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Part-time working accounts for one in five jobs across Europe, and one in four in the UK. However, part-time working from the employer perspective has been under-researched. The employer perspective is important because currently, part-time jobs are often poor quality jobs, and because some full-time workers would prefer to work part-time but feel that the option is not open to them. Better quality part-time jobs across a broader range of types of work could improve labour market participation, social inclusion and progression for certain disadvantaged demographics, which in turn will maximise skills and productivity. Part-time working is defined in relation to a full-time norm, but part-time jobs are not uniform: part-time working may be designed to meet employer needs or workers' work-life needs; it may be high-quality or low-quality; and it may vary from one day a week to almost full-time. Influences on employers' provision of part-time working may operate at the national, sectoral, occupational or organisational level. Within organisations, provision may vary depending on the nature of the work and the attitudes of line managers and co-workers. National legislation and cultural expectations provide the context within which employers make their decisions about the provision of part-time working: the prevalence of part-time working across Europe varies from 48% in the Netherlands to less than 10% in many eastern European nations. This context may affect employers in several ways. First, it may affect employer policy – not just the legal rights of part-time workers, but the cultural expectations about 'the right thing to do' for demographic groups such as parents and carers. Secondly, it may influence line managers' views on how to implement employer policy; and thirdly it may affect workers' preferred working hours, which in turn affect employers' provision of part-time working. Sectoral and occupational context also influence employer decisions about the provision of part-time working: there is wide variation across sectors and occupations, with much higher prevalence in service sectors and in low-paid, female-dominated occupations in the UK. However, there is insufficient evidence to assess how the nature of the work, the people doing the work, the skills and gender balance in the sector, and the economic position of each sector or occupation contribute to the variable provision of part-time working. At the organisational level, employers, and line managers, must balance the costs of part-time working against the need to attract and retain workers. There are quasi-fixed costs such as recruitment and training, which rise with the number of employees, rather than hours worked, and costs associated with the adaptation of working practices for part-time employees, such as team communication and the coordination of work. There are two principal advantages for employers: using part-time working to match supply and demand for labour during extended operating hours and peak periods, and, where organisational success depends upon the knowledge and talents of the workforce (human capital), using part-time working to attract and retain workers. The perceived productivity of part-time working is also part of the calculation. The Covid-19 pandemic has had a major impact on employer attitudes to flexible working, particularly homeworking. At the same time, the flexible furlough scheme has provided a natural experiment in part-time working. Although the use of short-time working schemes during economic downturns is well established in other developed economies, their impact on longer-term part-time working has received little research attention, possibly because part-time working is often considered from the perspective of workers' reasons for working part-time, while short-time working schemes are largely involuntary for workers. The redesign of work to facilitate 'part-furlough, part-working' may have provided opportunities for managerial and organisational learning: the next stage of this project is to research any changes in employers' perspectives on the feasibility of part-time working in different types of work. ; This research is funded by the Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC), as part of UK Research & Innovation's rapid response to Covid-19.

ABSTRACT The Village Regulation is stipulated by the Village Head after being discussed and agreed upon with the Village Consultative Body which is a legal and policy framework in the administration of Village Government and Village Development. The stipulation of Village Regulations is a description of the various powers that the Village has with reference to the provisions of higher laws and regulations. So that as a legal product, the Village Regulation must not conflict with higher regulations and may not harm the public interest. One of the reasons for the promulgation of Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages is the recognition that villages have rights of origin and traditional rights in regulating and managing the interests of the local community and playing a role in realizing the ideals of independence based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This is because the recognition of the village as an autonomous region makes the village have a major role in managing, empowering and advancing the available resources, both natural and human resources. So that in the end they are able to move the wheels of development which must be accompanied by an awareness of the understanding of the spirit of autonomy for all village residents and the capacity of the apparatus as well as the community in understanding governance. Village / Traditional Village Institutions, namely Village / Traditional Village Government institutions consisting of Village / Traditional Village Governments and Village / Traditional Village Consultative Bodies, Village Community Institutions, and traditional institutions. The Village / Traditional Village Head or what is referred to by any other name is the head of the Village / Traditional Village Administration who leads the administration of the Village Government. The Village / Traditional Village Head or what is referred to by any other name has an important role in his position as an extension of the state close to the community and as a community leader. Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi is the vision of all tertiary institutions in Indonesia which consists of education and teaching, research and development, and community service. As an effort to realize this vision, the Pamulang University Master of Law study program by involving lecturers and students has held Community Service in the form of providing technical guidance to village heads and the Kalimati Village Consultative Body, Adiwerna District in drafting village regulations to be carried out in Kalimati village, Adiwerna District, Tegal Regency. Keywords: Technical Guidance, and Village Regulations ABSTRAK Peraturan Desa ditetapkan oleh Kepala Desa setelah dibahas dan disepakati bersama Badan Permusyawaratan Desa merupakan kerangka hukum dan kebijakan dalam penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Desa dan Pembangunan Desa. Penetapan Peraturan Desa merupakan penjabaran atas berbagai kewenangan yang dimiliki Desa mengacu pada ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih tinggi. Sehingga sebagai sebuah produk hukum, Peraturan Desa tidak boleh bertentangan dengan peraturan yang lebih tinggi dan tidak boleh merugikan kepentingan umum. Salah satu daru alasan di buatnya Undang-undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa adalah pengakuan bahwa Desa memiliki hak asal usul dan hak tradisional dalam mengatur dan mengurus kepentingan masyarakat setempat dan berperan mewujudkan cita-cita kemerdekaan berdasarkan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 Hal ini disebabkan karena dengan diakuinya desa sebagai sebuah daerah otonom menjadikan desa memiliki peran utama dalam mengelola, memberdayakan dan memajukan sumber daya yang tersedia, baik sumber daya alam maupun sumber daya manusia. Sehingga pada akhirnya mampu menggerakkan roda pembangunan yang harus diiringi kesadaran akan pemahaman spirit otonomi bagi seluruh penggerak warga desa dan kapasitas perangkat juga masyarakat dalam memahami tata kelola pemerintahan. Kelembagaan Desa/Desa Adat, yaitu lembaga Pemerintahan Desa/Desa Adat yang terdiri atas Pemerintah Desa/Desa Adat dan Badan Permusyawaratan Desa/Desa Adat, Lembaga Kemasyarakatan Desa, dan lembaga adat. Kepala Desa/Desa Adat atau yang disebut dengan nama lain merupakan kepala Pemerintahan Desa/Desa Adat yang memimpin penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Desa. Kepala Desa/Desa Adat atau yang disebut dengan nama lain mempunyai peran penting dalam kedudukannya sebagai kepanjangan tangan negara yang dekat dengan masyarakat dan sebagai pemimpin masyarakat. Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi merupakan visi dari seluruh perguruan tinggi di Indonesia yang terdiri dari pendidikan dan pengajaran, penelitian dan pengembangan, serta pengabdian kepada masyarakat. Sebagai upaya untuk mewujudkan visi tersebut, Program studi Magister Hukum Universitas Pamulang dengan melibatkan Dosen dan para Mahasiswa telah mengadakan Pengabdian Masyarakat dalam bentuk memberikan Bimbingan teknis kepada kepala desa dan Badan Permusyawaratan Desa Kalimati, Kecamatan Adiwerna dalam penyusunan Peraturan desa yang akan dilakukan di desa Kalimati, Kecamatan Adiwerna, Kabupaten Tegal. Kata Kunci: Bimbingan Teknis, dan Peraturan Desa

