com/news/weather/three-dead-tropical-storm-cristobal-lashes-caribbean-n187981 http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/23/world/americas/tropical-weather/index.html Arqueólogos hallan dos antiguas ciudades mayas en la selva de México. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/arqueologos-hallan-dos-antiguas-ciudades-mayas-en-selva-de-mexico/14422395 Siderúrgica india gana arbitraje contra Bolivia. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2014/08/140825_ultnot_bolivia_jindal_arbitraje_lav.shtml Canal de Panamá en vías de expansión. Para más información:http://www.miamiherald.com/2014/08/12/4286046/panama-canal-is-another-expansion.html Venezuela enfrenta la inseguridad y la violencia. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/venezuela-como-pais-y-latinoamerica-como-region-los-mas-inseguros/14418016 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/la-violencia-macabra-alarma-a-venezuela/14425875 ESTADOS UNIDOS /CANADÁ Para Washington la amenaza islamista es un desafío sin precedente. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28891325 http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/iraq-turmoil/top-u-s-general-cautions-against-hitting-isis-syria-n188311 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1721008-para-washington-ei-es-un-desafio-sin-precedente http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/iraq-turmoil/what-are-obamas-options-stomping-out-isis-iraq-syria-n187136 Los incidentes de Ferguson desmontan la idea de que la segregación acababa con Obama. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21613261-there-no-excuse-rioting-smarter-policing-would-make-it-less-likely-lessons http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-28924099 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-08/22/content_18467651.htm http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/portfolio/2014/08/25/ferguson-les-obseques-de-michael-brown-celebrees-dans-le-calme_4476521_3222.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/08/24/actualidad/1408900159_640232.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/ee-uu-y-canada/continuan-manifestaciones-a-favor-y-en-contra-del-policia-de-ferguson/14428237 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/ee-uu-y-canada/protestas-por-racismo-en-estado-unidos/14427977 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1719851-missouri El mayor terremoto en 25 años en California paraliza Napa. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-28924146 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/08/25/actualidad/1408948701_953386.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/ee-uu-y-canada/sismo-de-60-en-california/14429295 Asesinato del periodista James Foley por islámicos radicales sacude al mundo. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-28927568 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/ee-uu-y-canada/decapitacion-de-periodista-fue-un-ataque-a-ee-uu-casa-blanca/14423465 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1720296-estupor-por-una-ejecucion-obama-promete-mano-dura-con-los-extremistas http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/verdugo-de-periodista-decapitado-james-foley/14431636 Liberaron en Siria al periodista estadounidense Peter Theo Curtis. Para más información:http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/former-cellmate-peter-theo-curtis-tears-joy-family-n188261 http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/american-writer-curtis-release-aided-qatar-state-dept-says-n188681 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-28922601 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1721386-liberaron-en-siria-al-periodista-estadounidense-peter-theo-curtis http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/25/world/middleeast/peter-theo-curtis-held-by-qaeda-affiliate-in-syria-is-freed-after-2-years.html?src=mv&assetType=nyt_now http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-08/25/content_18477819.htm Juez declara inconstitucional prohibir el matrimonio gay en Florida. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/ee-uu-y-canada/juez-declara-inconstitucional-prohibir-el-matrimonio-gay-en-florida/14417736 Estados Unidos: chocaron dos trenes con material tóxico y murieron dos personas. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1719861-estados-unidos-chocaron-dos-trenes-con-material-toxico-y-murieron-dos-personas Estados Unidos irá por más sanciones si Rusia no retira el convoy humanitario de Ucrania. Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1720882-eeuu-ira-por-mas-sanciones-si-rusia-no-retira-el-supuesto-convoy-humanitario-de-ucrania http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/ee-uu-y-canada/rusia-debe-retirar-inmediatamente-su-convoy-de-ucrania-ee-uu/14421707 Estados Unidos prohibió a sus aviones comerciales sobrevolar Siria. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1719856-siria-vuelos-estados-unidos EUROPA Continúa la crisis política y militar en Ucrania. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21613313-fighting-eastern-ukraine-intensifies-pro-russian-rebels-lose-ground-raising-fresh http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/all-vehicles-russia-aid-convoy-have-left-ukraine-osce-n187486 http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-russia-ukraine-convoy-20140813-story.html http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28931054 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-08/25/content_18480430.htm http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2014/08/25/a-donetsk-l-humiliant-defile-des-prisonniers-de-guerre_4476162_3210.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/decenas-de-camiones-del-convoy-humanitario-ruso-regresan-a-rusia-/14425715 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1719758-kiev-acusa-a-los-prorrusos-de-bombardear-un-convoy-de-civiles http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/25/world/europe/ukraine.html?ref=world&gwh=F02B72E98D40AEE0B040C82581325981&gwt=pay&assetType=nyt_now http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/08/25/actualidad/1408976442_736286.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/vladimir-putin-no-espera-y-hace-entrar-convoy-a-ucrania/14424638 Rumbo al referéndum que busca una Escocia independiente. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2014/08/25/les-partisans-de-l-independance-pronent-une-ecosse-sociale-et-ouverte_4476154_3214.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1719363-el-dilema-escoces-jugarse-por-el-orgullo-nacional-o-cuidar-el-bolsillo http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-28918473 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/08/25/actualidad/1409000455_298964.html http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-28929057 http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/scotland-independence-vote/scotlands-independence-vote-dominates-edinburgh-festival-fringe-n186546 Ahonda la fractura de la izquierda francesa tras tomentosa salida del polémico ministro de economía. Para más información:http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/frances-socialist-government-dissolves-internal-feud-n188436 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/08/25/actualidad/1408995076_926275.html http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/26/world/europe/french-prime-minister-moves-to-dissolve-government.html http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28924279 Diversos países europeos controlarán avance de islámicos extremistas en sus territorios. Para más información:http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/08/25/inenglish/1408970186_093265.html http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/25/world/europe/nation-appeals-to-anti-extremist-imams-in-effort-to-uproot-seeds-of-radicalization.html Adolescente de 13 años, sospechoso de provocar 7 incendios en Portugal. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-14421317 Identifican a presunto asesino del periodista Foley. Para más información:http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/08/25/inenglish/1408959265_825374.html http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-ambassador-britain-foley-killer-20140824-story.html Rumania estaría preparada para convertirse en el granero de Europa. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2014/08/25/la-roumanie-est-en-passe-de-redevenir-le-grenier-de-l-europe_4476309_3234.html "The Economist" publica análisis sobre enseñanzas que debería de tener en cuenta el Banco Central Europeo. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21613259-european-central-bank-should-learn-success-unconventional-policies-america-and El negocio de las armas divide al gobierno alemán. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/el-negocio-de-las-armas-divide-al-gobierno-aleman/14427695 ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTE La ONU acusa al Estado Islámico de 'limpieza étnica y confesional' en Irak. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2014/08/25/la-province-syrienne-de-rakka-passe-sous-la-coupe-de-l-etat-islamique_4476158_3210.html http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/estado-islamico-ha-asesinado-a-casi-mil-personas-onu-1032834.html http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/iraq-turmoil/isis-linked-potential-iraq-war-crimes-u-n-s-navi-n188201 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/08/25/actualidad/1408983145_230027.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/matanza-de-sunies-agrava-tensiones-en-irak/14424640 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/claves-para-entender-al-grupo-estado- islamico/14427699 http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/iraq-turmoil/deep-pockets-dark-goals-how-will-isis-keep-funding-terror-n187296 El espionaje occidental estrecha el cerco sobre el verdugo yihadista del periodista estadounidense. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/08/24/actualidad/1408870547_217961.html http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/26/world/middleeast/iraq.html?ref=world&gwh=F141A7F1E8349CC571ED760904D22567&gwt=pay http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/james-foley/syria-james-foley-rescue-might-have-worked-cooperation-n188476 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1720657-llaman-a-detener-el-flujo-de-jihadistas-occidentales-a-medio-oriente Diversos ataques suicidas dejan decenas de muertos en Irak. Para más información:http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/iraq-turmoil/suicide-car-bomb-explodes-outside-baghdad-intelligence-agency-8-dead-n187461 http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-iraq-bombings-20140825-story.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/ataque-deja-70-muertos-en-irak-y-ee-uu-promete-golpear-a-yihadistas/14421456 http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2014/08/25/l-onu-denonce-le-nettoyage-ethnique-et-religieux-de-l-etat-islamique-en-irak_4476330_3218.html http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28924104 http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/iraq-turmoil/30-killed-iraq-bombings-day-after-mosque-attack-n187591 Barack Obama instó a las fuerzas kurdas e iraquíes a trabajar en conjunto para contener la ofensiva de los extremistas. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1719737-irak-con-la-ayuda-de-eeuu-los-kurdos-recuperaron-el-control-de-una-represa-estrategica Militares de ISIS toman base aérea siria. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/25/world/middleeast/isis-militants-capture-air-base-from-syrian-government-forces.html http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28927246 http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/isis-fighters-seize-syrias-tabqa-air-base-syrian-regime-n188171 Continúa el conflicto entre Israel y el Hamas. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28925725 http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/middle-east-unrest/israeli-boy-killed-five-wounded-gaza-mortar-strike-n187226 http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-hamas-executes-suspected-informers-20140822-story.html http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-08/25/content_18480205.htm http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/justicia-de-hamas-mata-a-18-palestinos/14424375 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1719971-vuelven-los-misiles-y-combates-en-gaza-tras-el-vencimiento-de-la-tregua El papa Francisco concluyó su visita a Asia y pidió por "la reconciliación de las dos Coreas". Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1719637-el-papa-francisco-concluyo-su-visita-a-asia-y-pidio-por-la-reconciliacion-de-las-dos-coreas Mueren 10 personas en estampida en India. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/26/world/asia/stampede-india.html http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/mueren-10-en-una-avalancha-en-la-india-1032792.html http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-28923854 El papa Francisco estaría amenazado por el Estado Islámico. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/el-papa-francisco-estaria-amenazado-por-el-estado-islamico/14434195 Malasia recibe a víctimas del vuelo MH17 de Malaysia Airlines derribado en Ucrania. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1720823-malaysia-airlines-victimas-ceremonia http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/malaysianairliner/ Líderes chinos discuten futuro político de Hong Kong. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-28923896 "The Economist" analiza la India de Narendra Modi. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21613342-narendra-modi-stern-headmaster-early-days China busca decirle adiós a su apartheid. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1721246-con-un-plan-de-ingenieria-social-china-busca-decirle-adios-a-su-apartheid ÁFRICA África continúa alerta por consecuencias del Ébola. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/world/africa/la-fg-africa-congo-testing-ebola-2-dead--20140825-story.html http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28925491 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1720533-liberia-en-fotos-el-barrio-sitiado-por-causa-del-ebola http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/el-ebola-y-el-estigma-de-la-pobreza-1032791.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/sudafrica-cierra-sus-fronteras-a-los-paises-mas-afectados-por-el-ebola/14417637 http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-28923826 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/brote-ebola-congo-distinto-de-frica-occidental-1032909.html Boko Haram proclama un califato islámico en el norte de Nigeria. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/boko-haram-proclama-un-califato-islamico-en-el-norte-de-nigeria/14433316 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28927898 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/boko-haram-declara-califato-islamico-ciudad-nigeria-1032877.html Egipto vuelve a las obras faraónicas. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/08/25/actualidad/1408987117_336263.html Un nuevo 'parlamento' disputa la legitimidad a la Cámara libia. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/08/25/actualidad/1409001657_678954.html http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/25/world/africa/libyan-unrest.html Grupos rivales de Mozambique acuerdan cese al fuego. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28923524 OTRAS "The Economsit" publica su informe: "Business this week".Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/world-week/21612259-business-week

Das Modul wurde als Nachwahl-Befragung durchgeführt. Die daraus resultierenden
Daten werden mit Daten über das Abstimmungsverhalten, demographischen Daten, und Variablen auf Wahlkreis- und Länderebene in einem einzelnen Datensatz bereitgestellt.

CSES Variable List

Eine Liste aller Variablen wird auf der Webseite des CSES bereitgestellt. Sie verdeutlicht, welche Inhalte über das CSES verfügbar sind und erlaubt es die Inhalte über verschiedene Module des CSES zu vergleichen.

Themen:

INDIVIDUALDATEN:

Technische Variablen:
Gewichtungsvariablen; Art der Wahl; Datum der Wahl 1. und 2. Wahlgang; Zeitpunkt der Studie (Nachwahlbefragung, Vorwahlbefragung und Nachwahlbefragung, Zwischen Wahlgängen in Mehrheitswahlsystemen); Erhebungsmodus; Geschlecht des Interviewers; Datum der Datenerhebung; Wahlkreis des Befragten; Anzahl der Tage zwischen Wahltag und Interview.

Demographie:
Alter; Geschlecht; Bildung; Familienstand; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft anderer Haushaltsmitglieder; Mitgliedschaft in einem Unternehmerverband; Mitgliedschaft in Bauernverband; Mitgliedschaft in Berufsverband; Erwerbsstatus; Beruf; sozioökonomischer Status; Beschäftigungsform (öffentlicher oder privater Sektor, industrieller Sektor); Erwerbsstatus des Partners; Beruf des Partners; sozioökonomischer Status des Partners; Beschäftigungsform (öffentlicher oder privater Sektor, industrieller Sektor) des Partners; Haushaltseinkommen; Anzahl Personen im Haushalt; Anzahl Kinder im Haushalt; Anzahl Kinder unter 18 im Haushalt; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Religiosität; Konfessionsmitgliedschaft; Haushaltssprache; Rasse; ethnische Zugehörigkeit; Wohnort; ländliches oder städtisches Wohnumfeld.

