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The article analyzes the key historical stages of the formation of human rights. It is determined that each person has a certain spectrum of a priori rights. And today, most democratic countries in the world are striving to ensure that these rights are not only formal but also implemented in practical terms. That is why the last half of the XX century marked the emergence of international recognition of human rights. The author of the article also believes that the mechanisms of ensuring, guaranteeing or observing rights in society begin with its high moral standard, where the person does not infringe the rights of other individuals, or even in the event of such an attack, will consciously follow the punishment provided by the state. In this article, the term human rights was deliberately used, since the author considers it more justified in this context, given that it is a more general category that covers "human and civil rights and freedoms". In other cases, such phrases may be used as "human rights" or "fundamental, fundamental or fundamental rights." Both of these terms have the right to exist and each of them is found in separate European documents. Separately, the article explores the distinction between law and freedom, which is a separate argument to the emergence of a cumulative category, which may include rights and freedoms. Another argument in favor of this opinion, the author calls the possibility of the existence of not only human rights, but also non-human rights, in particular, it is about the rights of animals.

The article is devoted to the study of the main trends in the development of non-human rights, the analysis of European and national legislation on this issue. The appearance of non-human rights is viewed through the prism of human dignity, the author supports the idea that dignity is an advantage of man and at the same time signifies his ability to "rule over other creatures, to create human civilization and its benefits, other socially significant things". After analyzing the basic doctrinal views on animal rights, the logical assumption is made that a person or an animal should be at least equal in two aspirations: preserving one's life and avoiding pain. This, in turn, automatically means the possibility of existence for these creatures: the right to life, the right to protection against personal injury, the prohibition of torture and the prohibition of moral harm. The four major Conventions adopted by the Council of Europe, which actually lack a clear list of animal rights, and the World Declaration of Animal Rights adopted by the International League of Animal Rights, which contain such a list of rights, as well as national legislation in the form of the Law of Ukraine on the Protection of Animals against Cruelty, are also analyzed ". After that, the author concludes that with the exception of such European countries as Spain, Switzerland and Germany, where animal rights are defined and enshrined at the legislative and general legal levels, the major world trends testify to their neglect and lack of study. This is the main reason why it is not possible to change the animal cruelty that prevails in society in some places.

The article presents a brief overview of India-U.S. relations during the period of Narendra Modi's government and Barack Obama's administration. The author analyzes the dynamics of cooperation development after the victory of Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2014 Parliamentary elections in India and studies the key directions of bilateral agenda. The current condition of India-U.S. strategic dialogue and the influence of human rights issues on the countries' cooperation are characterized.

Since 2014 the states' cooperation has been growing rapidly. The bilateral investment, trade and economic interdependence have significantly increased. Some experts and mass media note that Barack Obama and Narendra Modi are having friendly relations. From a different angle, a number of agreements between countries still remain unaccomplished. For instance, the U.S. support for India's permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council, its accession to APEC and the implementation of nuclear deal have yet to be turned into achievement.

Together with strengthening the bilateral strategic dialogue, the U.S. has intensified the criticism of India's human rights record. The main part of it includes the cases of religious intolerance, which are observed in the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom reports and the remarks given by U.S. lawmakers and official representatives, including the Ambassador to India. Washington's careful attention to the human rights issues and religious violence in particular is one of the major irritants in the U.S.-India relations.

The engagement of Indian Americans in the local U.S. politics and their lobbying efforts in the context of U.S.-India relations are revealed. The author outlines the near-terms perspectives of bilateral cooperation.

This article is devoted to the study of human rights restrictions in Ukraine. The author states that there is an increasing tendency of human rights restriction in Ukraine. Both the state and private persons are the subjects of violation of human rights. In the legislative policy this tendency has increased since the parliamentary election in 2014. That year is known as the beginning of the in Ukraine. But most of the restrictions of human rights made by the laws of Ukraine (which violate the Constitution of Ukraine) since then have no relation to military activities and national security. The author identifies a number of tendencies: 1) recent amendments to Ukrainian legislation not only limit constitutional rights but also violate the principles of law and constitutional guarantees of human rights; 2) due to the usage of modern informational technologies, violations of the right to privacy are total; however, the law-enforcement agencies do not struggle with such violations systematically; 3) many constitutional human rights are violated by the laws devoted to family relations; those laws are being passed by the Parliament of Ukraine with the very high speed that is not quite usual for legislative process in Ukraine; 4) both the state and private persons use modern technologies to violate human rights; on the

basis of modern technologies new ways of violation of human rights appear. Conclusions. The restrictions of human rights, provided by the laws, always have some reasons. But neither political, nor economical, nor social nor any other interest can be the reason for violation of human rights and freedoms. "In spite of the fact that the air was never so full of theories of liberty and wild declarations of «rights», there has been a steady curtailment of «personal freedom»". These words of the great American Henry Ford are so relevant for modern Ukraine.