Висвітлено питання проведення реформи у сфері забезпечення якості та безпечності продуктів харчування й продовольчої сировини, розглянуто досвід зарубіжних країн. Визначено, що створення Державної служби з питань безпечності харчових продуктів та захисту споживачів дало змогу оптимізувати роботу підлеглих підрозділів та уникнути дублювання їх функцій. Проаналізовано основні законодавчі документи, що регулюють трансформаційні процеси в сільськогосподарській галузі України, визначено основні напрями змін. Зазначено, що оновлення нормативно-правових актів України забезпечить гармонізацію з міжнародними стандартами якості та дозволить перенести відповідальність за контроль якості кінцевої продукції з боку держави на операторів ринку.Ключові слова: якість продуктів харчування, державне управління, контроль, реформування, законодавча база, сертифікація ; The safety of food products and food raw materials is one of the decisive economic components of each state and is determined by the ability of the country to effectively control the quality and safety of manufactured and imported food products. This sphere of activity has extremely important humanitarian, social, economic and political aspects in society. The consumption of quality and safe food depends on human health, its productivity and biological life. On the other hand, the development of high-quality food products and food raw materials and their export is a high level of GDP, a guarantee of a prosperous and financially independent country.The statement of this issue is relevant both for the state in general and for each individual household and person as the final consumer of the agro-industrial complex (AIC) products, especially in the context of European integration processes, which require revision of the regulatory and legislative framework and the standardization system as a whole in order to implement advanced European practices in domestic realities. Our state has all the necessary resources to ensure a high rating among the agricultural producer's countries. But, the priority task should be not the production of raw materials, but the final product of consumption. That is why, because of the not stable economic and political conditions, the priority for Ukraine is to support and develop the production of high-quality, safe food with a high level of processing that is in line with international standards and based on HACCP principles.The issue of food quality control and protection of consumer rights is characterized by rapid legislative transformations caused by the formation of the European vector of Ukraine's development. In line with the global goals of sustainable UN development, one of the main priorities is "overcoming hunger, achieving food security, improving nutrition and promoting sustainable agricultural development." It specifies clear tasks aimed at increasing productivity, profitability, rationality, investment and the protection of natural resources.In order to increase the safety of products which cover all parts of the food chain, implementing state control in the field of sanitary and phytosanitary measures "from field - the table" as required by European legislation in Ukraine established or legally binding requirements for the use of permanent procedures based on the principles of the system analysis of hazardous factors and control at critical points ( HACCP - eng. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points).The introduction of a new food safety management system based on HACCP principles should solve certain problems, in particular: to reduce the load and increase the level of personal responsibility of market operators, to create conditions for preventing the impact of negative factors at manufacturing site and to ensure the competitiveness of domestic producers. The ISO international standardization system today is a unified mechanism for assessing the quality of production and management.Taking into account new requirements, responsibility for poor quality food group products, transferred from the state to commodity producers. Control includes not only end products, but also can be checked production, transportation and storage of products of the food group. In general, the new legislation is developed from the point of view of protecting the rights of consumers and is aimed at ensuring the safety of these foods.The legislative reform, oriented to European standards, simplifies the work of AIC enterprises by exempting them from obligatory controlling inspections, shifting the responsibility for the quality and safety of food products and food raw to commodity producers. It is aimed at ensuring the country's food security and competitiveness domestic products in the internal market; strengthening leadership in the global food market and governmental agricultural products; ensuring transparency and predictability of agrarian policy. This will allow stabilizing the country's economy, raising the welfare of the population, and, in the future, to implement the European standards of living for its citizens and ensure Ukraine a leading position among other states.

The concept State of Law, which carne into being in the light of the theory of the tripartite separation of powers (legislative,executive and judicial), is equivalent to sovereignty of the law; that is, State of law is the State which is fully subjected to the law; this idea of State necessarily implies a hierarchy of sources. By «source» one understands a source of legal production and that the ,legal norms are a product of the sources of production; one has to distinguish the hierarchy of the sources of production (because there exists a hierarchy of the sources of production according to the power in which they are, and there ls al so a hierarchy of powers and functions) from the formal hierarchy of legal norms. The hierarchy of sources, exigence of the principie of legality which prevails in the State of law, is an adequate medium through which legal security and tutelage of the rights of the citizens could be obtained, to confront the arbitrary exercise of power. In the arrangement of the Church there neither exists hierarchy of sources nor formal hierarchy of norms; in any case it is an organie hierarehy based on its importance in the organization. But the teaching of the Church is pregnant with petitions to the civil society to seek the legal security of the citizens and the tutelage of the fundamental rights of the human being; consistent with this doctrine are the Principia quae Codicis luris Canonici recognitionem dirigant which were discussed at the firts Synod of Bishops in 1967; this made it necessary to introduce into the canonical set up the hierarchy of sources, a question on which the most reknowned pronouncement has favourably been made concerning canonical doctrine. The existence of the division of powers in the Church is no obstacle to this objective because it is possible to have a distinction of function and, therefore, a distinction of legislative, executive and judicial organs; in this sense, the structure of the divine constitution of the Church and the pecularities of the canonical arrangement have always got to be safeguarded. This research ends with numerous suggestions de iure condendo on the way of applying the principie of the hierarchy of sources to the canonical set up. The hierarchy of sources in thecanonical set up would be: 1) Constitution; 2) Ordinary standard iaws; 3) Norms of the administration; 4) Standard business; 5) Costume. To guarantee that no inferior norm prevails over a superior one it is also necessary to introduce jurisdiccional control of the hierarchy of sources. ; Notio sic dicta Status lurls, orta patrocinio doctrinae de tripartita potestatum separatione (legislativae, exsecutivae et iudicialis), pro Summo legjs imperio est; Status scilicet iuris Status quidem est legi pi ene subiectus. Haec notio Status necessario fontium hierarchiam ponit. Fons dicitur veluti productionis iuridicae; si autem normae iuridicae effectus fontium iuridicae pro ductionis intelliguntur, distinguendae sunt fontium productionis hierarchia (ordo cum sit fontium productionis secundum potestatem qua complectuntur et ordo etiam sit potestatum atque munerum) ac normarum iuridlca rum formalis hierarehia. Hierarchia fontium, principii legalitatis quod in statu iuris regit postulatio, via est apta ad iuridicam securitatem consequendam ac civium iurium tutelam adversus potestatis exercitationem arbitrariam. In ordinamento Ecclesiae fontium hierarchia non est nec normarum forma'lis hierarchia; quoquo modo organorum hierarchia gradu innixa quo in organizatione potitur. Sed ecclesiasticum magisterium uberius est in petitionibusa civili societate de iuridica curan da securitate civium ac de tutela iurium fundamentalium personae humanae. Huius doctrinae conscia sunt Principia quae Codicois luris Canoniei recognitionem dirigant, in I Synodo Episcoporum anno 1967 disputata. Ouamobrem necesse est in ordinamentum canonicum fontium hierarchiam indu. cere, ad huius rei partes transitis maximi nominis viris in doctrina canonica. Ouod in 'Ecclesia nec separatio potestatum exsistat huic proposito obex non est quia in eius sinu possibilis distinctio munerum et ea de causa legiferorum organorum, exsecutionis et iudicialium. De hoc sensu quidem servanda semper divinae constitutionis Ecclesiae structura et ordinamenti Ecclesiae species. Haec indagatio concluditur plurimis suggestis de iure ¡contiendo super ratione ordinamenti ECclesiae applicandi principii fontium hierarchiae. Fontium hie. rarchia in canonico ordinamentoesset: 1) lex funda. mentalis; 2) Ordinarie leges normativae; 3) Normae pro administratione; 4) Negotia administrativa; 5) Consue. tudo. Ut vero fidem nullam normam inferiorem aliae superioriexcellere opus est fontium hierarchiae iuris• dictionalem vigilantiam etiam introducere.