Befragungsvariablen:
Wichtigste Themen der Wahl; Beurteilung der Kandidatenkompetenz im Umgang mit wichtigsten Themen der Wahl; Relevanz von Wahlen für Politikgestaltung; Bedeutung der eigenen Stimme für Politikgestaltung; Beurteilung der Leistung der Regierung; Partei und Spitzenpolitiker, die am besten für die Meinung des Befragten stehen; Sympathie-Skalometer für ausgewählte Parteien und Spitzenpolitiker; Einstufung von Parteien und Spitzenpolitikern auf einem Links-Rechts -Kontinuum; Selbsteinstufung auf Links-Rechts-Skala; wahrgenommene Unterschiede zwischen den zur Wahl stehenden Optionen; Beteiligung an der Wahlkampagne; Demokratiezufriedenheit; Parteiidentifikation; Intensität der Parteiidentifikation; Teilnahme bei der aktuellen und der letzten Wahl; Wahlentscheidung ( Präsidentschafts-, Unterhaus und Oberhauswahlen ) in der aktuellen und der letzten Wahl; Befragter hat Stimme für bevorzugten Kandidaten abgegeben; politische Informiertheit.

WAHLKREISDATEN:

Anzahl der zu vergebenden Sitze im Wahlkreis; Anzahl der Kandidaten im Wahlkreis;
Anzahl der Parteilisten; Prozentanteil der Parteien (Wahlergebnis); Wahlbeteiligung im Wahlkreis.

LÄNDERDATEN:

Wahlergebnisse der Parteien bei der aktuellen Parlamentswahl (Unterhaus / Oberhaus); Anteil der von den Parteien erhaltenen Sitze im Unterhaus; Anteil der von den Parteien erhaltenen Sitze im Oberhaus; Anteil der Stimmen der Präsidentschaftskandidaten der Parteien bei der aktuellen Wahl; Wahlbeteiligung; Parteizugehörigkeit des Präsidenten
und des Ministerpräsidenten vor und nach der Wahl; Anzahl der von jeder Partei gehaltenen Kabinettsposten vor und nach der letzten Wahl; Größe des Kabinetts nach der letzten Wahl; Anzahl der an der Wahl teilnehmenden Parteien; ideologische Parteifamilien; durch Experten zugeordnete Links-Rechts-Position der Parteien und alternative Dimensionen des Parteienwettbewerbs; bedeutendste Faktoren bei der Wahl; Fairness der Wahl; formelle Beschwerden gegen die Ergebnisse auf nationaler Ebene; Unregelmäßigkeiten bei den Wahlen; geplanter und tatsächlicher Wahltermin; Unregelmäßigkeiten des Wahltermins; Umfang von Gewalt während und nach der Wahl; geographische Konzentration von Gewalt; Protest nach der Wahl; Möglichkeit zu Wahlbündnisse im Wahlkampf; existierende Wahlbündnisse; Voraussetzungen für gemeinsame Parteilisten; Möglichkeit von Koalitionen ; Art der Vereinbarungen über Wahlbündnisse; Mehrparteien-Vermerke auf Stimmzetteln; Anzahl abgegebener Stimmen; Abstimmungsverfahren; Anzahl der Wahlgänge; Parteilisten geschlossen, offen oder flexibel; Stimmen übertragbar; Stimmen kumulierbar; Wahlpflicht; Sperrklausel; Einheit der Sperrklausel; Freedom House Rating; Polity-IV Klassifikation (Demokratie-Autokratie); Alter des gegenwärtigen Regimes; Eigenschaften des Regimes: Art der Exekutive, Anzahl der Monate seit den letzten Unterhauswahl und Präsidentschaftswahl; Wahlsystem bei Präsidentschaftswahlen, Wahlsystem für alle Wahlebenen (Mehrheitswahlrecht, Verhältniswahlrecht oder Mischformen); für Unter-und Oberhäuser wurde codiert: Anzahl der Wahlsegmente, verknüpfte Wahlsegmente, Unterformen von Mischwahlsystemen, Größenordnung des Bezirks (Anzahl der aus jedem Bezirk gewählten Mitglieder), Anzahl der sekundären und tertiären Wahlkreise, Stimmabgabe für Parteienbündnisse; Größe des Unterhauses; Wachstum des Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) in Prozent; BIP pro Kopf; Inflationsrate, BIP- Deflator; Human-Development-Index; Gesamtbevölkerung; Arbeitslosigkeit absolut; föderale Verfassungsstruktur; Anzahl der gesetzgebenden Kammern; Verfügbarkeit der Wahlergebnisse; effektive Anzahl der Wahl- und Parlamentsparteien.

Das Modul wurde als Nachwahl-Befragung durchgeführt. Die daraus resultierenden Daten werden mit Daten über das Abstimmungsverhalten, demographischen Daten, und Variablen auf Wahlkreis- und Länderebene in einem einzelnen Datensatz bereitgestellt. CSES Variable List Eine Liste aller Variablen wird auf der Webseite des CSES bereitgestellt. Sie verdeutlicht, welche Inhalte über das CSES verfügbar sind und erlaubt es die Inhalte über verschiedene Module des CSES zu vergleichen. Themen: INDIVIDUALDATEN: Technische Variablen: Gewichtungsvariablen; Art der Wahl; Datum der Wahl 1. und 2. Wahlgang; Zeitpunkt der Studie (Nachwahlbefragung, Vorwahlbefragung und Nachwahlbefragung, Zwischen Wahlgängen in Mehrheitswahlsystemen); Erhebungsmodus; Geschlecht des Interviewers; Datum der Datenerhebung; Wahlkreis des Befragten; Anzahl der Tage zwischen Wahltag und Interview. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Bildung; Familienstand; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft anderer Haushaltsmitglieder; Mitgliedschaft in einem Unternehmerverband; Mitgliedschaft in Bauernverband; Mitgliedschaft in Berufsverband; Erwerbsstatus; Beruf; sozioökonomischer Status; Beschäftigungsform (öffentlicher oder privater Sektor, industrieller Sektor); Erwerbsstatus des Partners; Beruf des Partners; sozioökonomischer Status des Partners; Beschäftigungsform (öffentlicher oder privater Sektor, industrieller Sektor) des Partners; Haushaltseinkommen; Anzahl Personen im Haushalt; Anzahl Kinder im Haushalt; Anzahl Kinder unter 18 im Haushalt; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Religiosität; Konfessionsmitgliedschaft; Haushaltssprache; Rasse; ethnische Zugehörigkeit; Wohnort; ländliches oder städtisches Wohnumfeld. Befragungsvariablen: Wichtigste Themen der Wahl; Beurteilung der Kandidatenkompetenz im Umgang mit wichtigsten Themen der Wahl; Relevanz von Wahlen für Politikgestaltung; Bedeutung der eigenen Stimme für Politikgestaltung; Beurteilung der Leistung der Regierung; Partei und Spitzenpolitiker, die am besten für die Meinung des Befragten stehen; Sympathie-Skalometer für ausgewählte Parteien und Spitzenpolitiker; Einstufung von Parteien und Spitzenpolitikern auf einem Links-Rechts -Kontinuum; Selbsteinstufung auf Links-Rechts-Skala; wahrgenommene Unterschiede zwischen den zur Wahl stehenden Optionen; Beteiligung an der Wahlkampagne; Demokratiezufriedenheit; Parteiidentifikation; Intensität der Parteiidentifikation; Teilnahme bei der aktuellen und der letzten Wahl; Wahlentscheidung ( Präsidentschafts-, Unterhaus und Oberhauswahlen ) in der aktuellen und der letzten Wahl; Befragter hat Stimme für bevorzugten Kandidaten abgegeben; politische Informiertheit. WAHLKREISDATEN: Anzahl der zu vergebenden Sitze im Wahlkreis; Anzahl der Kandidaten im Wahlkreis; Anzahl der Parteilisten; Prozentanteil der Parteien (Wahlergebnis); Wahlbeteiligung im Wahlkreis. LÄNDERDATEN: Wahlergebnisse der Parteien bei der aktuellen Parlamentswahl (Unterhaus / Oberhaus); Anteil der von den Parteien erhaltenen Sitze im Unterhaus; Anteil der von den Parteien erhaltenen Sitze im Oberhaus; Anteil der Stimmen der Präsidentschaftskandidaten der Parteien bei der aktuellen Wahl; Wahlbeteiligung; Parteizugehörigkeit des Präsidenten und des Ministerpräsidenten vor und nach der Wahl; Anzahl der von jeder Partei gehaltenen Kabinettsposten vor und nach der letzten Wahl; Größe des Kabinetts nach der letzten Wahl; Anzahl der an der Wahl teilnehmenden Parteien; ideologische Parteifamilien; durch Experten zugeordnete Links-Rechts-Position der Parteien und alternative Dimensionen des Parteienwettbewerbs; bedeutendste Faktoren bei der Wahl; Fairness der Wahl; formelle Beschwerden gegen die Ergebnisse auf nationaler Ebene; Unregelmäßigkeiten bei den Wahlen; geplanter und tatsächlicher Wahltermin; Unregelmäßigkeiten des Wahltermins; Umfang von Gewalt während und nach der Wahl; geographische Konzentration von Gewalt; Protest nach der Wahl; Möglichkeit zu Wahlbündnisse im Wahlkampf; existierende Wahlbündnisse; Voraussetzungen für gemeinsame Parteilisten; Möglichkeit von Koalitionen ; Art der Vereinbarungen über Wahlbündnisse; Mehrparteien-Vermerke auf Stimmzetteln; Anzahl abgegebener Stimmen; Abstimmungsverfahren; Anzahl der Wahlgänge; Parteilisten geschlossen, offen oder flexibel; Stimmen übertragbar; Stimmen kumulierbar; Wahlpflicht; Sperrklausel; Einheit der Sperrklausel; Freedom House Rating; Polity-IV Klassifikation (Demokratie-Autokratie); Alter des gegenwärtigen Regimes; Eigenschaften des Regimes: Art der Exekutive, Anzahl der Monate seit den letzten Unterhauswahl und Präsidentschaftswahl; Wahlsystem bei Präsidentschaftswahlen, Wahlsystem für alle Wahlebenen (Mehrheitswahlrecht, Verhältniswahlrecht oder Mischformen); für Unter-und Oberhäuser wurde codiert: Anzahl der Wahlsegmente, verknüpfte Wahlsegmente, Unterformen von Mischwahlsystemen, Größenordnung des Bezirks (Anzahl der aus jedem Bezirk gewählten Mitglieder), Anzahl der sekundären und tertiären Wahlkreise, Stimmabgabe für Parteienbündnisse; Größe des Unterhauses; Wachstum des Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) in Prozent; BIP pro Kopf; Inflationsrate, BIP- Deflator; Human-Development-Index; Gesamtbevölkerung; Arbeitslosigkeit absolut; föderale Verfassungsstruktur; Anzahl der gesetzgebenden Kammern; Verfügbarkeit der Wahlergebnisse; effektive Anzahl der Wahl- und Parlamentsparteien.

