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Kenworthy reviews 'Resource Conflict in the Horn of Africa' by John Markakis.

The Horn of Africa (HOA) is one of the most underdeveloped regions on earth. It is also one of the most conflict-ridden, insecure regions in the world. While Africa as a whole has enjoyed a trend in recent years toward reduction and termination of many of its civil wars, the HOA is the exception to the rule. Indeed, the region's prolonged armed conflicts have spread, engulfing several neighboring states in warfare and partial state collapse. While aspects of the HOA case are obviously unique, and sensitivity to context and complexity must be privileged in both analysis of and policy toward the Horn, the region's crises are not so distinct that they preclude useful comparative analysis. This paper considers conflict dynamics across the entire Horn of Africa, but devotes special attention to the case of Somalia which, because of the depth, length, and significance of its crisis, is a source of particular international concern. Because Somalia's crisis has been so protracted and has gone through several very distinct phases, it provides an opportunity to compare conflict dynamics in a single country over time.

SINCE 1974 CHANGES INSIDE ETHIOPIAN SOMALIA, AND DJI HAVE FOCUSED SUPERPOWER ATTENTION ON THE HORN OF AFRICA AND LEAD TO THE SUPERIMPOSITION OF SOVIET IDEOLOGY AND POWER. ONE RESULT HAS BEEN A SERIOUS GAP BETWEEN THE RHETORIC AND REALITY OF THE AREA'S MARXIST MOVEMENT. THIS GAP WILL PROBABLY PERSIST AS NATIONALISM AND INTERNATIONAL FORCES SHAPE THE FUTURE OF MARXISM IN THE REGION.

Capasso, Marianna: The role of China in Africa: the matter of the Horn of Africa. - S. 71-78 Guglielmo, Matteo: Eritrea: what regional policy? - S. 79-90 Baheli, Mohammad Nima: Somalia, Iran and Lebanon: the three sides of an alliance? - S. 91-104 Palmieri, Vincenzo: A brief picture of domestic political situation in Somalia, and international relationships in the Horn of Africa. - S. 105-116 Tadele, Tadesse: Zenawi, U.S. and meddling in Somali affairs. - S. 117-120

The Horn of Africa region has a special importance in the policies of the major powers that seek to achieve their interests, due to the strategic elements that this region enjoys, whether in relation to its strategic location or the resources and wealth that exist in it. This feature doubled the size of the temptations that attracted the attention of most of the superpowers and made it a fertile field for the exercise of all kinds of influence. The weakness factors that the region suffers from, such as internal conflicts, the spread of corruption, poverty, and the absence of a national identity, allowed for effective external interference in its internal affairs.

AN ANALYSIS OF US AND SOVIET MILITARY INFLUENCE IN NORTHEAST AFRICA, 1930-77. THE SOVIETS HAVE GAINED INFLUENCE IN ETHIOPIA AND OTHER AREAS ON THE HORN. US INFLUENCE HAS INCREASED IN THE STATES SURROUNDING THE HORN.

THE SOVIET UNION HAS BEEN ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN THE HORN FOR JUST OVER TWENTY YEARS. DURING THAT PERIOD THE TWO LARGEST COUNTRIES IN THE REGION HAVE EACH EXPERIENCED A MAJOR CHANGE OF GOVERNMENT AND A 'SOCIALIST REVOLUTION', THERE HAS BEEN A WAR BETWEEN THE TWO, AND THEIR INTERNATIONAL ALLIANCES ARE NOW THE REVERSE OF WHAT THEY WERE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE PERIOD. TO WHAT EXTENT ARE THESE DRAMATIC CHANGES DUE TO SOVIET INFLUENCE?