Современная цивилизация, несмотря на многочисленные достижения и успехи в самых различных сферах человеческой деятельности, к сожалению, пока не смогла полностью избавиться от такой серьезной и постыдной проблемы как насилие над детьми. Не только в экономически отсталых и развивающихся странах, где многочисленные формы ущемления прав детей имеют глубокие исторические корни, но и в подавляющем большинстве самых развитых стран земного шара насилие над детьми сегодня приобрело массовые и катастрофические масштабы. Если же следовать древней мудрости, подразумевающей, что зрелость любого общества в полной мере проступает по тем отношениям, которые сложились в нем применительно к старикам и детям, то напрашивается достаточно простой вывод – земная популяция еще не дошла до понимания целого ряда вечных и простых истин. Ведь любые насильственные действия, осуществляемые над детьми в настоящем, создают объективные и субъективные предпосылки для дальнейшего воспроизводства подобных действий в перспективе, но уже по отношению к еще более молодым поколениям. В этом контексте совершенно очевидно, что существует насущная потребность в объединении усилий мирового сообщества, государств и отдельных граждан для того, чтобы любые насильственные действия над детьми были прекращены и активно преследовались не только в рамках действующего законодательства, но и в повседневной жизни, где зачастую просто моральная поддержка или осуждение имеют большое практическое значение. Кроме того ощущается острая необходимость разработки специальных международных и государственных проектов и программ, ориентированных на соблюдение прав детей, их защиту от проявления любых форм физического и духовного насилия. Представляется, что глубокое содержательное обоснование абсолютно любых мероприятий по ликвидации насилия над детьми, как негативного явления общественной жизни, сложно представить без всесторонней количественной характеристики столь своеобразного объекта исследования, которая по определению невозможна без подробной и достоверной статистической информации. В настоящее время получение подобных сведений вызывает большие трудности, что, естественно, создает дополнительные преграды на пути познания истинных масштабов распространения и последствий насилия над детьми. По указанным выше причинам большой научный и практический интерес представляет совершенствование методологических основ статистических исследований насилия над детьми, подразумевающее как четкое толкование самого предмета познания, так и разработку современной системы показателей, позволяющей отобразить различные стороны и аспекты столь сложного и негативного общественного явления. ; Despite the numerous achievements and success in various spheres of human activity, the modern civilization, unfortunately, has not yet been able to completely get rid of such a serious and shameful problem as violence against children. Not only in economically backward and developing countries, where numerous forms of infringement of the children's rights have deep historical roots, but in the vast majority of the most developed countries of the world, violence against children has now acquired massive and catastrophic proportions. If we follow the ancient wisdom, that the maturity of any society emerges fully in terms of the relations that have developed in it with regard to the elderly and children, then a rather simple conclusion is drawn: the earth population has not yet reached the understanding of a number of eternal and simple truths. After all, any violent actions committed against children at present create objective and subjective prerequisites for the further reproduction of such actions in the future, but in relation to even younger generations. In this context, it is quite obvious that there is an urgent need to unite the efforts of the world community, states and individual citizens to stop and actively pursue any violent actions against children not only within the framework of existing legislation, but also in everyday life, where the moral support or condemnation are of great practical importance. In addition, there is an urgent need to develop special international and state projects and programs, aimed at protecting children's rights and protecting them from any form of physical and spiritual violence. It is difficult to imagine a deep substantive justifi cation of any measures to eliminate violence against children as a negative phenomenon of public life without a comprehensive quantitative description of such a unique object of research, which by defi nition is impossible without detailed and reliable statistical information. At present, obtaining such information causes great difficulties, which, naturally, creates additional obstacles to the knowledge of the true extent of the spread and consequences of the violence against children. For the above reasons, it is of great scientific and practical interest to improve the methodological foundations of statistical research on violence against children, implying both a clear interpretation of the subject of cognition and the development of a modern system of indicators that allows displaying various aspects of such a complex and negative social phenomenon.

Problem setting. The low level of road safety remains in recent years in Ukraine in comparison with the countries of the European Union. From road traffic accidents there are significant human, social and economic losses ($4.5 billion per year), widespread of injuries and disabilities among population and a decline in labor productivity, which requires an increase of emergency medical and pharmaceutical costs.Recent research and publications analysis. To the research of the problem concerning the prevention, detection and combating of crimes committed by persons under the influence of psychoactive substances, investigation of criminal cases with the use of forensic methods, protection of the constitutional rights of citizens devoted the publications of Borisov V.Y., Hetman A.P., Golin V.V., Zhuravel V.A., Konovalova V.O., Tatsiy V.Y., Shepitko V.Y., who suggested conducting multidisciplinary study of the mentioned problem. To the questions of medical treatment and pharmaceutical provision to various categories of citizens devoted the publications of Volokh D.S., Efremova A.A., Linsky I.V., Maruta N.O., Marchenko V.G., Minko O.I., Ponomarenko M.S., Sosin I.K., Tikhonov O.I., Tolochko V.M., Khvisyuk O.M., Chernykh V.P., however, there were no multidisciplinary studies concerning forensic and pharmaceutical, forensic and medical, forensic and narcological, forensic and criminal study of causes and conditions of road traffic accidents under the influence of psychoactive substances.Paper objective. The purpose of the work is to review of the situation in Ukraine as a result of road traffic accidents, which were committed under the influence of the psychoactive substances of various classification and legal groups.Paper main body. An analysis of UN and WHO data from 180 countries suggests that as of 2015, the total number of fatal cases due to road traffic accidents is 1.25 million per year and 50 million citizens are injured with varying degrees of severity. According to the forecasts by 2030, among the causes of all fatal cases, namely the death of a person as a result of road traffic accident, will be the seventh in the significance of the cause of death. It is important to note that the high rate of deaths (up to 90%) as a result of road traffic accidents observed in low-income countries. At the same time, experts point out that estimates of the cost of citizens suffering from injuries of various degrees (injuries, chronic illnesses, etc.) as a result of road traffic accidents account for approximately 3% of their gross national product, and this figure will increase to 5% in countries with low and middle-income citizens. One of the harsh reasons for road traffic accidents is to locate road users in the state of alcohol, narcotic intoxication or under the influence of the psychoactive substances. The risk of being involved in road traffic accident significantly increases with the concentration of alcohol in the blood at a rate of 0.04 ppm.Conclusions of the research. From the position of pharmaceutical law and forensic pharmacy reviewed the situation concerning the road traffic accidents, happened with drivers in the state of alcohol intoxication, narcotic influence or other psychoactive substances abuse to improve the criminal and law methods for combating of such accidents, as well as the application of social, economic, medical and pharmaceutical (emergency) measures to protect the rights of affected citizens and criminals. Proposed legislative initiatives to increase criminal liability for driving under the influence of drugs (to the Article 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) and improvement of the term "road traffic accident" in the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 10 October 2001 No. 1306 "Concerning the road traffic rules". ; В статье проведен углубленный судебно-фармацевтический обзор совершения дорожно-транспортных происшествий, причинами которых является управление транспортными средствами в состоянии алкогольного опьянения или под воздействием психоактивных веществ. С целью усовершенствования уголовно-правовых методов борьбы с дорожно-транспортными происшествиями предложено внести определенные изменения в ст. 286 Уголовного кодекса Украины и Постановление Кабинета Министров Украины «О Правилах дорожного движения» от 10.10.2001 г. № 1306. ; У статті здійснено поглиблений судово-фармацевтичний аналіз причин дорожно-транспортнх пригод, які сталися в результаті керування транспортними засобами у стані алкогольного сп'яніння або під впливом психоактивних речовин. Запропоновано внести відповідні зміни до ст. 286 Кримінального кодексу України та Постанови Кабінету Міністрів України «Про Правила дорожнього руху» від 10.10.2001 р. № 1306.