A locus at 19p13 is associated with breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) risk. Here we analyse 438 SNPs in this region in 46,451 BC and 15,438 OC cases, 15,252 BRCA1 mutation carriers and 73,444 controls and identify 13 candidate causal SNPs associated with serous OC (P=9.2 × 10(-20)), ER-negative BC (P=1.1 × 10(-13)), BRCA1-associated BC (P=7.7 × 10(-16)) and triple negative BC (P-diff=2 × 10(-5)). Genotype-gene expression associations are identified for candidate target genes ANKLE1 (P=2 × 10(-3)) and ABHD8 (P<2 × 10(-3)). Chromosome conformation capture identifies interactions between four candidate SNPs and ABHD8, and luciferase assays indicate six risk alleles increased transactivation of the ADHD8 promoter. Targeted deletion of a region containing risk SNP rs56069439 in a putative enhancer induces ANKLE1 downregulation; and mRNA stability assays indicate functional effects for an ANKLE1 3'-UTR SNP. Altogether, these data suggest that multiple SNPs at 19p13 regulate ABHD8 and perhaps ANKLE1 expression, and indicate common mechanisms underlying breast and ovarian cancer risk. ; We thank all the individuals who took part in these studies and all the researchers, clin- icians, technicians and administrative staff who have enabled this work to be carried out, in particular those involved in the COGS project: Rosalind A. Eeles, Ali Amin Al Olama, Zsofia Kote-Jarai, Sara Benlloch (PRACTICAL), Andrew Lee, and Ed Dicks, Craig Luccarini and the staff of the Centre for Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, the staff of the CNIO genotyping unit, Daniel C. Tessier, Francois Bacot, Daniel Vincent, Sylvie LaBoissie ` re and Frederic Robidoux and the staff of the McGill University and Ge ́ nome Que ́ bec Innovation Centre, Sune F. Nielsen, Borge G. Nordestgaard, and the staff of the Copenhagen DNA laboratory, and Julie M. Cunningham, Sharon A. Windebank, Christopher A. Hilker, Jeffrey Meyer and the staff of Mayo Clinic Genotyping Core Facility. BCAC (acknowledgements by study) (ABCFS) : Maggie Angelakos, Judi Maskiell, Gillian Dite. (ABCS) C Ellen van der Schoot, Sanquin Amsterdam. (ACP) The ACP study wishes to thank the participants in the Thai Breast Cancer study. Special Thanks also go to the Thai Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), doctors and nurses who helped with the data collection process. Finally, the study would like to thank Dr Prat Boonyawongviroj, the former Permanent Secretary of MOPH and Dr Pornthep Siriwanarungsan, the Department Director-Generalof Disease Control who have supported the study throughout. (BBCS) Eileen Williams, Elaine Ryder-Mills, Kara Sargus (BIGGS) Niall McInerney, Gabrielle Colleran, Andrew Rowan, Angela Jones. (BSUCH) Peter Bugert, Medical Faculty Mannheim (CGPS) Staff and participants of the Copenhagen General Population Study. For the excellent technical assistance: Dorthe Uldall Andersen, Maria Birna Arnadottir, Anne Bank, Dorthe Kjeldgård Hansen (CNIO-BCS) Guillermo Pita, Charo Alonso, Daniel Herrero, Nuria A ́ lvarez, Pilar Zamora, Primitiva Menendez, the Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit (CNIO)(CTS). The CTS Steering Committee includes Leslie Bernstein, Susan Neuhausen, James Lacey, Sophia Wang, Huiyan Ma, Yani Lu, and Jessica Clague DeHart at the Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Dennis Deapen, Rich Pinder, Eunjung Lee, and Fred Schumacher at the University of Southern California, Pam Horn-Ross, Peggy Reynolds, Christina Clarke Dur and David Nelson at the Cancer Prevention Institute of California, and Hoda Anton-Culver, Argyrios Ziogas, and Hannah Park at the University of California Irvine. (ESTHER) Hartwig Ziegler, Sonja Wolf, Volker Hermann. (GC-HBOC) Heide Hellebrand, Stefanie Engert and GC-HBOC (Supported by Deutsche Krebshilfe). (GENICA) The GENICA Network: Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tu ̈bingen, Germany [HB, Wing-Yee Lo, Christina Justenhoven], German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) [HB], Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany [Yon-Dschun Ko, Christian Baisch], Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Germany [Hans-Peter Fischer], Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany [UH], Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany [Thomas Bru ̈ning, Beate Pesch, Sylvia Rabstein, Anne Lotz]; and Institute of Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany [Volker Harth] (HEBCS) Kirsimari Aaltonen, Karl von Smitten, Sofia Khan, Tuomas Heikkinen, Irja Erkkila ̈ . (HMBCS) Natalia Antonenkova, Peter Hillemanns, Hans Christiansen and Johann H. Karstens (KBCP) Eija Myo ̈ ha ̈ nen, Helena Kemila ̈ inen. (kConFab/AOCS) We wish to thank Heather Thorne, Eveline Niedermayr, all the kConFab research nurses and staff, the heads and staff of the Family Cancer Clinics, and the Clinical Follow Up Study (which has received funding from the NHMRC, the National Breast Cancer Foundation, Cancer Australia, and the National Institute of Health (USA)) for their contributions to this resource, and the many families who contribute to kConFab. (LAABC) We thank all the study participants and the entire data collection team, especially Annie Fung and June Yashiki. (LMBC) Gilian Peuteman, Dominiek Smeets, Thomas Van Brussel and Kathleen Corthouts. (MARIE) Petra Seibold, Judith Heinz, Nadia Obi, Alina Vrieling, Sabine Behrens, Ursula Eilber, Muhabbet Celik, Til Olchers and Stefan Nickels. (MCCS) MCCS cohort recruitment was funded by VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria. The MCCS was further supported by Australian NHMRC grants 209057, 251553 and 504711 and by infrastructure provided by Cancer Council Victoria. Cases and their vital status were ascertained through the Victorian Cancer Registry (VCR) and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), including the National Death Index. (MBCSG) Bernard Peissel and Daniela Zaffaroni and Giulietta Scuvera of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy; Monica Barile and Irene Feroce of the Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (IEO), Milan, Italy; and the personnel of the Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory. (MTLGEBCS) We would like to thank Martine Tranchant (CHU de Que ́ bec Research Center), Marie-France Valois, Annie Turgeon and Lea Heguy (McGill University Health Center, Royal Victoria Hospital; McGill Uni- versity) for DNA extraction, sample management and skilful technical assistance. J.S. is Chairholder of the Canada Research Chair in Oncogenetics. (MYBRCA) Phuah Sze Yee, Peter Kang, Kang In Nee, Kavitta Sivanandan, Shivaani Mariapun, Yoon Sook-Yee, Daphne Lee, Teh Yew Ching and Nur Aishah Mohd Taib for DNA Extraction and patient recruitment. (NBHS) We thank study partcipants and research staff for their contributions and commitment to this study. (OBCS) Meeri Otsukka, Kari Mono- nen(OFBCR) Teresa Selander, Nayana Weerasooriya(ORIGO) We thank E. Krol-War- merdam, and J. Blom for patient accrual, administering questionnaires, and managing clinical information. The LUMC survival data were retrieved from the Leiden hospital- based cancer registry system (ONCDOC) with the help of Dr J. Molenaar. (PBCS) Louise Brinton, Mark Sherman, Neonila Szeszenia-Dabrowska, Beata Peplonska, Witold Zatonski, Pei Chao, Michael Stagner(pKARMA) The Swedish Medical Research Counsel. (RBCS) Petra Bos, Jannet Blom, Ellen Crepin, Elisabeth Huijskens, Annette Heemskerk, the Erasmus MC Family Cancer Clinic. (SASBAC) The Swedish Medical Research Counsel. (SBCGS) We thank study partcipants and research staff for their contributions and commitment to this study. (SBCS) Sue Higham, Helen Cramp, Ian Brock, Malcolm W. R. Reed, Sabapathy Balasubramanian and Dan Connley. (SEARCH) The SEARCH and EPIC teams. (SGBCC) We thank the participants and research coordinator Kimberley Chua. (SKKDKFZS) We thank all study participants, clinicians, family doctors, researchers and technicians for their contributions and commitment to this study. (TNBCC) Robert Pilarski and Charles Shapiro were instrumental in the formation of the OSU Breast Cancer Tissue Bank. We thank the Human Genetics Sample Bank for processing of samples and providing OSU Columbus area control samples. (UKBGS) We thank Breakthrough Breast Cancer and the Institute of Cancer Research for support and funding of the Breakthrough Generations Study, and the study participants, study staff, and the doctors, nurses and other health care providers and health information sources who have contributed to the study. We acknowledge NHS funding to the Royal Marsden/ ICR NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. OCAC (acknowledgements by study) : This study would not have been possible without the contributions of the following: J Dennis, P. Hall (COGS); D. C. Tessier, F. Bacot, D. Vincent, S. LaBoissie ` re and F. Robidoux and the staff of the genotyping unit, (Genome Quebec); D. C. Whiteman, P. M. Webb, A. C. Green, N. K. Hayward, P. G. Parsons, D. M. Purdie, B. M. Smithers, D. Gotley, A. Clouston, I. Brown, S. Moore. K. Harrap, T. Sadkowski, S. O'Brien, E. Minehan, D. Roffe, S. O'Keefe, S. Lipshut, G. Connor . Berry, F. Walker, T. Barnes, J. Thomas, L. Terry, M. Connard, L. Bowes, M-R. Malt, J. White, C. Mosse, N. Tait, C. Bambach, A. Biankan, R. Brancatisano, M. Coleman, M. Cox, S. Deane, G. L. Falk, J. Gallagher, M. Hollands, T. Hugh, D. Hunt, J. Jorgensen, C. Martin, M. Richardson, G. Smith, R. Smith, D. Storey, J. Avramovic, J. Croese, J. D'Arcy, S. Fairley, J. Hansen, J. Masson, L. Nathanson, B. O'Loughlin, L. Rutherford, R. Turner, M. Windsor, J. Bessell, P. Devitt, G. Jamieson, D. Watson, S. Blamey, A. Boussioutas, R. Cade, G. Crosthwaite, I. Faragher, J. Gribbin, G. Hebbard, G. Kiroff, B. Mann, R. Millar, P. O'Brien, R. Thomas, S. Wood, S. Archer, K. Faulkner, J. Hamdorf (ACS); R. Stuart-Harris, F. Kirsten, J. Rutovitz, P. Clingan, A.Glasgow, A. Proietto, S. Braye, G. Otton, J. Shannon, T. Bonaventura, J. Stewart, S. Begbie, M. Friedlander, D. Bell, S. Baron-Hay, G. Gard, D. Nevell, N. Pavlakis, S. Valmadre, B. Young, C Camaris, R. Crouch, L. Edwards, N. Hacker, D. Marsden, G. Robertson, P. Beale, J. Beith, J. Carter, C. Dalrymple, R. Houghton, P. Russell, L. Anderson, M. Links, J. Grygiel, J. Hill, A. Brand, K. Byth, R. Jaworski, P. Harnett, R. Sharma,.G Wain, D. Purdie, D. Whiteman, B. Ward, D. Papadimos, A. Crandon, M. Cummings, K. Horwood. A. Obermair, L. Perrin, D. Wyld, J. Nicklin, M. Davy, M. K. Oehler, C. Hall, T. Dodd, T. Healy, K. Pittman, D. Henderson, J. Miller, J. Pierdes, A. Achan, P. Blomfield, D. Challis, R. McIntosh, A. Parker, B. Brown, R. Rome, D. Allen, P. Grant, S. Hyde, R. Laurie, M. Robbie, D. Healy, T. Jobling, T. Manolitsas, J. McNealage, P Rogers, B. Susil, E. Sumithran, I. Simpson, I. Haviv, K. Phillips, D. Rischin, S. Fox, D. Johnson, S. Lade, P. Waring, M. Loughrey, N.O'Callaghan, B. Murray, L. Mileshkin, P. Allan; V. Billson, J. Pyman, D. Neesham, M. Quinn, A. Hamilton, C. Underhill, R. Bell, L. F Ng, R. Blum, V.Ganju, I. Hammond, C. Stewart, Y. Leung, M. Buck, N. Zeps (ACS); G. Peuteman, T. Van Brussel and D. Smeets (BEL); U. Eilber and T. Koehler (GER); L. Gacucova (HMO); P. Schu ̈rmann, F. Kramer, W. Zheng, T.-W. Park-Simon, K. Beer-Grondke and D. Schmidt (HJO); G.S. Keeney, S. Windebank, C. Hilker and J. Vollenweider (MAY); the state cancer registries of AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, and WYL (NHS); L. Paddock, M. King, U. Chandran, A. Samoila, and Y. Bensman (NJO); L. Brinton, M. Sherman, A. Hutchinson, N. Szeszenia- Dabrowska, B. Peplonska, W. Zatonski, A. Soni, P. Chao and M. Stagner (POL); ); C. Luccarini, P. Harrington the SEARCH team and ECRIC (SEA); the Scottish Gynaecological Clinical Trails group and SCOTROC1 investigators (SRO); W-H. Chow, Y-T. Gao (SWH); Information about TCGA and the investigators and institutions who constitute the TCGA research network can be found at http://cancergenome.nih.gov/ (TCGA); I. Jacobs, M. Widschwendter, E. Wozniak, N. Balogun, A. Ryan and J. Ford (UKO); Carole Pye (UKR); a full list of the investigators who contributed to the generation of the WTCCC data is available from http://www.wtccc.org.uk/ (WTCCC). CIMBA (acknowledgements by study) : (BCFR-AU) Maggie Angelakos, Judi Maskiell, Gillian Dite, Helen Tsimiklis. (BCFR-NY) We wish to thank members and participants in the New York site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry for their contributions to the study. (BCFR-ON) We wish to thank members and participants in the Ontario Familial Breast Cancer Registry for their contributions to the study. (BFBOCC-LT) We acknowledge Vilius Rudaitis, Laimonas Gris ˇ kevic ˇ ius, Ramu ̄ nas Janavic ˇ ius (if not in the authorship). BFBOCC-LV acknowledge Drs Janis Eglitis, Anna Krilova and Aivars Stengrevics. (BMBSA) We wish to thank the families who contribute to the BMBSA study. (BRICOH) We wish to thank Yuan Chun Ding and Linda Steele for their work in participant enrolment and biospecimen and data management.(CNIO) We thank Alicia Barroso, Rosario Alonso and Guillermo Pita for their assistance. (CONSIT TEAM) Alessandra Viel and Riccardo Dolcetti of the CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy; Laura Ottini of the 'Sapienza' University, Rome, Italy; Liliana Varesco of the IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy; Laura Papi and Gabriele Capone of the University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonella Savarese and Aline Martayan of the Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Rome, Italy; Stefania Tommasi and Brunella Pilato of the Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy. (CORE) The CIMBA data management and analysis is funded through Cancer Research- UK grant C12292/A11174. ACA is a Senior Cancer Research - UK Research Fellow. (EMBRACE) RE is supported by NIHR support to the Biomedical Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust. (FCCC) We thank Ms. JoEllen Weaver and Dr Betsy Bove for their technical support. (GEMO) Genetic Modifiers of Cancer Risk in BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers (GEMO) study: National Cancer Genetics Network ) UNICANCER Genetic Group * , France. We wish to thank all the GEMO collaborating groups for their contribution to this study. GEMO Collaborating Centres are: Coordinating Centres, Unite ́ Mixte de Ge ́ ne ́ tique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fre ́ quents, Hospices Civils de Lyon - Centre Le ́ on Be ́ rard, and Equipe ) Ge ́ ne ́ tique du cancer du sein * , Centre de Recherche en Cance ́ rologie de Lyon: Olga Sinilnikova w , Sylvie Mazoyer, Francesca Damiola, Laure Barjhoux, Carole Verny-Pierre, Me ́ lanie Le ́ one, Nadia Boutry-Kryza, Alain Calender, Sophie Giraud; and Service de Ge ́ ne ́ tique Oncologique, Institut Curie, Paris: Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet, Marion Gauthier-Villars, Bruno Buecher, Claude Houdayer, Etienne Rouleau, Lisa Golmard, Agne ` s Collet, Virginie Moncoutier, Ce ́ drick Lefol, Muriel Belotti, Antoine de Pauw, Camille Elan, Catherine Nogues, Emmanuelle Fourme, Anne-Marie Birot. Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif: Brigitte Bressac-de-Pail- lerets, Olivier Caron, Marine Guillaud-Bataille. Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont–Ferrand: Yves-Jean Bignon, Nancy Uhrhammer. Centre Le ́ on Be ́ rard, Lyon: Christine Lasset, Vale ́ rie Bonadona, Sandrine Handallou. Centre Franc ̧ ois Baclesse, Caen: Agne ` s Hardouin, Pascaline Berthet, Dominique Vaur, Laurent Castera. Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille: Hagay Sobol, Violaine Bourdon, Tetsuro Noguchi, Audrey Remenieras, Franc ̧ ois Eisinger. CHU Arnaud-de-Villeneuve, Montpellier: Isabelle Coupier, Pascal Pujol. Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille: Jean-Philippe Peyrat, Joe ̈ lle Fournier, Franc ̧ oise Re ́ villion, Philippe Vennin w , Claude Adenis. Centre Paul Strauss, Strasbourg: Danie ` le Muller, Jean-Pierre Fricker. Institut Bergonie ́ , Bordeaux: Emmanuelle Barouk-Simonet, Franc ̧ oise Bonnet, Virginie Bubien, Nicolas Sevenet, Michel Longy. Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse: Christine Toulas, Rosine Guimbaud, Laurence Gladieff, Viviane Feillel. CHU Grenoble: Dominique Leroux, He ́ le ` ne Dreyfus, Christine Rebischung, Magalie Peysselon. CHU Dijon: Fanny Coron, Laurence Faivre. CHU St-Etienne: Fabienne Prieur, Marine Lebrun, Caroline Kientz. Ho ˆ tel Dieu Centre Hospitalier, Chambe ́ ry: Sandra Fert Ferrer. Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice: Marc Fre ́ nay. CHU Limoges: Laurence Ve ́ nat-Bouvet. CHU Nantes: Capucine Delnatte. CHU Bretonneau, Tours: Isabelle Mortemousque. Groupe Hospitalier Pitie ́ -Salpe ́ trie ` re, Paris: Florence Coulet, Chrystelle Colas, Florent Soubrier, Mathilde Warcoin. CHU Vandoeuvre-les- Nancy: Johanna Sokolowska, Myriam Bronner. CHU Besanc ̧ on: Marie-Agne ` s Collonge- Rame, Alexandre Damette. Creighton University, Omaha, USA: Henry T. Lynch, Carrie L. Snyder. (G-FAST) We wish to thank the technical support of Ilse Coene en Brecht Crombez. (HCSC) We acknowledge Alicia Tosar for her technical assistance(HEBCS) HEBCS would like to thank Dr Kristiina Aittoma ̈ ki, Taru A. Muranen, Drs Carl Blomqvist and Kirsimari Aaltonen and RNs Irja Erkkila ̈ and Virpi Palola for their help with the HEBCS data and samples. (HEBON) The Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Research Group Netherlands (HEBON) consists of the following Collaborating Centres: Coordinating center: Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, NL: M.A. Rookus, F.B.L. Hogervorst, F.E. van Leeuwen, S. Verhoef, M.K. Schmidt, N.S. Russell, J.L. de Lange, R. Wijnands; Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, NL: J.M. Colle ́ e, A.M.W. van den Ouweland, M.J. Hooning, C. Seynaeve, C.H.M. van Deurzen, I.M. Obdeijn; Leiden University Medical Center, NL: C.J. van Asperen, J.T. Wijnen, R.A.E.M. Tollenaar, P. Devilee, T.C.T.E.F. van Cronenburg; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, NL: C.M. Kets, A.R. Mensenkamp; University Medical Center Utrecht, NL: M.G.E.M. Ausems, R.B. van der Luijt, C.C. van der Pol; Amsterdam Medical Center, NL: C.M. Aalfs, T.A.M. van Os; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, NL: J.J.P. Gille, Q. Waisfisz, H.E.J. Meijers-Heijboer; University Hospital Maastricht, NL: E.B. Go ́ mez- Garcia, M.J. Blok; University Medical Center Groningen, NL: J.C. Oosterwijk, A.H. van der Hout, M.J. Mourits, G.H. de Bock; The Netherlands Foundation for the detection of hereditary tumours, Leiden, NL: H.F. Vasen; The Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization (IKNL): S. Siesling, J.Verloop; The Dutch Pathology Registry (PALGA): L.I.H. Overbeek. The HEBON study is supported by the Dutch Cancer Society grants NKI1998-1854, NKI2004-3088, NKI2007-3756, the Netherlands Organization of Scien- tific Research grant NWO 91109024, the Pink Ribbon grants 110005 and 2014- 187.WO76, the BBMRI grant NWO 184.021.007/CP46 and the Transcan grant JTC 2012 Cancer 12-054. HEBON thanks the registration teams of IKNL and PALGA for part of the data collection. (HRBCP) We wish to thank Hong Kong Sanatoriuma and Hospital for their continual support. (HUNBOCS) We wish to thank the Hungarian Breast and Ovarian Cancer Study Group members (Janos Papp, Tibor Vaszko, Aniko Bozsik, Timea Pocza, Judit Franko, Maria Balogh, Gabriella Domokos, Judit Ferenczi, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary) and the clin- icians and patients for their contributions to this study.(HVH) We wish to thank the Oncogenetics Group (VHIO), and the High Risk and Cancer Prevention Unit of the University Hospital Vall d'Hebron.(ICO) We wish to thank the ICO Hereditary Cancer Program team led by Dr Gabriel Capella. (INHERIT) We would like to thank Dr Martine Dumont, Martine Tranchant for sample management and skilful technical assistance. J.S. is Chairholder of the Canada Research Chair in Oncogenetics. J.S. and P.S. were part of the QC and Genotyping coordinating group of iCOGS (BCAC and CIMBA). (IPOBCS) We wish to thank Drs Ana Peixoto, Catarina Santos, Patrı ́ cia Rocha and Pedro Pinto for their skilful contribution to the study. (KCONFAB) We wish to thank Heather Thorne, Eveline Niedermayr, all the kConFab research nurses and staff, the heads and staff of the Family Cancer Clinics, and the Clinical Follow Up Study (which has received funding from the NHMRC, the National Breast Cancer Foundation, Cancer Australia, and the National Institute of Health (USA)) for their contributions to this resource, and the many families who contribute to kConFab. (MODSQUAD) Modifier Study of Quantitative Effects on Disease (MODSQUAD): we acknowledge ModSQuaD members Csilla Szabo (National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA); Lenka Foretova and Eva Machackova (Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and MF MU, Brno, Czech Republic); and Michal Zikan, Petr Pohlreich and Zdenek Kleibl (Oncogynecologic Center and Department of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic). (MSKCC) Anne Lincoln, Lauren Jacobs. (NICCC) We wish to thank the NICCC National Familial Cancer Consultation Service team led by Sara Dishon, the lab team led by Dr Flavio Lejbkowicz, and the research field operations team led by Dr Mila Pinchev. (NRG Oncology) We thank the investigators of the Australia New Zealand NRG Oncology group. (OCGN) We wish to thank members and participants in the Ontario Cancer Genetics Network for their contributions to the study. (OSU CCG) Leigha Senter, Kevin Sweet, Caroline Craven, and Michelle O'Conor were instrumental in accrual of study participants, ascertainment of medical records and database management. Samples were processed by the OSU Human Genetics Sample Bank. (SEABASS) We would like to thank Yip Cheng Har, Nur Aishah Mohd Taib, Phuah Sze Yee, Norhashimah Hassan and all the research nurses, research assistants and doctors involved in the MyBrCa Study for assistance in patient recruitment, data collection and sample preparation. In addition, we thank Philip Iau, Sng Jen-Hwei and Sharifah Nor Akmal for contributing samples from the Singapore Breast Cancer Study nd the HUKM-HKL Study respectively. The Malaysian Breast Cancer Genetic Study is funded by research grants from the Malaysian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Ministry of Higher Education (UM.C/HIR/MOHE/06) and charitable funding from Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation. (SMC) SMC team wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the Meirav Comprehensice breast cancer center team at the Sheba Medical Center for assistance in this study. (SWE-BRCA) Swedish scientists participating as SWE-BRCA collaborators are: from Lund University and University Hospital: Åke Borg, Håkan Olsson, Helena Jernstro ̈ m, Karin Henriksson, Katja Harbst, Maria Soller, Ulf Kristoffersson; from Gothenburg Sahlgrenska University Hospital: Anna O ̈ fverholm, Margareta Nordling, Per Karlsson, Zakaria Einbeigi; from Stockholm and Karolinska University Hospital: Anna von Wachenfeldt, Annelie Liljegren, Annika Lindblom, Brita Arver, Gisela Barbany Bustinza, Johanna Rantala; from Umeå University Hospital: Beatrice Melin, Christina Edwinsdotter Ardnor, Monica Emanuelsson; from Uppsala University: Hans Ehrencrona, Maritta Hellstro ̈ m Pigg, Richard Rosenquist; from Linko ̈ ping University Hospital: Marie Stenmark-Askmalm, Sigrun Lied- gren(UCHICAGO) We wish to thank Cecilia Zvocec, Qun Niu, physicians, genetic counsellors, research nurses and staff of the Cancer Risk Clinic for their contributions to this resource, and the many families who contribute to our programme. (UCLA) We thank Joyce Seldon MSGC and Lorna Kwan, MPH for assembling the data for this study. (UCSF) We would like to thank Dr Robert Nussbaum and the following genetic coun- sellors for participant recruitment: Beth Crawford, Kate Loranger, Julie Mak, Nicola Stewart, Robin Lee, Amie Blanco and Peggy Conrad. And thanks to Ms. Salina Chan for her data management. (UKFOCR) We thank Carole Pye, Patricia Harrington and Eva Wozniak for their contributions towards the UKFOCR. (VFCTG) Geoffrey Lindeman, Marion Harris, Martin Delatycki of the Victorian Familial Cancer Trials Group. We thank Sarah Sawyer and Rebecca Driessen for assembling this data and Ella Thompson for performing all DNA amplification. Grant Support : The COGS project is funded through a European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme grant (agreement number 223175—HEALTH-F2-2009- 223175). BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK [C1287/A10118, C1287/A12014] and by the European Community ́ s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement number 223175 (grant number HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS). The CIMBA data management and analytical work is funded by Cancer Research UK (C12292/A11174, C12292/A20861). Funding for the iCOGS infrastructure came from: the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement n ° 223175 (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS), Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A 10710, C12292/A11174, C1281/A12014, C5047/A8384, C5047/A15007, C5047/A10692, C8197/A16565), the National Institutes of Health (CA128978) and Post-Cancer GWAS initiative (1U19 CA148537, 1U19 CA148065 and 1U19 CA148112 - the GAME-ON initiative), the Department of Defence (W81XWH-10-1-0341), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) for the CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer, Komen Foundation for the Cure, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund. The Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium is supported by a grant from the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund thanks to donations by the family and friends of Kathryn Sladek Smith (PPD/RPCI.07). The scientific development and funding for this project were in part supported by the US National Cancer Institute GAME-ON Post-GWAS Initiative (U19-CA148112). This study made use of data generated by the Wellcome Trust Case Control consortium. Funding for the project was provided by the Wellcome Trust under award 076113. The results published here are in part based on data generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas Project established by the National Cancer Institute and National Human Genome Research Institute. Personal support: K.L. is supported by a K99/R00 grant from the National Cancer Institute (Grant number 1K99CA184415-01). This project was supported in part by a Program Project Development Grant from the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund (S.A.G and A.M). The in vitro aspects of this project were performed within the Norris Cancer Centre at USC, which is supported in part by award number P30CA014089 from the National Cancer Institute. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Cancer Institute or the National Institutes of Health. D.F.E. is a Principal Research Fellow of Cancer Research UK. A.C.A. is a Cancer Research—UK Senior Cancer Research Fellow. G.C.-T. and P.M.W. are supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council. (WCP) B.Y.K is funded by the American Cancer Society Early Detection Professorship (SIOP- 06-258-01-COUN) and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Grant UL1TR000124. L.E.K. is supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Investigator award (MSH-87734). S.P.K. is supported by a Gates Cambridge Scholarship. J.S. is Chairholder of the Canada Research Chair in Oncogenetics. RB was a Cancer Institute NSW Clinical Research Fellow. M.C.S. is a NHMRC Senior Research Fellow. A.K.G. was funded by 5U01CA113916, R01CA140323, and by the Chancellors Distinguished Chair in Biomedical Sciences Professorship. J.L.H. is a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellow. S.L.E. and J.D.F. are supported by Fellowships from the National Breast Cancer Foundation (NBCF) Australia and NHMRC project grant (1058415). Funding : BCAC: The Australian Breast Cancer Family Study (ABCFS) was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centres in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the USA Government or the BCFR. The ABCFS was also supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, the New South Wales Cancer Council, the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (Australia) and the Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium. The ABCS study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society [grants NKI 2007-3839; 2009 4363]. The ACP study is funded by the Breast Cancer Research Trust, UK. The BBCS is funded by Cancer Research UK and Breakthrough Breast Cancer and acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and the National Cancer Research Network (NCRN).ES is supported by NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King's College London, United Kingdom. IT is supported by the Oxford Biomedical Research Centre.The BSUCH study was supported by the Dietmar-Hopp Foundation, the Helmholtz Society and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). The CGPS was supported by the Chief Physician Johan Boserup and Lise Boserup Fund, the Danish Medical Research Council and Herlev HospitalThe CNIO-BCS was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, the Red Tema ́ tica de Investigacio ́ n Cooperativa en Ca ́ ncer and grants from the Asociacio ́ n Espan ̃ ola Contra el Ca ́ ncer and the Fondo de Investigacio ́ n Sanitario (PI11/00923 and PI12/00070). The CTS was initially supported by the California Breast Cancer Act of 1993 and the California Breast Cancer Research Fund (contract 97-10500) and is cur- rently funded through the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA77398). Collection of cancer incidence data was supported by the California Department of Public Health as part of the statewide cancer reporting program mandated by California Health and Safety Code Section 103885. HAC receives support from the Lon V Smith Foundation (LVS39420). The ESTHER study was supported by a grant from the Baden Wu ̈rttemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Arts. Additional cases were recruited in the context of the VERDI study, which was supported by a grant from the German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe). The GC-HBOC was supported by Deutsche Krebshilfe (107 352). The GENICA was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany grants 01KW9975/5, 01KW9976/8, 01KW9977/0 and 01KW0114, the Robert Bosch Foundation, Stuttgart, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, the Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, as well as the Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany. The HEBCS was financially supported by the Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Fund, Academy of Finland (266528), the Finnish Cancer Society, The Nordic Cancer Union and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation. The HMBCS was supported by a grant from the Friends of Hannover Medical School and by the Rudolf Bartling Foundation. The KBCP was financially supported by the special Government Funding (EVO) of Kuopio University Hospital grants, Cancer Fund of North Savo, the Finnish Cancer Organizations, and by the strategic funding of the University of Eastern Finland. kConFab is supported by a grant from the National Breast Cancer Foundation, and previously by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), the Queensland Cancer Fund, the Cancer Councils of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia, and the Cancer Foundation of Western Australia. Financial support for the AOCS was provided by the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command [DAMD17-01-1-0729], Cancer Council Victoria, Queensland Cancer Fund, Cancer Council New South Wales, Cancer Council South Australia, The Cancer Foundation of Western Australia, Cancer Council Tasmania and the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC; 400413, 400281, 199600). LAABC is supported by grants (1RB-0287, 3PB-0102, 5PB-0018, 10PB-0098) from the California Breast Cancer Research Program. Incident breast cancer cases were collected by the USC Cancer Surveillance Program (CSP), which is supported under subcontract by the California Department of Health. The CSP is also part of the National Cancer Institute's Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, under contract number N01CN25403. LMBC is supported by the 'Stichting tegen Kanker' (232-2008 and 196-2010). Diether Lambrechts is supported by the FWO and the KULPFV/10/016-SymBioSysII.The MARIE study was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e.V. [70-2892-BR I, 106332, 108253, 108419], the Hamburg Cancer Society, the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany [01KH0402]. (MBCSG) is supported by grants from the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC) and by funds from the Italian citizens who allocated the 5/1000 share of their tax payment in support of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, according to Italian laws (INT-Institutional strategic projects '5x1000'). The work of MTLGEBCS was supported by the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research for the 'CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer' program – grant # CRN-87521 and the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade – grant # PSR-SIIRI-701.MYBRCA is funded by research grants from the Malaysian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education (UM.C/HlR/MOHE/06) and Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF). Additional controls were recruited by the Singapore Eye Research Institute, which was supported by a grant from the Biomedical Research Council (BMRC08/1/35/19/550), Singapore and the National medical Research Council, Singa- pore (NMRC/CG/SERI/2010). The NBHS was supported by NIH grant R01CA100374. Biological sample preparation was conducted the