The article is dedicated to the analysis of influence of the human rights issue on the development of German-Chinese political relations at the present stage. The author analyses main issues of the Germany- China human rights dialogue, its legal basis, the positions and arguments of the sides. In the author's opinion, one of the main obstacles to the development of cooperation between Germany and China in this area is a different perception of the nature of human rights. The author concludes that both Germany and China in effect are willing to put aside the issue of "human rights violations" and criticism of non-compliance with fundamental civil and political rights of Chinese citizens for the sake of economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.

It is shown that the origins of the modern concept of human rights as the leading political and legal doctrine are in the horizon of the formation of philosophical knowledge. The ideas of the thinkers of antiquity, the Middle Ages and the New Age regarding freedom, equality, justice and human dignity, which constitute the basic principles and values of the concept of human rights, are considered. The genesis of human rights occurs in the context of the development of natural-legal thinking and the search for a balance between indi- vidual happiness and public good. It is proved that modern ideas about human rights are based on philosophical concepts, the quintessence of which was the proclamation of the autonomy and freedom of the individual.

The article discusses the protection of human rights in a legal and democratic country. In the context of the human rights protection, the concept of the rule of law and the principle of the rule of law, based on the distinction between law and principle, is explored. It also examines that the state practically acquires the characteristics of social harmony when it has the goal of realizing the human right to a decent life, imposes obligations to perform a significant social function – the implementation of social policies aimed at developing and implementing a system of reforms and social protection measures. The reality indicates that a person is less protected before the state and the mechanism of its responsibility is quite effective, unlike the mechanism of responsibility before the person, in Ukraine it practically does not work. And the latest in the context of the development of a legal state is evidence of a certain level of democratic transformations. Therefore, special attention in the context of the formation of a legal state should be paid to the institution of responsibility before a person, as one of the basic guarantees of human rights and freedoms enshrined in current legislation. Thanks to this, a weakening of the state's pressure on society is achieved, and at the same time the possibility of its control over the actions of the state and the decisions of its organs and officials is increased.

The article deals with historical development of the human rights institute through concept positions of the most popular figures of the researched period. Creative heritage of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel has been analyzed. The subject of his works was a human being, his rights and freedoms as well as the role in the state. According to Hegel the person as a member of society and a part of the state should bear responsibility for his/her acts to avoid general arbitrariness and violation of the rights and freedoms of other people which could have a big impact on the development of the researched institute. John Locke has basic principles of human rights in his works such as freedom, equality and the right to life, the state is some guarantor for achievement of protection of these rights. The philosopher presented a new idea that the person could protest against the government which could not satisfy the interests of population and replace it with a new one which could accomplish this goal. Integrity of the philosopher regarding restriction of the arbitrariness of the state power and its division in parliamentary, federal and executive for satisfaction of people's interests. Samuel von Pufendorf developed the idea of natural law and duties of the person and citizen. Pufendorf considered representation of natural law in the person's behavior and friendly features which he/she had and described that he/she had to behave the way to benefit society. Charles Louis de Montesquieu drew particular attention to interpretation of difference between positive and natural law by concluding that (positive) law could be fair only if it complied with natural law. Jean-Jacques Rousseau stated that laws should be created by people to keep the highest virtue which are represented in freedom and equality lying in economic and legal development of the state.

Problem setting. Although modern humanity has proclaimed the universality of human dignity and desperately upholds this value, which is fully in harmony with freedom, equality andfraternity, the truth is that in reality it has not yet been able to go beyond the status of a citizen of the nation state in its legal and political conventions. . In this sense, a very important issue is the representation of the real situation around the categories of «universal citizenship», «human rights» and «globalization» in the midst of the geopolitical conflict in Latin America caused by the persecution of 21st century socialism. Paper objective. This critical essay aims to discuss the real significance of such political and legal categories as «universal citizenship», «human rights» and «globalization» in the midst of the geopolitical conflict that led to the persecution of 21st century socialism in Latin America. Methodology. The methodologicalfield of the research uses documentary observation and dialectical hermeneutics, which help to compare and reconcile categories with different semantic contexts to reconstruct their true meaning. The technique of writing this research was the methodological procedure of the hermeneutic circle, which is a sequential analysis of numerous written documentary sources, combined in a kind of dialogic context with hidden messages that can be read between the lines, as well as interpretive theories and critical thinking. Paper main body. There is much in common between the contemporary political and philosophical programs of the Western cultural space, ofwhich Latin Americans are a part, and the ideas of universal citizenship, globalization, and human rights in a spirit of deep militant universalism that function fully today not only as abstract theories at the disposal of peoples and nations who continue to work to improve their living conditions and strengthen their freedom to exist and act in a better world. As for the tradition of human rights as a modern expression of natural law, it ...