Problem setting. The low level of road safety remains in recent years in Ukraine in comparison with the countries of the European Union. From road traffic accidents there are significant human, social and economic losses ($4.5 billion per year), widespread of injuries and disabilities among population and a decline in labor productivity, which requires an increase of emergency medical and pharmaceutical costs.Recent research and publications analysis. To the research of the problem concerning the prevention, detection and combating of crimes committed by persons under the influence of psychoactive substances, investigation of criminal cases with the use of forensic methods, protection of the constitutional rights of citizens devoted the publications of Borisov V.Y., Hetman A.P., Golin V.V., Zhuravel V.A., Konovalova V.O., Tatsiy V.Y., Shepitko V.Y., who suggested conducting multidisciplinary study of the mentioned problem. To the questions of medical treatment and pharmaceutical provision to various categories of citizens devoted the publications of Volokh D.S., Efremova A.A., Linsky I.V., Maruta N.O., Marchenko V.G., Minko O.I., Ponomarenko M.S., Sosin I.K., Tikhonov O.I., Tolochko V.M., Khvisyuk O.M., Chernykh V.P., however, there were no multidisciplinary studies concerning forensic and pharmaceutical, forensic and medical, forensic and narcological, forensic and criminal study of causes and conditions of road traffic accidents under the influence of psychoactive substances.Paper objective. The purpose of the work is to review of the situation in Ukraine as a result of road traffic accidents, which were committed under the influence of the psychoactive substances of various classification and legal groups.Paper main body. An analysis of UN and WHO data from 180 countries suggests that as of 2015, the total number of fatal cases due to road traffic accidents is 1.25 million per year and 50 million citizens are injured with varying degrees of severity. According to the forecasts by 2030, among the causes of all fatal cases, namely the death of a person as a result of road traffic accident, will be the seventh in the significance of the cause of death. It is important to note that the high rate of deaths (up to 90%) as a result of road traffic accidents observed in low-income countries. At the same time, experts point out that estimates of the cost of citizens suffering from injuries of various degrees (injuries, chronic illnesses, etc.) as a result of road traffic accidents account for approximately 3% of their gross national product, and this figure will increase to 5% in countries with low and middle-income citizens. One of the harsh reasons for road traffic accidents is to locate road users in the state of alcohol, narcotic intoxication or under the influence of the psychoactive substances. The risk of being involved in road traffic accident significantly increases with the concentration of alcohol in the blood at a rate of 0.04 ppm.Conclusions of the research. From the position of pharmaceutical law and forensic pharmacy reviewed the situation concerning the road traffic accidents, happened with drivers in the state of alcohol intoxication, narcotic influence or other psychoactive substances abuse to improve the criminal and law methods for combating of such accidents, as well as the application of social, economic, medical and pharmaceutical (emergency) measures to protect the rights of affected citizens and criminals. Proposed legislative initiatives to increase criminal liability for driving under the influence of drugs (to the Article 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) and improvement of the term "road traffic accident" in the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 10 October 2001 No. 1306 "Concerning the road traffic rules". ; В статье проведен углубленный судебно-фармацевтический обзор совершения дорожно-транспортных происшествий, причинами которых является управление транспортными средствами в состоянии алкогольного опьянения или под воздействием психоактивных веществ. С целью усовершенствования уголовно-правовых методов борьбы с дорожно-транспортными происшествиями предложено внести определенные изменения в ст. 286 Уголовного кодекса Украины и Постановление Кабинета Министров Украины «О Правилах дорожного движения» от 10.10.2001 г. № 1306. ; У статті здійснено поглиблений судово-фармацевтичний аналіз причин дорожно-транспортнх пригод, які сталися в результаті керування транспортними засобами у стані алкогольного сп'яніння або під впливом психоактивних речовин. Запропоновано внести відповідні зміни до ст. 286 Кримінального кодексу України та Постанови Кабінету Міністрів України «Про Правила дорожнього руху» від 10.10.2001 р. № 1306.

Problem setting. The low level of road safety remains in recent years in Ukraine in comparison with the countries of the European Union. From road traffic accidents there are significant human, social and economic losses ($4.5 billion per year), widespread of injuries and disabilities among population and a decline in labor productivity, which requires an increase of emergency medical and pharmaceutical costs.Recent research and publications analysis. To the research of the problem concerning the prevention, detection and combating of crimes committed by persons under the influence of psychoactive substances, investigation of criminal cases with the use of forensic methods, protection of the constitutional rights of citizens devoted the publications of Borisov V.Y., Hetman A.P., Golin V.V., Zhuravel V.A., Konovalova V.O., Tatsiy V.Y., Shepitko V.Y., who suggested conducting multidisciplinary study of the mentioned problem. To the questions of medical treatment and pharmaceutical provision to various categories of citizens devoted the publications of Volokh D.S., Efremova A.A., Linsky I.V., Maruta N.O., Marchenko V.G., Minko O.I., Ponomarenko M.S., Sosin I.K., Tikhonov O.I., Tolochko V.M., Khvisyuk O.M., Chernykh V.P., however, there were no multidisciplinary studies concerning forensic and pharmaceutical, forensic and medical, forensic and narcological, forensic and criminal study of causes and conditions of road traffic accidents under the influence of psychoactive substances.Paper objective. The purpose of the work is to review of the situation in Ukraine as a result of road traffic accidents, which were committed under the influence of the psychoactive substances of various classification and legal groups.Paper main body. An analysis of UN and WHO data from 180 countries suggests that as of 2015, the total number of fatal cases due to road traffic accidents is 1.25 million per year and 50 million citizens are injured with varying degrees of severity. According to the forecasts by 2030, among the causes of all fatal cases, namely the death of a person as a result of road traffic accident, will be the seventh in the significance of the cause of death. It is important to note that the high rate of deaths (up to 90%) as a result of road traffic accidents observed in low-income countries. At the same time, experts point out that estimates of the cost of citizens suffering from injuries of various degrees (injuries, chronic illnesses, etc.) as a result of road traffic accidents account for approximately 3% of their gross national product, and this figure will increase to 5% in countries with low and middle-income citizens. One of the harsh reasons for road traffic accidents is to locate road users in the state of alcohol, narcotic intoxication or under the influence of the psychoactive substances. The risk of being involved in road traffic accident significantly increases with the concentration of alcohol in the blood at a rate of 0.04 ppm.Conclusions of the research. From the position of pharmaceutical law and forensic pharmacy reviewed the situation concerning the road traffic accidents, happened with drivers in the state of alcohol intoxication, narcotic influence or other psychoactive substances abuse to improve the criminal and law methods for combating of such accidents, as well as the application of social, economic, medical and pharmaceutical (emergency) measures to protect the rights of affected citizens and criminals. Proposed legislative initiatives to increase criminal liability for driving under the influence of drugs (to the Article 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) and improvement of the term "road traffic accident" in the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 10 October 2001 No. 1306 "Concerning the road traffic rules". ; В статье проведен углубленный судебно-фармацевтический обзор совершения дорожно-транспортных происшествий, причинами которых является управление транспортными средствами в состоянии алкогольного опьянения или под воздействием психоактивных веществ. С целью усовершенствования уголовно-правовых методов борьбы с дорожно-транспортными происшествиями предложено внести определенные изменения в ст. 286 Уголовного кодекса Украины и Постановление Кабинета Министров Украины «О Правилах дорожного движения» от 10.10.2001 г. № 1306. ; У статті здійснено поглиблений судово-фармацевтичний аналіз причин дорожно-транспортнх пригод, які сталися в результаті керування транспортними засобами у стані алкогольного сп'яніння або під впливом психоактивних речовин. Запропоновано внести відповідні зміни до ст. 286 Кримінального кодексу України та Постанови Кабінету Міністрів України «Про Правила дорожнього руху» від 10.10.2001 р. № 1306.