Survey and Biospecimen Shared Resource, which is supported by P30 CA68485. The OBCS was supported by research grants from the Finnish Cancer Foundation, the Academy of Finland (grant number 250083, 122715 and Center of Excellence grant number 251314), the Finnish Cancer Foundation, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, the University of Oulu, the University of Oulu Support Foundation and the special Governmental EVO funds for Oulu University Hospital-based research activities. The Ontario Familial Breast Cancer Registry (OFBCR) was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centres in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the USA Government or the BCFR. The ORIGO study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (RUL 1997-1505) and the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NL CP16). The PBCS was funded by Intramural Research Funds of the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, USA. The pKARMA study was supported by Ma ̈ rit and Hans Rausings Initiative Against Breast CancerThe RBCS was funded by the Dutch Cancer Society (DDHK 2004-3124, DDHK 2009-4318). The SASBAC study was sup- ported by funding from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore (A*STAR), the US National Institute of Health (NIH) and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. The SBCGS was supported primarily by NIH grants R01CA64277, R01CA148667, and R37CA70867. Biological sample preparation was conducted the Survey and Biospecimen Shared Resource, which is supported by P30 CA68485. The scientific development and funding of this project were, in part, supported by the Genetic Associations and Mechanisms in Oncology (GAME-ON) Network U19 CA148065.The SBCS was supported by Yorkshire Cancer Research S295, S299, S305PA and Sheffield Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre.SEARCH is funded by a programme grant from Cancer Research UK [C490/A10124] and supported by the UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the University of Cambridge.SGBCC is funded by the NUS start-up Grant, National University Cancer Institute Singapore (NCIS) Centre Grant and the NMRC Clinician Scientist Award. Additional controls were recruited by the Singapore Consortium of Cohort Studies-Multi-ethnic cohort (SCCS-MEC), which was funded by the Biomedical Research Council, grant number: 05/ 1/21/19/425.SKKDKFZS is supported by the DKFZ. The TNBCC was supported by: a Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer (CA116201), a grant from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, a generous gift from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation, the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group research grant (HR R_BG/04) and the Greek General Secretary for Research and Technology (GSRT) Program, Research Excellence II, the European Union (European Social Fund – ESF), and Greek national funds through the Operational Program 'Education and Lifelong Learning' of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) - ARISTEIA. The UKBGS is funded by Breakthrough Breast Cancer and the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London. ICR acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. Funding : OCAC : Funding of the constituent studies was provided by the American Cancer Society (CRTG-00-196-01-CCE); the California Cancer Research Program (00-01389 V-20170, N01-CN25403, 2II0200); the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (MOP-86727); Cancer Council Victoria; Cancer Council Queensland; Cancer Council New South Wales; Cancer Council South Australia; Cancer Council Tasmania; Cancer Foundation of Western Australia; the Cancer Institute of New Jersey; Cancer Research UK (C490/A6187, C490/A10119, C490/A10124, C536/A13086, C536/A6689); the Celma Mastry Ovarian Cancer Foundation; the Danish Cancer Society (94-222-52); the ELAN Program of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; the Eve Appeal; the Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Fund; Helse Vest; Imperial Experimental Cancer Research Centre (C1312/A15589); the Norwegian Cancer Society; the Norwegian Research Council; the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund; Nationaal Kankerplan of Belgium; Grant-in-Aid for the Third Term Comprehensive 10-Year Strategy for Cancer Control from the Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare of Japan; the L and S Milken Foun- dation; the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (4 PO5C 028 14, 2 PO5A 068 27); Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education (UM.C/HlR/MOHE/06) and Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation; the Roswell Park Cancer Institute Alliance Foundation; the US National Cancer Institute (K07-CA095666, K07-CA143047, K22-CA138563, N01-CN55424, N01-PC067010, N01-PC035137, P01-CA017054, P01-CA087696, P30-CA15083, P50-CA105009, P50- CA136393, R01-CA014089, R01-CA016056, R01-CA017054, R01-CA049449, R01-CA050385, R01-CA054419, R01- CA058598, R01-CA058860, R01-CA061107, R01-CA061132, R01-CA063682, R01-CA064277, R01-CA067262, R01- CA071766, R01-CA074850, R01-CA076016, R01-CA080742, R01-CA080978, R01-CA083918, R01-CA087538, R01- CA092044, R01-095023, R01-CA106414, R01-CA122443, R01-CA112523, R01-CA114343, R01-CA126841, R01- CA136924, R01-CA149429, R03-CA113148, R03-CA115195, R37-CA070867, R37-CA70867, U01-CA069417, U01- CA071966, R01-CA063678 and Intramural research funds); the US Army Medical Research and Material Command (DAMD17-98-1- 8659, DAMD17-01-1-0729, DAMD17-02-1-0666, DAMD17-02-1- 0669, W81XWH-10-1-0280); the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (199600 and 400281); the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany Programme of Clinical Biomedical Research (01 GB 9401); the state of Baden-Wu ̈rttemberg through Medical Faculty of the University of Ulm (P.685); the Minnesota Ovarian Cancer Alliance; the Mayo Foundation; the Fred C. and Katherine B. Andersen Foundation; the Lon V. Smith Foundation (LVS-39420); the Oak Foundation; the OHSU Foundation; the Mermaid I project; the Rudolf-Bartling Foundation; the UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centres at the University of Cambridge, Imperial College London, University College Hospital 'Womens Health Theme' and the Royal Marsden Hospital; WorkSafeBC. Funding : CIMBA (BCFR—all) : This work was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute. The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centres in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US Government or the BCFR. (BFBOCC-LT) BFBOCC is partly supported by: Lithuania (BFBOCC-LT): Research Council of Lithuania grant LIG-07/2012; (BIDMC) BIDMC is supported by the Breast Cancer Research Foundation. (BMBSA) BRCA-gene mutations and breast cancer in South African women (BMBSA) was supported by grants from the Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) to Elizabeth J. van Rensburg. (BRICOH) SLN was partially supported by the Morris and Horowitz Familes Endowed Professorship. (CBCS) This work was supported by the NEYE Foundation. (CNIO) This work was partially supported by Spanish Association against Cancer (AECC08), RTICC 06/0020/1060, FISPI08/1120, Mutua Madrilen ̃ a Foundation (FMMA) and SAF2010-20493 (COH-CCGCRN) City of Hope Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Network and the Hereditary Cancer Research Registry, supported in part by Award Number RC4CA153828 (PI: J. Weitzel) from the National Cancer Institute and the Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. (CONSIT TEAM) Funds from Italian citizens who allocated the 5x1000 share of their tax payment in support of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, according to Italian laws (INT-Institutional strategic projects '5x1000') to Siranoush Manoukian. (CORE) The CIMBA data management and data analysis were supported by Cancer Research – UK grants C12292/A11174 and C1287/A10118.SH is supported by an NHMRC Program Grant to GCT. ACA is a Cancer Research -UK Senior Cancer Research Fellow. (DEMOKRITOS) This research has been co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund – ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program 'Education and Lifelong Learning' of the National Strategic Reference Frame- work (NSRF) - Research Funding Program of the General Secretariat for Research and Technology: ARISTEIA. Investing in knowledge society through the European Social Fund.(DKFZ) The DKFZ study was supported by the DKFZ. (EMBRACE) EMBRACE is supported by Cancer Research UK Grants C1287/A10118 and C1287/A11990. D. Gareth Evans and Fiona Lalloo are supported by an NIHR grant to the Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester. The Investigators at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust are supported by an NIHR grant to the Biomedical Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust. (FCCC) The authors acknowledge support from The University of Kansas Cancer Center (P30 CA168524) and the Kansas Bioscience Authority Eminent Scholar Program. (GC-HBOC) The German Consortium of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (GC-HBOC) is supported by the German Cancer Aid (grant no 109076, Rita K. Schmutzler) and by the Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC). (GEMO) The study was supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer; the Association 'Le cancer du sein, parlons-en!' Award; the Canadian Institutes of Health Research for the 'CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer' program and the French National Institute of Cancer (INCa). (GEORGETOWN) CI received support from the Non-Therapeutic Subject Registry Shared Resource at Georgetown University (NIH/NCI grant P30-CA051008), the Fisher Center for Familial Cancer Research, and Swing Fore the Cure. (G-FAST) Kim De Leeneer is supported by GOA grant BOF10/ GOA/019 (Ghent University) and spearhead financing of Ghent University Hospital. (HCSC) HCSC supported by a grant RD12/0036/0006 and 12/00539 from ISCIII (Spain), partially supported by European Regional Development FEDER funds. (HEBCS) The HEBCS was financially supported by the Helsinki University Hospital Research Fund, Academy of Finland (266528), the Finnish Cancer Society and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation. (HEBON) The HEBON study is supported by the Dutch Cancer Society grants NKI1998-1854, NKI2004-3088, NKI2007-3756, the Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research grant NWO 91109024, the Pink Ribbon grant 110005 and the BBMRI grant NWO 184.021.007/CP46. HEBON thanks the registration teams of the Comprehensive Cancer Centre Netherlands and Comprehensive Centre South (together the Netherlands Cancer Registry) and PALGA (Dutch Pathology Registry) for part of the data collection. (HRBCP) HRBCP is supported by The Hong Kong Hereditary Breast Cancer Family Registry and the Dr Ellen Li Charitable Foundation, Hong Kong (HUNBOCS) Hungarian Breast and Ovarian Cancer Study was supported by Hungarian Research Grants KTIA-OTKA CK-80745, OTKA K-112228 and the Norwegian EEA Financial Mechanism Hu0115/NA/2008-3/OP-9. (ICO) Contract grant sponsor: Asociacio ́ n Espan ̃ ola Contra el Ca ́ ncer, Spanish Health Research Fund; Carlos III Health Institute; Catalan Health Institute and Autonomous Government of Catalonia. Contract grant numbers: ISCIIIRETIC RD06/0020/1051, RD12/0036/008, PI10/01422, PI10/ 00748, PI13/00285, PIE13/00022, 2009SGR290 and 2014SGR364. (IHCC) The IHCC was supported by Grant PBZ_KBN_122/P05/2004(ILUH) The ILUH group was supported by the Icelandic Association 'Walking for Breast Cancer Research' and by the Landspitali University Hospital Research Fund. (INHERIT) This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research for the 'CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer' program, the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Alliance-grant #019511 and the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade – grant # PSR-SIIRI- 701. (IOVHBOCS) IOVHBOCS is supported by Ministero della Salute and '5 1,000' Istituto Oncologico Veneto grant. (IPOBCS) This study was in part supported by Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro.(KCONFAB) kConFab is supported by a grant from the National Breast Cancer Foundation, and previously by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), the Queensland Cancer Fund, the Cancer Councils of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia, and the Cancer Foundation of Western Australia; (KOHBRA) KOHBRA is supported by a grant from the National R&D Program for Cancer Control, Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs,Republic of Korea (1020350). (MAYO) MAYO is supported by NIH grants CA116167, CA128978 and CA176785, an NCI Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer (CA116201), a U.S. Department of Defence Ovarian Cancer Idea award (W81XWH-10-1-0341), a grant from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, a generous gift from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation and the Ting Tsung and Wei Fong Chao Foundation. (MCGILL) Jewish General Hospital Weekend to End Breast Cancer, Quebec Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade (MODSQUAD) MODSQUAD was supported by MH CZ - DRO (MMCI, 00209805) and by the European Regional Development Fund and the State Budget of the Czech Republic (RECAMO, CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0101) to LF, and by Charles University in Prague project UNCE204024 (MZ). (MSKCC) MSKCC is supported by grants from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, the Robert and Kate Niehaus Clinical Cancer Genetics Initiative, and the Andrew Sabin Research Fund. (NAROD) 1R01 CA149429- 01. (NCI) The research of Drs MH Greene, JT Loud and PL Mai was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the US National Cancer Institute, NIH, and by support services contracts NO2-CP-11019-50 and N02-CP-65504 with Westat, Inc, Rockville, MD. (NICCC) NICCC is supported by Clalit Health Services in Israel. Some of it's activities are supported by the Israel Cancer Association and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation (BCRF), NY. (NNPIO) This work has been supported by the Russian Federation for Basic Research (grants 13-04-92613, 14-04-93959 and 15-04-01744). (NRG Oncology) This study was supported by National Cancer Institute grants to the NRG Oncology Administrative Office and Tissue Bank (CA 27469), the NRG Oncology Statistical and Data Center (CA 37517), and NRG Oncology's Cancer Prevention and Control Committee (CA 101165). (OSU CCG) OSUCCG is supported by the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center. (PBCS) This work was supported by the ITT (Istituto Toscano Tumori) grants 2011-2013. (SEABASS) Ministry of Science, Technol- ogy and Innovation, Ministry of Higher Education (UM.C/HlR/MOHE/06) and Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation. (SMC) This project was partially funded through a grant by the Isreal cancer association and the funding for the Israeli Inherited breast cancer consortium (SWE-BRCA) SWE-BRCA collaborators are supported by the Swedish Cancer Society. (UCHICAGO) UCHICAGO is supported by NCI Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer (CA125183), R01 CA142996, 1U01CA161032 and by the Ralph and Marion Falk Medical Research Trust, the Entertainment Industry Fund National Women's Cancer Research Alliance and the Breast Cancer research Foundation. OIO is an ACS Clinical Research Professor.(UCLA) Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center Foundation; Breast Cancer Research Foundation. (UCSF) UCSF Cancer Risk Program and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center. (UKFOCR) UKFOCR was supported by a project grant from CRUK to Paul Pharoah. (UPENN) National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R01-CA102776 and R01- CA083855; Breast Cancer Research Foundation; Susan G. Komen Foundation for the cure, Basser Research Center for BRCA. (UPITT/MWH) Frieda G. and Saul F. Shapira BRCA-Associated Cancer Research Program;Hackers for Hope Pittsburgh. (VFCTG) Victorian Cancer Agency, Cancer Australia, National Breast Cancer Foundation unding for the iCOGS infrastructure came from: the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement n ° 223175 (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS), Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A 10710, C12292/A11174, C1281/ A12014, C5047/A8384, C5047/A15007, C5047/A10692, C8197/A16565), the National Institutes of Health (CA128978) and Post-Cancer GWAS initiative (1U19 CA148537, 1U19 CA148065 and 1U19 CA148112 - the GAME-ON initiative), the Department of Defence (W81XWH-10-1-0341), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) for the CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer, Komen Foundation for the Cure, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund and grants R01-CA122443 and P50-CA136393. ; Sí

LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration, Fermi GBM, INTEGRAL, IceCube Collaboration, AstroSat Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager Team, IPN Collaboration, The Insight-HXMT Collaboration, ANTARES Collaboration, The Swift Collaboration, AGILE Team, The 1M2H Team, The Dark Energy Camera GW-EM Collaboration and the DES Collaboration, The DLT40 Collaboration, GRAWITA: GRAvitational Wave Inaf TeAm, The Fermi Large Area Telescope Collaboration, ATCA: Australia Telescope Compact Array, ASKAP: Australian SKA Pathfinder, Las Cumbres Observatory Group, OzGrav, DWF (Deeper, Wider, Faster Program), AST3, and CAASTRO Collaborations, The VINROUGE Collaboration, MASTER Collaboration, J-GEM, GROWTH, JAGWAR, CaltechNRAO, TTU-NRAO, and NuSTAR Collaborations, Pan-STARRS, The MAXI Team, TZAC Consortium, KU Collaboration, Nordic Optical Telescope, ePESSTO, GROND, Texas Tech University, SALT Group, TOROS: Transient Robotic Observatory of the South Collaboration, The BOOTES Collaboration, MWA: Murchison Widefield Array, The CALET Collaboration, IKI-GW Follow-up Collaboration, H.E.S.S. Collaboration, LOFAR Collaboration, LWA: Long Wavelength Array, HAWC Collaboration, The Pierre Auger Collaboration, ALMA Collaboration, Euro VLBI Team, Pi of the Sky Collaboration, The Chandra Team at McGill University, DFN: Desert Fireball Network, ATLAS, High Time Resolution Universe Survey, RIMAS and RATIR, and SKA South Africa/MeerKAT ; On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of $\sim 1.7\,{\rm{s}}$ with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of ${40}_{-8}^{+8}$ Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 $\,{M}_{\odot }$. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at $\sim 40\,{\rm{Mpc}}$) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One-Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient's position $\sim 9$ and $\sim 16$ days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC 4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta. ; Kavli Foundation ; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond ; Niels Bohr International Academy ; DARK Cosmology Centre ; National Science Foundation (NSF) AST-1518052 AST-141242 AST-1411763 AST-1714498 AST-1517649 PHY-1607291 AST-1412421 AST-1313484 ; Gordon AMP; Betty Moore Foundation ; Heising-Simons Foundation ; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation ; The David & Lucile Packard Foundation ; DNRF ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) ; Space Telescope Science Institute National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) HST-HF-51348.001 HST-HF-51373.001 ; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) NAS5-26555 NNX15AE50G NNX16AC22G NAS5-00136 NNX08AR22G NNX12AR65G NNX14AM74G NNX12AR55G NNM13AA43C NNM11AA01A NNX15AE60G PF6-170148 PF7-180162 ; INAF ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Italian Space Agency (ASI) I/028/12/2 ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; French Atomic Energy Commission ; Commission Europeenne (FEDER), France ; Commission Europeenne, France ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France ; IdEx, France ; Sorbonne Paris Cite, France ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02 ; Labex OCEVU, France ANR-11-LABX-0060 ; A*MIDEX, France ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ; Region Ile-de-France ; Region Alsace (CPER), France ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cite d'Azur, France ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) ; Netherlands Government ; Council of the President of the Russian Federation, Russia ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO): Plan Estatal de Investigacion (MINECO/FEDER), Spain FPA2015-65150-C3-1-P FPA2015-65150-C3-2-P FPA2015-65150-C3-3-P ; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MINECO), Spain ; Prometeo program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Grisolia program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco ; National Basic Research Program of China 2013CB834901 2013CB834900 2013CB834903 ; Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation AMP; Assessment Program CHINARE2016-02-03-05 ; Tsinghua University ; Nanjing University ; Beijing Normal University ; University of New South Wales ; 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Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET ; European Particle Physics Latin American Network ; European Union (EU) PIRSES-2009-GA-246806 ; European Union's Horizon research and innovation programme 646623 ; UNESCO ; Australian Research Council FT150100099 FL15010014 ; Australian Government Department of Industry, Innovation and Science ; Western Australian and Australian Governments ; Australian Government Department of Industry, Innovation and Science ; Australian Research Council CE170100013 ; Spanish Government AYA 2015-71718-R ; Junta de Andalucia TIC-2839 ; National Research Foundation NRF-2015R1A2A1A01006870 DGE-1144469 ; Korea Basic Science Research Program NRF2014R1A6A3A03057484 NRF-2015R1D1A4A01020961 ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (Mexico) through Laboratorios Nacionales Program (Mexico) ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA-CSIC, Spain) ; Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU, South Korea) ; Australian Research Council CE110001020 ; Australian Research Council LE130100104 ; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) ; Italian Space Agency (ASI) ; JAXA ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) JP 17H06362 JP26220708 JP17H02901 JP17H06363 JP15H00788 JP24103003 JP10147214 JP10147207 ; Chandra X-ray Observatory Center GO7-18033X ; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) NAS8-03060 ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; Fonds de recherche du Quebec-Nature et Technologies (FRQNT) ; UKSA ; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) ; Department of Space (DoS), Government of India ; European Union (EU) 653477 ; ESO 199.D-0143 099.D-0376 ; German Research Foundation (DFG) HA 1850/28-1 Kl 766/16-3 ; European Union (EU) 291222 615929 647208 725161 ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ST/P000312/1 ; ERF ST/M005348/1 ST/P000495/1 ; Marie Sklodowska-Curie 702538 ; Polish NCN OPUS 2015/17/B/ST9/03167 ; Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation ; 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JAXA (Japan) ; Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation ; Swedish Research Council ; National Space Board (Sweden) ; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF) ; Centre National D'etudes Spatiales ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-AC02-76SF00515 ; Office of Naval Research N00014-07-C0147 ; National Science Foundation under University Radio Observatory AST-1139963 AST-1139974 ; ESO Telescopes at the Paranal Observatory 099.D-0382 099.D-0622 099.D-0191 099.D-0116 ; REM telescope at the ESO La Silla Observatory 35020 ; Department of University and Research (MIUR) ; Italian Space Agency (ASI) ; Russian Academy of Sciences ; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF) ; BIC 114332KYSB20160007 ; Chinese Academy of Sciences KJZD-EW-M06 ; National Natural Science Foundation of China 11673062 ; Oversea Talent Program of Yunnan Province ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia P1-0188 ; Sorbonne Paris Cite ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02 ; GROWTH (Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen) - National Science Foundation under PIRE 1545949 ; California Institute of Technology (USA) ; University of Maryland College Park (USA) ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 15H05437 ; JST Consortia ; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (USA) ; Texas Tech University (USA) ; San Diego State University (USA) ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; Los Alamos National Laboratory ; Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan) ; National Central University (Taiwan) ; Indian Institute of Astrophysics (India) ; Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (India) ; Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel) ; Oskar Klein Centre at Stockholm University (Sweden) ; Humboldt University (Germany) ; Liverpool John Moores University (UK) ; Planning and Budgeting Committee ; Israel Science Foundation ; Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Corporation ; National Science Foundation (NSF) 1455090 ; ERC grant TReX ; Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) ; NRL ; Oxford Centre for Astrophysical Surveys ; 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United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center ; Louisiana Optical Network Initiative (LONI) grid computing resources ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; WestGrid and Compute/Calcul Canada ; Swedish Research Council ; Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Sweden ; Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), Sweden ; Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Germany ; Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Germany ; FWO ; Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS ; FWO Odysseus programme ; Flanders Institute ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Royal Society of New Zealand ; Marsden Fund (NZ) ; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; National Research Foundation of Korea ; Villum Fonden, Denmark ; Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark ; Russian Science Foundation (RSF) 15-1230015 14-22-00271 ; Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan 0075/GF4 ; RUSTAVELI FR/379/6-300/14 ; European Space Agency ; ESA Russia ; ESA USA ; French Atomic Energy Commission ; Centre National D'etudes Spatiales ; Helmholtz Association ; German Aerospace Centre (DLR) ; INTA ; OSTC ; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF) Italian Space Agency (ASI) 2013-025-R.1 ; German INTEGRAL through DLR 50 OG 1101 ; Spanish MINECO/FEDER ESP2015-65712-C5-1-R ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) 16-29-13009-ofi-m ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) JP16H02183 JP15H02075 JP15H02069 JP26800103 JP25800103 ; Inter-University Cooperation Program of the MEXT ; NINS program ; Toyota Foundation D11-R-0830 ; Mitsubishi Foundation ; Yamada Science Foundation ; Inoue Foundation for Science ; 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INDIVIDUALDATEN:

Technische Variablen:
Gewichtungsvariablen; Art der Wahl; Erhebungsmodus; Geschlecht des Interviewers; Datum der Datenerhebung; Wahlkreis des Befragten; Anzahl der Tage zwischen Wahltag und Interview.

Demographie:
Alter; Geschlecht; Bildung; Familienstand; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft anderer Haushaltsmitglieder; Mitgliedschaft in einem Berufsverband; Erwerbsstatus; Beruf; sozioökonomischer Status; Beschäftigungsform (öffentlicher oder privater Sektor, industrieller Sektor); Erwerbsstatus des Partners; Beruf des Partners; sozioökonomischer Status des Partners; Beschäftigungsform (öffentlicher oder privater Sektor, industrieller Sektor) des Partners; Haushaltseinkommen; Anzahl Personen im Haushalt; Anzahl Kinder unter 18 im Haushalt; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Religiosität; Konfessionsmitgliedschaft; Haushaltssprache; Rasse; ethnische Zugehörigkeit; Wohnort; ländliches oder städtisches Wohnumfeld.

Befragungsvariablen:
Politische Partizipation während des letzten Wahlkampfes (Überzeugungsarbeit, Wahlkampfaktivitäten) und Häufigkeit politischer Partizipation; Kontakt zu einem Kandidaten oder einer Partei während des Wahlkampfes; Wahlbeteiligung bei der aktuellen und der letzten Wahl; Wahlentscheidung (Präsidentschafts-, Unterhaus und Oberhauswahlen ) in der aktuellen und der letzten Wahl; Befragter hat bei der aktuellen und der letzten Wahl Stimme für bevorzugten Kandidaten abgegeben; wichtigste Themen der Wahl; Beurteilung der Problemlösungskompetenz der Regierung; Demokratiezufriedenheit; Einstellung zu ausgewählten Aussagen: Es macht einen Unterschied, wer an der Macht ist und für wen die Menschen stimmen, Demokratie ist besser als andere Regierungsformen; Beurteilung der Leistung der vom Befragten bei der letzten Wahl gewählten Partei; Beurteilung der Vertretung von Wähleransichten bei den Wahlen; Partei und Spitzenpolitiker, die am besten für die Meinung des Befragten stehen; Parteiidentifikation; Intensität der Parteiidentifikation; Sympathie–Skalometer für ausgewählte Parteien; Einstufung von Parteien und Spitzenpolitikern auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; politische Partizipation während der letzten fünf Jahre (Politikerkontakte, Teilnahme an einer Demonstration, Zusammenarbeit mit Gleichgesinnten); Respektieren von individueller Freiheit und Menschenrechten; Einschätzung der Verbreitung von Korruption im Land; Selbsteinstufung auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; politische Informiertheit.

WAHLKREISDATEN:
Anzahl der zu vergebenden Sitze im Wahlkreis; Anzahl der Kandidaten im Wahlkreis; Anzahl der Parteilisten; Prozentanteil der Parteien (Wahlergebnis); Wahlbeteiligung im Wahlkreis.

LÄNDERDATEN:

Wahlergebnisse der Parteien bei der aktuellen Parlamentswahl (Unterhaus / Oberhaus); Anteil der von den Parteien erhaltenen Sitze im Unterhaus; Anteil der von den Parteien erhaltenen Sitze im Oberhaus; Wahlbeteiligung; Anzahl der von jeder Partei gehalten Kabinettsposten vor und nach der letzten Wahl; Gründungsjahr der Parteien; ideologische Parteifamilien; Fraktionszugehörigkeit der Parteien im Europäischen Parlament und Zugehörigkeit zu einer internationalen Organisation; vor und nach der Wahl nicht repräsentierte bedeutende Parteien; Links-Rechts- Position der Parteien; durch Experten zugeordnete Links-Rechts-Position der Parteien und alternative Dimensionen des Parteienwettbewerbs; Konsens über Platzierung auf weiteren Dimensionen des Parteienwettbewerbs; bedeutendste Faktoren bei der Wahl; Konsens über das Ranking der Einflussfaktoren; Möglichkeit zu Wahlbündnissen im Wahlkampf; existierende Wahlbündnisse; Zahl der gewählten gesetzgebenden Kammern, für Unter- und Oberhäuser wurde codiert: Anzahl der Wahlsegmente, Anzahl der Hautwahlbezirke, Anzahl der Sitze, Größenordnung des Bezirks (Anzahl der aus jedem Bezirk gewählten Mitglieder), Anzahl der sekundären und tertiären Wahlkreise, Wahlpflicht; Anzahl abgegebener Stimmen; Abstimmungsverfahren; Stimmen übertragbar; Stimmen kumulierbar; Parteischwelle; Wahlformel; Parteilisten geschlossen, offen oder flexibel; Möglichkeit von Koalitionen; Mehrparteien-Vermerke auf Stimmzetteln; Unterstützung der verbündeten Partei; gemeinsame Parteilisten; Anforderungen für gemeinsame Parteilisten; Art der Koalitionsvereinbarungen; Staatsoberhaupt (Regimetyp); im Falle mehrerer Runden: Auswahl des Staatsoberhauptes; Direktwahl des Staatsoberhauptes und Verfahren der direkten Wahl; Schwelle für Erstrundensieg; Verfahren der Kandidatenauswahl in der Finalrunde; einfache Mehrheit oder absolute Mehrheit für den Wahlsieg in der 2. Runde; Jahr der Präsidentschaftswahl (vor oder nach den Parlamentswahlen); Prozess bei indirekter Wahl des Staatsoberhauptes; im Falle eines Wahlmänner-Gremiums: Auswahl der Wahlmänner, Beratungs- und Abstimmungsverfahren; wenn durch Gesetzgeber: gesetzgebende Kammern; Abstimmungsverfahren; verfassungsrechtliche Befugnisse des Staatoberhauptes; Stellung des Regierungsoberhauptes;
Befugnisse des Ministerpräsidenten; Methoden der Auflösung des Kabinetts; Auflösung der Legislative vor den planmäßigen Wahlen; Auflösung der Legislative durch: Staatsoberhaupt, Regierungschef, Mehrheit der Legislative, Kombination; Einschränkungen bei der Auflösung der Legislative; die zweite Kammer der Legislative (Wahlverfahren, Zusammensetzung, ausschließliche Gesetzgebungsbefugnisse, Machtbefugnisse über das Kabinett); föderale Verfassungsstruktur, zentralstaatliche Macht über Peripherie.

Das Modul wurde als Nachwahl-Befragung durchgeführt. Die daraus resultierenden Daten werden mit Daten über das Abstimmungsverhalten, demographischen Daten, und Variablen auf Wahlkreis- und Länderebene in einem einzelnen Datensatz bereitgestellt. CSES Variable List Eine Liste aller Variablen wird auf der Webseite des CSES bereitgestellt. Sie verdeutlicht, welche Inhalte über das CSES verfügbar sind und erlaubt es die Inhalte über verschiedene Module des CSES zu vergleichen. Themen: INDIVIDUALDATEN: Technische Variablen: Gewichtungsvariablen; Art der Wahl; Erhebungsmodus; Geschlecht des Interviewers; Datum der Datenerhebung; Wahlkreis des Befragten; Anzahl der Tage zwischen Wahltag und Interview. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Bildung; Familienstand; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft anderer Haushaltsmitglieder; Mitgliedschaft in einem Berufsverband; Erwerbsstatus; Beruf; sozioökonomischer Status; Beschäftigungsform (öffentlicher oder privater Sektor, industrieller Sektor); Erwerbsstatus des Partners; Beruf des Partners; sozioökonomischer Status des Partners; Beschäftigungsform (öffentlicher oder privater Sektor, industrieller Sektor) des Partners; Haushaltseinkommen; Anzahl Personen im Haushalt; Anzahl Kinder unter 18 im Haushalt; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Religiosität; Konfessionsmitgliedschaft; Haushaltssprache; Rasse; ethnische Zugehörigkeit; Wohnort; ländliches oder städtisches Wohnumfeld. Befragungsvariablen: Politische Partizipation während des letzten Wahlkampfes (Überzeugungsarbeit, Wahlkampfaktivitäten) und Häufigkeit politischer Partizipation; Kontakt zu einem Kandidaten oder einer Partei während des Wahlkampfes; Wahlbeteiligung bei der aktuellen und der letzten Wahl; Wahlentscheidung (Präsidentschafts-, Unterhaus und Oberhauswahlen ) in der aktuellen und der letzten Wahl; Befragter hat bei der aktuellen und der letzten Wahl Stimme für bevorzugten Kandidaten abgegeben; wichtigste Themen der Wahl; Beurteilung der Problemlösungskompetenz der Regierung; Demokratiezufriedenheit; Einstellung zu ausgewählten Aussagen: Es macht einen Unterschied, wer an der Macht ist und für wen die Menschen stimmen, Demokratie ist besser als andere Regierungsformen; Beurteilung der Leistung der vom Befragten bei der letzten Wahl gewählten Partei; Beurteilung der Vertretung von Wähleransichten bei den Wahlen; Partei und Spitzenpolitiker, die am besten für die Meinung des Befragten stehen; Parteiidentifikation; Intensität der Parteiidentifikation; Sympathie–Skalometer für ausgewählte Parteien; Einstufung von Parteien und Spitzenpolitikern auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; politische Partizipation während der letzten fünf Jahre (Politikerkontakte, Teilnahme an einer Demonstration, Zusammenarbeit mit Gleichgesinnten); Respektieren von individueller Freiheit und Menschenrechten; Einschätzung der Verbreitung von Korruption im Land; Selbsteinstufung auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; politische Informiertheit. WAHLKREISDATEN: Anzahl der zu vergebenden Sitze im Wahlkreis; Anzahl der Kandidaten im Wahlkreis; Anzahl der Parteilisten; Prozentanteil der Parteien (Wahlergebnis); Wahlbeteiligung im Wahlkreis. LÄNDERDATEN: Wahlergebnisse der Parteien bei der aktuellen Parlamentswahl (Unterhaus / Oberhaus); Anteil der von den Parteien erhaltenen Sitze im Unterhaus; Anteil der von den Parteien erhaltenen Sitze im Oberhaus; Wahlbeteiligung; Anzahl der von jeder Partei gehalten Kabinettsposten vor und nach der letzten Wahl; Gründungsjahr der Parteien; ideologische Parteifamilien; Fraktionszugehörigkeit der Parteien im Europäischen Parlament und Zugehörigkeit zu einer internationalen Organisation; vor und nach der Wahl nicht repräsentierte bedeutende Parteien; Links-Rechts- Position der Parteien; durch Experten zugeordnete Links-Rechts-Position der Parteien und alternative Dimensionen des Parteienwettbewerbs; Konsens über Platzierung auf weiteren Dimensionen des Parteienwettbewerbs; bedeutendste Faktoren bei der Wahl; Konsens über das Ranking der Einflussfaktoren; Möglichkeit zu Wahlbündnissen im Wahlkampf; existierende Wahlbündnisse; Zahl der gewählten gesetzgebenden Kammern, für Unter- und Oberhäuser wurde codiert: Anzahl der Wahlsegmente, Anzahl der Hautwahlbezirke, Anzahl der Sitze, Größenordnung des Bezirks (Anzahl der aus jedem Bezirk gewählten Mitglieder), Anzahl der sekundären und tertiären Wahlkreise, Wahlpflicht; Anzahl abgegebener Stimmen; Abstimmungsverfahren; Stimmen übertragbar; Stimmen kumulierbar; Parteischwelle; Wahlformel; Parteilisten geschlossen, offen oder flexibel; Möglichkeit von Koalitionen; Mehrparteien-Vermerke auf Stimmzetteln; Unterstützung der verbündeten Partei; gemeinsame Parteilisten; Anforderungen für gemeinsame Parteilisten; Art der Koalitionsvereinbarungen; Staatsoberhaupt (Regimetyp); im Falle mehrerer Runden: Auswahl des Staatsoberhauptes; Direktwahl des Staatsoberhauptes und Verfahren der direkten Wahl; Schwelle für Erstrundensieg; Verfahren der Kandidatenauswahl in der Finalrunde; einfache Mehrheit oder absolute Mehrheit für den Wahlsieg in der 2. Runde; Jahr der Präsidentschaftswahl (vor oder nach den Parlamentswahlen); Prozess bei indirekter Wahl des Staatsoberhauptes; im Falle eines Wahlmänner-Gremiums: Auswahl der Wahlmänner, Beratungs- und Abstimmungsverfahren; wenn durch Gesetzgeber: gesetzgebende Kammern; Abstimmungsverfahren; verfassungsrechtliche Befugnisse des Staatoberhauptes; Stellung des Regierungsoberhauptes; Befugnisse des Ministerpräsidenten; Methoden der Auflösung des Kabinetts; Auflösung der Legislative vor den planmäßigen Wahlen; Auflösung der Legislative durch: Staatsoberhaupt, Regierungschef, Mehrheit der Legislative, Kombination; Einschränkungen bei der Auflösung der Legislative; die zweite Kammer der Legislative (Wahlverfahren, Zusammensetzung, ausschließliche Gesetzgebungsbefugnisse, Machtbefugnisse über das Kabinett); föderale Verfassungsstruktur, zentralstaatliche Macht über Peripherie.