Abstrak Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh masih banyak ditemukan beberapa fasilitas yang kurang aksesibel bagi penyandang disabilitas di stasiun Gubeng, Surabaya. Secara normatif, pemerintah sudah banyak mengatur perlindungan dalam pemenuhan hak para kaum penyandang disabilitas ini yang tertuang dalam berbagai peraturan dalam rangka kemandiriannya. Stasiun Gubeng sebagai salah satu penyedia jasa harusnya menyediakan aksesibilitas yang layak bagi penyandang disabilitas, hal ini dikarenakan seorang penyandang disabilitas juga termasuk konsumen yang hak-haknya harus dilindungi sebagai penikmat jasa. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui tentang Pemenuhan aksesibilitas bagi penyandang disabilitas fisik di stasiun Gubeng, Surabaya; Hambatan dalam pemenuhan aksesibilitas bagi penyandang disabilitas fisik di stasiun Gubeng; Upaya yang dilakukan oleh stasiun Gubeng dalam memberikan pemenuhan aksesibilitas bagi penyandang disabilitas fisik.Metode penelitian yang digunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dan jenis penelitiannya yuridis empiris. Sedangkan teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan metode wawancara dan observasi. Wawancara dilakukan dengan informan Divisi Pelayanan PT Kereta Api DAOP VIII Surabaya, Wakil Kepala Stasiun Gubeng Surabaya, dan Karyawan Stasiun Gubeng.Hasil peneletian ini menunjukkan bahwa Masih terdapat beberapa aspek yang kurang aksesibel bagi penyandang disabilitas diantaranya tidak ada akses ke, dari dan di dalam bangunan di stasiun Gubeng Lama, akses dari peron menuju kereta api, tempat menaik turunkan penumpang yang ada di stasiun Gubeng Lama, toilet yang masih di bawah standar aksesibilitas, kurangnya tanda yang dapat membantu penyandang cacat; Faktor penghambat dalam pemenuhan aksesibilitas diantaranya karena stasiun Gubeng Lama merupakan Bangunan Cagar Budaya, minimnya kinerja petugas stasiun Gubeng dalam memenuhi fasilitas aksesibilitas penyandang disabilias, pandangan bahwa urusan aksesibilitas bagi penyandang disabilitas bukanlah urusan penting dan mendesak; Upaya yang telah dilakukan pihak stasiun Gubeng dalam pemenuhan aksesibilitas ini diantaranya memaksimalkanpemenuhan aksesibilitas di stasiun Gubeng Baru, melakukan peningkatan kualitas kinerja sumber daya manusia yang ada di stasiun Gubeng, melakukan komunikasi dengan para pihak yang berkepentingan dengan pemenuhan aksesibilitas penyandang cacat, terutama pada para penumpang penyandang disabilitas yang ada di stasiun Gubeng. Kata Kunci: Aksesibilitas, Penyandang Disabilitas, Bangunan Umum, Stasiun Gubeng Abstract The background of this research is some facilities found in Gubeng Surabaya train station aren't accessible to people with disabilities. Normatively, the government has been ruled so many protectionsin case of fullfilling the right of people with disabilities which are contained in the various regulations in the context of their indepence. Gubeng station as one of the service providers should provide the worth accessibility to all of people with disabilities, this is because people with disabilities are also consumers as well so that their rights have to be protected. The purpose of this research is to find out about Fullfillment the accessibility of people with physically disabled in Gubeng station, Surabaya; The obstacles of fullfilling the accessibility for people with physically disabled in Gubeng station; The efforts did by Gubeng station in case of fullfilling the accessibility of people with physically with disabled.The researcher used descriptive qualitative method and empirical yuridical as the kind of the research. While the technique of collecting data used interviews and observations. Interviews did with the informant Service Division PT Kereta Api DAOP VIII Surabaya, Deputy Chief of Gubeng Surabaya Station, and the employee of Gubeng station.The outcome of this research shows that There are still some aspects less accessible for people with disabilities including of no access to, form, and in the building of old Gubeng station, access from peron to the train, place for passengers who come up and down in the old Gubeng station, the toilet which is under accessibility standardization, less signs that can help people with disabilities; The obstacle factors in case of fullfilling the accessibility some are caused by the old Gubeng station in one of the cultural heritage building, the officer of Gubeng station is less performance to fullfill the accessibility of people with disabilities, a point of view that the accessibility matters for people with disabilities is not really important; The efforts did by Gubeng station in case of fullfilling the accessibility including maximize the accessibility fullfillment in New Gubeng station, increasing the quality of human resources in Gubeng station, making a communication with stakeholders in case of fullfilling the accessibility for people with disabilities, especially for passengers with disabilities in Gubeng station. Keywords:Accessibility, People With Disabilities, Public Building, Gubeng Station

La globalización, las crisis económicas, las guerras, los cambios demográficos, las crisis humanitarias, los desastres naturales, entre otros muchos factores, constituyen elementos decisivos para dinamizar en gran escala, los flujos de personas a través de los Estados. Es así que los seres humanos nos movemos por las fronteras de los países buscando seguridad, salud, empleo, y en general una mejor vida. Un fenómeno de semejantes dimensiones, genera complejidades desafiantes para los ordenamientos jurídicos de los Estados, que desde su propia perspectiva, costumbres y principios buscan mantener organizadas las migraciones de trabajadores, para garantizar el derecho al trabajo y a la seguridad social. Pero la diversidad propia de cada país, genera un conjunto de situaciones que convierten a los migrantes en población vulnerable. El idioma, el clima, las costumbres, la moneda, los horarios, etc., son factores que convierten a los migrantes en población vulnerable, en una mayor o menor medida según su condición migratoria regular o irregular. De esta manera, la protección de los trabajadores migrantes, los directos vínculos entre la migración laboral y el desarrollo, así como necesidad de fortalecer la cooperación internacional, han cobrado una importancia inusitada al hacerle frente a este fenómeno. Claros ejemplos de este tipo de esfuerzos, se ven planteados en la Unión Europea y la Comunidad Andina de Naciones. La respuesta que desde lo jurídico se ha planteado para amparar a los migrantes, de los riesgos propios del trabajo y en su tránsito por los sistemas de derecho, redunda en la aplicación de principios mínimos globales que generen una migración equitativa con perspectivas de protección para un trabajo decente, donde la condición migratoria no sea un obstáculo. En Colombia, han sido las migraciones regulares aquellas que cuentan con una normatividad amplia que las rige en materia de riesgos laborales. Pero el fenómeno jurídico se comporta de manera diferente, para los migrantes irregulares, ya que en este caso el conjunto de circunstancias que hacen a los migrantes proclives a la vulnerabilidad, se ve agudizada por la falta de regulación de esta materia. Por lo descrito, la hipótesis que pretendo validar, refiere que la ausencia de regulación del Estado sobre los trabajadores migrantes y el sistema general de riesgos laborales, agudiza su vulnerabilidad y los expone a una violación de derechos constitucionales laborales. (texto tomado de la fuente) ; Globalization, economic crises, wars, demographic changes, humanitarian crises, natural disasters, among many other factors are decisive, to the flow of people through the states. Thus human beings are moving across borders of countries for safety, health, employment, and overall a better life. A phenomenon of such dimensions, generates challenging complexities to the legal systems of the States, that from their perspective, tradition and principles seek to keep organized labor migration, to ensure the right to work and social security. But the diversity of each country, generates a range of situations that make migrants vulnerable. Language, climate, customs, currency, times, etc., are factors that make migrants vulnerable, to a greater or lesser extent by regular or irregular immigration status. Therefor, the protection of migrant workers, direct links between labor migration and development and the need to strengthen international cooperation, have gained unusual importance to cope with this phenomenon. Clear examples of such efforts are outlined in the European Union and the Andean Community of Nations. The response from the law has been raised to protect migrants, of the risks inherent in their work and transit systems of law, result in the application of global minimum standards that create an equitable migration prospects for protection of decent work, where immigration status is not a barrier. In Colombia, regular migration have extensive regulations that governs occupational hazards. But the legal phenomenon behaves differently, for irregular migrants, because in this case the set of circumstances that make migrants prone to vulnerability, is increased by the lack of regulation of this matter. As described, I intend to validate the hypothesis relates to the absence of state regulation on migrant workers and the general system of occupational hazards, increased their vulnerability and exposes them to a violation of their constitutional labour rights. ; Maestría ; Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social

In August 1939, Albert Einstein cautioned United States' President Roosevelt about the devastating consequences of an atomic bomb exploding in a port (reproduced in part opposite). Today, the scenario of a container ship loaded with explosives or nuclear weapons exploding nearby an Australian port or an offshore oil or gas rig remains one of the most calamitous to be imagined by security analysts. As an island continent , Australia has always been sensitive to the significance of maritime security. Our maritime transport and industry is important. The sector contributes more than $180 billion annually to our economy and so, the protection of its efficiency and safety is vital. Much of our maritime trade passes through the waters of Southeast Asia, where chokepoints provide opportunities for pirates. Attacks on the USS Cole and the MV Limburg in recent years illustrate that terrorists need only function like pirates to successfully attack ships or offshore installations. These factors, combined with others discussed in this report, add up to credible threats to Australia 's maritime interests . The Austral ian Government has lauded the Australian Maritime Information System (AMIS) as a key part of the solution to our contemporary maritime security challenges . Announced in December 2004 by the Prime Minister, the AM IS will be implemented in September 2005. The AMIS will require ships of 500 gross tons or more to provide comprehensive identification information as soon as they are within 1,000 nautical miles from Australia's coastline if they intend to call into Australian ports. Other ships , which are of the same size but plan to only transit Australian waters, are invited to provide this information voluntarily. The Joint Offshore Protection Command (JOPC), has been established to be the central body responsible for coordinating the AM IS. It will also oversee the sharing of this information between government agencies to reflect the Australian Government's 'whole of Government' approach to national security challenges . This report examines how the AM IS will address Australia's maritime security threats and whether the AMIS fits within the framework of international law. It suggests that some loopholes exist: the AM IS does not apply to small vessels and past attacks have demonstrated their capacity to cause great damage. Nonetheless, the AM IS is one small step in the right d irection : it makes sense for Australia to better know and have a more comprehensive understand ing of what is happening in our surrounding waters. The AM IS will help us to identify potential maritime security threats more easily and respond to them more quickly. Improved sharing of intelligence between government agencies will enable surveillance resources to be used more effectively. Finally, five recommendations are suggested to enable modest but valuable progress towards strengthening Australia' s maritime security framework : • To demonstrate its appropriateness as a practical model for the region , the Australian Government must act now to implement the AMIS and strictly enforce compliance with its requirements. • To send a clear message to potential terrorists and to our friends in the region that w e are serious about maritime security, Australia must continue to develop policies that tackle directly the maritime security concerns that the AM IS does not cover. • To effectively address the maritime security concerns that Australia shares w ith Indonesia, Australia should establish a bilateral intelligence and surveillance agreement with our closest neighbours. Provision of the financ ial and human resources required to bring bilateral agreements into effect as soon practical, will demonstrate our commitment to working together. • To address maritime security issues that are common to Southeast Asian States , Australia must work diplomatically to strengthen regional maritime security co-operative agreements such as Transport Ministers Forums at the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). • To preserve the rights of Australian vessels to enjoy the freedom to traverse international waters, and those of other States , Australia must strike the balance b etween pursuing its national security interests and the rule of international law by making international law work for us. Actively participating in the current negotiations to amend the 1988 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful A cts Against the Safety of Maritime Nav igation (SUA Convention) at the International Maritime Organisa tion {IMO) in London in October 2005, is one such opportunity.