Un viejo proverbio chino señala que "la puerta mejor cerrada es aquella que puede dejarse abierta". Efectivamente la transformación de China durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX grafica este dicho. De manera impensada para muchos, luego de casi tres décadas de férreo control estatal sobre la economía bajo el liderazgo de Mao Zedong, la dirigencia china que lo sucedió en el poder decidió hacia fines de los setenta "abrir una puerta bien cerrada" y emprender un ambicioso proceso de modernización, liberalización y apertura económica. De la mano de Zhou Enlai primero y Deng Xiaoping después, el Estado chino se embarcó en la tarea de modernizar dentro del país su sector agrícola, su estructura productiva, la ciencia y tecnología y la defensa nacional. El interés central detrás de esta transformación radicaba en acortar la brecha de desarrollo existente con los países más avanzados, situación que se reflejaba en el éxito económico de "vecinos" como Japón, Corea del Sur, Taiwán y Hong Kong. Para Deng, China sólo podría convertirse en una gran potencia a través de una política sistemática de modernización, con énfasis en el desarrollo económico y manteniendo la estructura de control político del Partido Comunista (Wilhelmy y Soto, 2005: 52). El desafío a superar consistía en dejar atrás una empobrecida, cerrada y estancada economía planificada y avanzar en la configuración de una economía competitiva. En la opinión del periodista Li Datong (2009), la política de reformas contó a grandes rasgos con dos etapas bien claras. En la primera, que se extendió de 1978 a 1989, el ímpetu de cambio fue puesto en la reducción de la pobreza rural y urbana. En la segunda, iniciada en 1992 con el famoso viaje de Deng al sur del país y culminada en el 2001 con el ingreso de China a la Organización Mundial de Comercio, el gobierno en estrecha alianza con sectores empresariales concentró esfuerzos en impulsar el crecimiento económico.Las principales medidas adoptadas consistieron en: la descolectivización de la agricultura y la autorización del uso privado de las tierras comunales (household responsibility system); el levantamiento de la prohibición para realizar actividades empresariales de índole privada; la apertura por primera vez desde la Revolución de 1948 al ingreso de capitales extranjeros; la creación de zonas económicas especiales y de apertura (existen actualmente una veintena, entre ciudades, provincias y áreas costeras); la privatización de numerosas empresas (a excepción de algunos grandes monopolios vinculados a energía y al sistema bancario); la descentralización del control estatal nacional hacia los gobiernos provinciales; la reducción general de aranceles y barreras comerciales; y el reconocimiento legal en 2005 de la propiedad privada.Estas reformas hicieron posible el denominado "milagro chino", la gran performance económica desatada a partir de 1978. Entre aquel año y el 2006 China mantuvo un promedio anual de crecimiento del 9,7%, tendencia que sólo se interrumpió tras los incidentes de la Plaza de Tiananmen en 1989 y que apenas se redujo en 1997 y 1998 durante la dura crisis asiática (Zhao, 2006: 3). Asimismo, mientras en los objetivos iniciales se esperaba cuadruplicar el PIB para comienzos del siglo XX, el desempeño real arrojó un impresionante crecimiento de trece veces del PIB de 1978 hacia el año 2006. En materia comercial, su comercio exterior se ha quintuplicado en los últimos diez años, mientras que su participación en el comercio mundial en ese mismo período se ha más que duplicado, llegando en 2007 al 9% de las exportaciones y al 6,8% de las importaciones globales. Además, China incrementó su penetración en los mercados de las economías desarrolladas y simultánea­mente se transformó en un importante destino de exportación, especialmente para las economías de la región asiática, convirtiéndose en un nuevo eje del comercio mundial –segundo exportador y tercer importador en 2007–, disputando así el papel de Estados Unidos, la Unión Europea y Japón (D'Elía et al., 2008: 67-8). Una de las principales fuentes de esta expansión comercial ha sido el creciente emplazamiento de firmas extranjeras en el país, las que se valen de los bajos costos de producción para sus operaciones. La participación de dichas firmas en las exportaciones chinas aumentó del 10% en 1990 a casi un 60% en 2004 (Blonigen y Ma, 2010: 475). Este fenómeno denominado "processing trade"explica que China se haya convertido en el principal receptor entre los países en desarrollo de inversión extranjera directa por primera vez en 1993 y uno de los tres primeros a nivel mundial entre 2003 y 2005 (Cheng y Ma, 2010: 545). Conjuntamente, el doble éxito comercial y en atracción de capitales apuntaló también las reservas internacionales. Mientras que en 1992 se registraron reservas por 19 mil millones de dólares, equivalente a un 4% del PIB, tan sólo quince años después éstas alcanzaron 1,4 billones, correspondiente al 50% del PIB (Truman, 2008: 169).A nivel doméstico, la principal transformación ha consistido en el establecimiento gradual de una "economía de mercado socialista". Su avance se evidencia en que hacia 1979 la totalidad de las industrias eran estatales o "colectivas" y el Estado controlaba los precios del 97% de los productos en circulación, mientras que hacia fines de la década de los noventa, menos del 30% de las empresas seguían siendo estatales y las fuerzas del mercado fijaban ya el 97% de los precios. Desde el 2001 estos márgenes se han mantenido mayormente constantes. Pero este ascenso económico posee una contracara de obstáculos, desafíos y debilidades bien marcados que pondrán a prueba la potencialidad de crecimiento a futuro. Por un lado, China es todavía un país pobre en términos de su ingreso per capita, estimado en aproximadamente U$S 3.000 anuales, lo que equivale sólo al 10% de los ingresos registrados en Estados Unidos y Europa. Este bajo registro se conjuga con una mayor desigualdad y una aguda concentración de los ingresos, siendo el 90% de la riqueza acaparada por el 1% más rico de la población (Datong, 2009). La razón detrás de éste pasivo social yace en las privatizaciones, la liberalización y el marcado contraste entre el interior del país y las más dinámicas zonas costeras e industriales —el 57% del PIB se produce en el este de China, un 26% en la región central y apenas el 17% en el oeste (D´Elía et al., 2008: 69). Consecuentemente, ello explica que el crecimiento de la economía esté principalmente impulsado por las exportaciones y la inversión más que por el consumo doméstico. Por el otro lado, los problemas ambientales se han vuelto verdaderamente acuciantes de la mano de este crecimiento. China ha reemplazado recientemente a los Estados Unidos como principal emisor mundial de gases de efecto invernadero. A causa del creciente parque automotriz, las industrias contaminantes y las numerosas plantas procesadoras de carbón, la calidad del aire se ha deteriorado en las principales ciudades. Así, por ejemplo, la concentración de partículas tóxicas inhalables en Beijing en el año 2008 superó en un 80% el estándar tolerable fijado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (Jacobs, 2010). En las zonas rurales, la masificación del uso de fertilizantes y agrotóxicos para apuntalar la productividad de la agricultura ha contaminado buena parte de las cuencas hídricas.En el plano de los desafíos, debe sumarse que China no es una democracia. El sistema de gobierno es esencialmente autoritario, regido por actores que se imponen en contiendas intrapartidistas y burocráticas libradas a puertas cerradas en Beijing (Wilhelmy y Soto, 2005: 53). Lejos de ser China una "sociedad armónica", se han registrado al compás de las transformaciones importantes conflictos sociales con base en diferentes reclamos: mayor democratización, mejores condiciones de vida, reconocimiento de autonomía política en el caso del Tíbet, etc. Desde los años de Deng, la regla ha sido la aplicación de una política de "mano dura" para contener el disenso interno —como se evidenció en la plaza de Tiananmen en 1989. No obstante, este disenso ha ido en ascenso. En septiembre de 2003, Human Rights Watch informó que más de tres millones de personas se movilizaron en distintas protestas en sólo un mes y que, en más de cien casos a lo largo del país, los reclamos escalaron en violentos choques con las fuerzas de seguridad locales y la destrucción de edificios gubernamentales (Becker, 2006: 169). Por tanto, resta ver cómo el sistema político logra adaptarse a las radicales modificaciones sociales en curso y da cabida a nuevos actores en la lucha por el poder. A pesar de estos desafíos por resolver, existe un fuerte consenso mundial sobre el actual proceso de ascenso de China al status de gran potencia. La célebre predicción de Napoleón —"Let China sleep, for when she wakes, she will shake the world"—, parece estar siendo confirmada (Kynge, 2006). En efecto, "China is reemerging as a major power after one hundred and fifty years of being a weak player on the world stage—a brief hiatus in China's long history", de acuerdo con Susan Shirk (2007: 4), máxima responsable en el Departamento de Estado de las relaciones con China durante la administración Clinton. Si se considera su situación estructural, una estimación reciente del poder comprehensivo de China comparada con las otras grandes potencias del sistema internacional arroja los siguientes resultados. Allí se advierte que China es la única potencia con un status fuerte de poder en cada una de las dimensiones contempladas y por tanto la principal competidora estratégica detrás de la superpotencia estadounidense. Pero el nuevo protagonismo chino también se percibe de una manera más dinámica. Crecientemente el país empieza a desempeñar roles críticos en distintos asuntos de interés mundial, desde la no proliferación hasta el cambio climático, además de ser materia de controversia en Occidente en asuntos relacionados con la pérdida de empleos, déficits comerciales y derechos humanos. En la última década, además, China ha combinado su dinamismo económico con políticas pragmáticas de seguridad y defensa y un fuerte activismo diplomático, gracias a lo cual ha empezado a establecer sólidas relaciones no sólo en toda Asia sino también en Europa, África y Sudamérica, aprovechando en buena medida los "espacios" generados por la focalización de los Estados Unidos en las guerras de Afganistán e Irak y la lucha contra el AlQaeda (Gill, 2007: 1).En el caso particular de América Latina, el carácter actual de los vínculos con China se remonta a la finalización de la Guerra Fría. Fue entonces cuando la desideologización de la política exterior del gigante asiático y el auge del proceso de globalización brindaron un marco propicio para una fuerte expansión económica de las relaciones sino-latinoamericanas (Cesarín, 2006: 52). Algunas cifras ilustran el fenómeno. Las exportaciones de América Latina y el Caribe a China aumentaron en forma súbita desde los US$1.500 millones en 1990, a los casi US$3.000 millones en 1995 y US$5.400 millones en 2000, para crecer posteriormente un 42% anual entre 2000 y 2004 hasta llegar a superar los US$21.000 millones en 2004. En 2003, los recursos primarios representaban el 45,5% de la canasta (Davy, 2008: 4). Por su parte, las exportaciones chinas a la región durante la década de los 90 crecieron más de cinco veces, logrando un superávit comercial global que perduró hasta el 2002. Sin embargo, con los países ricos en recursos naturales como Brasil, Argentina, Chile y Perú, la balanza mercantil resultó deficitaria para Beijing (Cheng, 2006).El interés chino en los países del subcontinente se ha vuelto desde entonces más claro: América Latina constituye un importante reservorio de materias primas, alimentos y recursos naturales necesarios para la prosecución de su crecimiento —no debe perderse de vista que China importa el 30% del petróleo que consume, el 45% del mineral de hierro, el 44% de otros metales no ferrosos y una proporción cada vez más alta de productos agrícolas. El patrón de intercambio comercial y de inversiones en los últimos años refleja dicho interés: minería y forestación (Perú y Chile), pesca, agroalimentos y petróleo (Argentina y Venezuela), mineral de hierro y acero (Brasil), producción de alimentos (Brasil, Chile, Argentina y Perú) y minería (Perú, Colombia, Chile). (Cesarín, 2006: 52-3.) En efecto, la relativa bonanza económica latinoamericana de comienzos de siglo —en parte— se debe a la fuerte demanda china de este tipo de bienes y commoditiesque traccionó al alza los precios internacionales. Para algunos, esto representa una importante oportunidad de optimizar los procesos subregionales de integración e impulsar cambios en las estructuras productivas nacionales mediante la participación inversora de firmas chinas (Cesarín, 2005: 3). Pero esta situación, en principio favorable, amerita una reflexión cautelosa en la medida en que "el auge de los commodities encubre los riesgos inherentes de depender de un sector volátil y en gran medida poco calificado para el sostenimiento de un crecimiento económico a largo plazo y la prosperidad" (Davy, 2008: 2). En este sentido, China ofrece a la región oportunidades pero también desafíos: detrás de los cantos de sirena, se esconde el peligro de un comercio asimétrico que conduzca a la reedición de lazos de dependencia y a una inserción internacional de América Latina subordinada a los dictados de una gran potencia distante. Precisamente, el profesor Julio Sevares (2007: 12) ve en la relación económica Latinoamérica-China no una relación Sur-Sur, sino más bien el clásico esquema comercial Norte-Sur y el patrón inversor de tipo extractivo británico del siglo XIX.Con respecto estrictamente al plano político-estratégico, dos cuestiones deben considerarse. La primera es que China resulta para muchos de los liderazgos latinoamericanos un simpático ejemplo de éxito en materia de reformas dado el importante rol estatal en la conducción de la transformación económica. Representa así un exitoso experimento, distinto de las propuestas neoliberales que fracasaron en América Latina (Cesarín, 2010: 8). Y la segunda, es que la irrupción de China en la región plantea interrogantes sobre la eventual reacción de los Estados Unidos ante un eventual socavamiento de influencia en su "patio trasero". Se trata de un escenario que desde comienzos del siglo XXI se sigue con atención en las usinas de pensamiento estratégico en Washington. Allí se distinguen al menos dos posiciones: una, la de los decisores estadounidenses más temerosos que entienden a la nueva presencia china en la región como la movida inicial de una ofensiva diplomática a gran escala de Beijing para desafiar a los Estados Unidos en su propio hemisferio; y la otra perspectiva, más benigna, que percibe los crecientes vínculos como una oportunidad antes que una amenaza y como una manifestación natural de las necesidades energéticas y de recursos del país asiático sin miras explícitas de choque con la superpotencia (Roett y Paz, 2008: 1). Esta última visión es la que acepta la idea del ascenso pacífico ("peaceful rise") que ha publicitado Hu Jintao. De acuerdo con Zheng Bijian, uno de sus principales ideólogos, "China no tiene la intención ni de desafiar ni de subvertir el orden internacional político y económico ya existente (…). No buscamos la hegemonía ni en el pasado, ni ahora, ni nunca jamás en el futuro cuando hayamos alcanzado el desarrollo. Hemos convertido ya en una premisa básica de nuestro Estado la de no pretender nunca la hegemonía" (Bijian, 2005).La reemergencia histórica de China debe por tanto discurrir a través de la integración a las reglas de juego internacionales, a través del multilateralismo, la resolución pacífica de las disputas y la tolerancia hacia el resto de las naciones. En última instancia, la evolución hacia un abierto desafío estratégico entre los Estados Unidos y China o hacia una convivencia respetuosa entre superpotencias, dependerá del factor que prime en la interacción mutua: un juego de suma cero producto de las transformaciones estructurales en el sistema político internacional, o bien un juego de suma positiva resultado de intereses y percepciones convergentes.(1) El presente artículo es un fragmento de un capítulo de libro en elaboración sobre la inserción internacional de la Argentina entre el 2003-2007. *Candidato doctoral, Universidad Nacional General San Martín (UNSAM).Referencias bibliográficasBecker, Jasper (2006): Dragon Rising. An inside look at China today (Washington D.C.: National Geographic). 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