Perkembangan bisnis asuransi jiwa di Indonesia telah berkembang menjadi salah satu kebutuhan manusia dalam perekonomian modern. Usaha asuransi jiwa merupakan usaha jasa pengalihan risiko kerugian akibat kematian tertanggung dalam bentuk pembayaran premi dan sebagai timbal baliknya perusahaan asuransi menjanjikan untuk mengganti kerugian tersebut. Timbal balik ini adalah sebagai akibat dari adanya perjanjian asuransi yang di dalamnya terdapat hak dan kewajiban antara penanggung dengan tertanggung. Dalam pelaksanaanya pemenuhan hak dan kewajiban ini sering dilanggar kedua belah pihak. Hal ini sangat bertentangan dengan ketentuan bahwa sebuah perjanjian harus dilakukan dengan itikad baik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan memahami apakah alasan penolakan klaim asuransi yang dilakukan oleh PT. Axa Mandiri telah sesuai dengan polis asuransi dan peraturan perundang-undangan yang ada. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian hukum normatif. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konsep dan pendekatan kasus. Jenis bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah bahan hukum primer yakni peraturan yang berkaitan dengan perasuransian dan bahan hukum sekunder yakni buku-buku teks atau jurnal hukum yang berkaitan dengan asuransi. Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk mendapatkan bahan hukum yang sesuai dengan penelitian ini yakni mengenai penolakan klaim asuransi jiwa yang dilakukan oleh PT. Axa Mandiri Finance Service terhadap nasabahnya dan tanggung jawab pembayaran klaim jika terjadi pelanggaran prinsip itikad baik. Polis asuransi jiwa adalah bentuk dokumen dari adanya perjanjian asuransi jiwa yang di dalamnya terdapat Surat Permintaan Asuransi Jiwa (SPAJ). Surat permintaan tersebut merupakan bagian dari polis yang telah menjadi satu kesatuan saat perjanjian asuransi disepakati oleh para pihak. Ketentuan-ketentuan dari polis asuransi jiwa harus dipahami dan dipatuhi oleh tertanggung dan penanggung. Penolakan klaim asuransi yang dilakukan oleh PT. Axa Mandiri terhadap ahli waris Uli Sinambela dengan alasan bahwa almarhum Uli Sinambela telah melanggar prinsip itikad baik pada saat pengisian SPAJ adalah sudah sesuai dengan polis dan peraturan perundang-undangan. Terkait dengan bahwa adanya pelanggaran prinsip itikad baik maka perjanjian asuransi menjadi batal sehingga PT. Axa Mandiri tidak bertanggungjawab atas pembayaran uang klaim. Kata kunci : Penolakan Klaim, Asuransi Jiwa, Prinsip Itikad Baik Abstract The development of life insurance business in Indonesia has grown to be one of the human needs in the modern economy. Life insurance bussiness is a risk transfer services business of loss due because of the insured mortality in the form of premium and payment as the reverse of reciprocal insurance company promises to replace the losses. This is reciprocity as a result of the existence of the insurance agreement which contains the right and obligations between the insurer and the insured. The implementation of the fulfillment of rights and obligations almost violated by both of them. This is very contrary with agreement which have to do in principle of good faith. The purpose of this study is to known and understand what the reason for denial an insurance claim made by PT. Axa Mandiri in accordance with the insurance policy and the legislation. This research uses normative juridical method. The research uses several approaches, for instance, statute approach, case approach, and conceptual approach. The research uses two of law materials are the primary legal materials which contain of the regulation of insurance, and secondary legal materials which contain of text books or insurance juridical journal. This is for get compatible law materials for this research about denial life insurance claim wich made by the insurer to the insured in PT. Axa Mandiri Finance service to their clients and responbilities of claim payment if any principle good of faith improbity. Life insurance policy is an agreement document which have "Surat Permintaan Asuransi Jiwa" (SPAJ). The demand letter is part of a policy that has become a single entity when the insurance agreement signed by the parties. The provisions of the life insurance policy must be understood and adhered by the insured and the insurer. The denial of insurance claims made by PT . Axa Mandiri against the heir deceased Uli Sinambela violated the principle of good faith at the time of charging SPAJ is already in accordance with the insurance policy and the legislation. Because of any infraction principle of good faith, that agreemen canceled by law, so PT. Axa Mandiri Finance has not responbility to did claim payment. Keywords : Denial of Claim, Life Insurance, Principle of Good Faith

Qualitative research whose objectives were to analyze relations of hegemony and counter-hegemony of health budget management; analyze differences and similarities of behavior and counter-hegemonic hegemonic groups, discussing the influence comparatively financial management in health. Method study compared dialectical approach. The scenarios were a rural municipality of Mexico (Tzurumútaro) and a rural locality, Peru (Simbal) interviewed 20 stakeholders of both sexes in each locality, intentionally selected which enabled theoretical analysis supported in Antonio Gramsci and scholars of him. Results from the analysis yielded three dimensions that are hegemonic relations groups and counter-hegemonic in health management, with sub-categories: management from explicit demands of citizens from humanism and perception of corruption, the second budget allocation mechanisms for health, with participation of hegemonic and counter-hegemonic, third, parameters for the budgetary allocation to sub-categories, justice and equity in the allocation of the budget and inequity in health, being obvious similarities in both countries under the public policy that have established it as a substantive part of governments, but final considerations are described with several questions that will further investigate this line in the guild since nursing is a scenario which should influence and participate politically and forays into the decision-making in the two countries under study. Recommendations: Addressing public policy in the budget allocation for health equitably, from needs expressed by families and generate initiatives for transparency and spending increases to then manage the budget for public health policy as a constitutional right is laid down in Article 4 in Mexico and Peru in 7, 9 and 11, and not only handled this right during political campaigns in order to maintain hegemony and social control in rural areas, where it has been revealed the dissatisfaction of the anti-hegemonic by the unequal treatment they receive and feel. Since the public health law is a prerogative of dignity that every human have and their community to demand an equitable distribution of opportunities and services for the protection of health and family welfare and social. ; Investigación cualitativa, cuyos objetivos fueron analizar relaciones de hegemonía y contra-hegemonía de gestión del presupuesto en salud; analizar diferencias y semejanzas del comportamiento de grupos hegemónicos y contra-hegemónicos; discutiendo comparativamente la influencia de gestión financiera en salud. Método estudio comparado con abordaje dialéctico. Los escenarios fueron una localidad rural del municipio México (Tzurumútaro) y una localidad rural, Perú (Simbal); fueron entrevistados 20 actores sociales de ambos sexos en cada localidad, seleccionándose de manera intencionada que permitió hacer análisis con soporte teórico de Antonio Gramsci y estudiosos de él. Resultados: a partir del análisis, emergieron tres dimensiones que son: Las relaciones entre grupos hegemónicos y contra-hegemónicos en la gestión para la salud, con las sub-categorías de: gestión a partir de las demandas expresas de ciudadanos; a partir del humanismo y percepción de corrupción; la segunda mecanismos de asignación presupuestal para la salud; con participación de hegemónicos y contra-hegemónicos; tercera, parámetros para la asignación presupuestal con sub-categorías, justicia en la asignación y equidad e inequidad del presupuesto en salud, siendo evidentes las semejanzas en ambos países en virtud de que como política pública lo tienen establecido como una parte sustantiva de los gobiernos; sin embargo se describen consideraciones finales con varias interrogantes que permitirán seguir investigando esta línea en el gremio de enfermería puesto que es un escenario en donde se debe incidir y participar políticamente y se incursione en la toma de decisiones en los dos países en estudio. Recomendaciones: Direccionar las políticas públicas en la distribución presupuestal para salud de manera equitativa, a partir de necesidades expresadas por familias; así como generar iniciativas para transparentar el gasto y poder entonces gestionar incrementos al presupuesto para la política pública de salud como un derecho constitucional que está establecido en el artículo 4º en México y en Perú 7º,9º. Y 11º. Y sólo sea manejado este derecho, durante campañas políticas con el fin de mantener la hegemonía y el control social en las zonas rurales donde ha quedado de manifiesto la inconformidad del grupo contra-hegemónico por el trato tan desigual que perciben y sienten. Ya que el derecho a la salud pública es una prerrogativa de dignidad que tiene todo ser humano y su comunidad para reclamar una equitativa distribución de oportunidades y servicios para la protección de su salud y bienestar familiar y social.

Abstract:New Caledonia is characterized by cultural diversity, and human occupation of the territory is divided. A Melanesian, Kanak agrarian society (about 40% of the total population), and a largely urban society, of European and other origins (about 60%), co-inhabit a territory of approximately 19,000 km2. The duality of occupation is also shown in the juxtaposition of common and customary land laws. These are the result of a painful history of land dispossession during colonial times and restitution of some land to the Kanak from 1970. Kanak identity is built on the clan's history inscribed in a natural milieu where the environment, and land, has customary value, more than use value. New Caledonia has considerable mineral resources, especially nickel. Mining often creates conflict, as it raises the use value of land. Therefore, the establishment of a mine, refinery or industrial zone can often initiate assertions of clan ownership and land claims. Land rights are constantly updated, and can be renegotiated. The remodeling of the territory under mining pressures and new land allocations is a means for upward social mobility and prestige in Kanak society. These issues are demonstrated for the Federation "Djelawe" and two tribes (Oundjo and Baco) near the site of the future nickel ore processing plant and port (the Koniambo project) in the north of Grande Terre built by the local SMSP company and the Swiss Xstrata group. A discourse of environmental protection was used to restrain industrial activity but also to assert rights to clan land. But development pressures have also been used to achieve political control over land, and thus to increase clan recognition, and possible royalty payments. Thus, land claims are part of a game of prestige and power between clans and families. Socio-economic access to land, it emerges, is clearly more important in these cases than the protection of its bio-physical assets. Key words: New Caledonia, Kanak, land conflicts, nickel mining, regional development.Résumé:La Nouvelle-Calédonie se caractérise par une grande diversité culturelle, mais également par une dualité des espaces de vie. Une société agraire multiséculaire, d'origine kanak (environ 40% de la population totale), et une société majoritairement urbaine, d'origine européenne, mais largement métissée (environ 60% de la population totale), co-habitent sur un territoire d'environ 19,000 km2 qui possèdent des ressources minérales considérables, surtout en nickel. La dualité des espaces de vie se montre également dans la juxtaposition de terres soumises au droit commun et de terres soumises au droit coutumier. Ces dernières sont le fruit d'une histoire douloureuse de spoliations foncières lors de l'époque coloniale et de rétrocessions à partir des terres 1970. La perception territoriale de la population kanak s'oriente vers un modèle où la valeur patrimoniale prime sur la valeur d'usage, car l'identité kanak se construit sur l'histoire du groupe inscrit dans un environnement où tous les objets environnementaux possèdent une certaine valeur. La co-existence des lieux à forte valeur patrimoniale, les lieux sacrés, et une activité minière ou économique au sens large peut entraîner une transformation de la valeur et suscite souvent des conflits, car une légitimité foncière signifie un plus de prestige. De ce fait, la mise en place d'un projet économique – c'est-à-dire une mine, une usine métallurgique ou une zone industrielle – réveille souvent des revendications foncières. Ces revendications démontrent que les légitimités foncières sont en perpétuelle réactualisation et peuvent être renégociées. Le remodelage du territoire représente un moyen pour une ascension sociale au sein de la société kanak. Ces enjeux fonciers sont démontrés à l'exemple de la fédération « Djelawe » et de deux tribus (Oundjo et Baco) en proximité du site industriel de la future « usine du Nord », construite par un consortium de la SMSP locale et du groupe suisse Xstrata (projet Koniambo). Depuis un certain temps, la protection de l'environnement devient une préoccupation de plus en plus importante des acteurs locaux. Ce discours environnementaliste est cependant souvent instrumentalisé pour atteindre des objectifs « politico-fonciers »: une reconnaissance foncière et des royalties. Ainsi, les revendications foncières s'inscrivent dans un jeu de prestige et de pouvoir entre clans et familles. L'aspect socio-économique de l'environnement semble être clairement plus important que l'aspect bio-physique. Mots clés: Nouvelle-Calédonie, Kanak, les conflits fonciers, l'exploitation minière du nickel, du développement régional.

Abstract:New Caledonia is characterized by cultural diversity, and human occupation of the territory is divided. A Melanesian, Kanak agrarian society (about 40% of the total population), and a largely urban society, of European and other origins (about 60%), co-inhabit a territory of approximately 19,000 km2. The duality of occupation is also shown in the juxtaposition of common and customary land laws. These are the result of a painful history of land dispossession during colonial times and restitution of some land to the Kanak from 1970. Kanak identity is built on the clan's history inscribed in a natural milieu where the environment, and land, has customary value, more than use value. New Caledonia has considerable mineral resources, especially nickel. Mining often creates conflict, as it raises the use value of land. Therefore, the establishment of a mine, refinery or industrial zone can often initiate assertions of clan ownership and land claims. Land rights are constantly updated, and can be renegotiated. The remodeling of the territory under mining pressures and new land allocations is a means for upward social mobility and prestige in Kanak society. These issues are demonstrated for the Federation "Djelawe" and two tribes (Oundjo and Baco) near the site of the future nickel ore processing plant and port (the Koniambo project) in the north of Grande Terre built by the local SMSP company and the Swiss Xstrata group. A discourse of environmental protection was used to restrain industrial activity but also to assert rights to clan land. But development pressures have also been used to achieve political control over land, and thus to increase clan recognition, and possible royalty payments. Thus, land claims are part of a game of prestige and power between clans and families. Socio-economic access to land, it emerges, is clearly more important in these cases than the protection of its bio-physical assets. Key words: New Caledonia, Kanak, land conflicts, nickel mining, regional development.Résumé:La Nouvelle-Calédonie se caractérise par une grande diversité culturelle, mais également par une dualité des espaces de vie. Une société agraire multiséculaire, d'origine kanak (environ 40% de la population totale), et une société majoritairement urbaine, d'origine européenne, mais largement métissée (environ 60% de la population totale), co-habitent sur un territoire d'environ 19,000 km2 qui possèdent des ressources minérales considérables, surtout en nickel. La dualité des espaces de vie se montre également dans la juxtaposition de terres soumises au droit commun et de terres soumises au droit coutumier. Ces dernières sont le fruit d'une histoire douloureuse de spoliations foncières lors de l'époque coloniale et de rétrocessions à partir des terres 1970. La perception territoriale de la population kanak s'oriente vers un modèle où la valeur patrimoniale prime sur la valeur d'usage, car l'identité kanak se construit sur l'histoire du groupe inscrit dans un environnement où tous les objets environnementaux possèdent une certaine valeur. La co-existence des lieux à forte valeur patrimoniale, les lieux sacrés, et une activité minière ou économique au sens large peut entraîner une transformation de la valeur et suscite souvent des conflits, car une légitimité foncière signifie un plus de prestige. De ce fait, la mise en place d'un projet économique – c'est-à-dire une mine, une usine métallurgique ou une zone industrielle – réveille souvent des revendications foncières. Ces revendications démontrent que les légitimités foncières sont en perpétuelle réactualisation et peuvent être renégociées. Le remodelage du territoire représente un moyen pour une ascension sociale au sein de la société kanak. Ces enjeux fonciers sont démontrés à l'exemple de la fédération « Djelawe » et de deux tribus (Oundjo et Baco) en proximité du site industriel de la future « usine du Nord », construite par un consortium de la SMSP locale et du groupe suisse Xstrata (projet Koniambo). Depuis un certain temps, la protection de l'environnement devient une préoccupation de plus en plus importante des acteurs locaux. Ce discours environnementaliste est cependant souvent instrumentalisé pour atteindre des objectifs « politico-fonciers »: une reconnaissance foncière et des royalties. Ainsi, les revendications foncières s'inscrivent dans un jeu de prestige et de pouvoir entre clans et familles. L'aspect socio-économique de l'environnement semble être clairement plus important que l'aspect bio-physique. Mots clés: Nouvelle-Calédonie, Kanak, les conflits fonciers, l'exploitation minière du nickel, du développement régional.