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The article presents a brief overview of India-U.S. relations during the period of Narendra Modi's government and Barack Obama's administration. The author analyzes the dynamics of cooperation development after the victory of Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2014 Parliamentary elections in India and studies the key directions of bilateral agenda. The current condition of India-U.S. strategic dialogue and the influence of human rights issues on the countries' cooperation are characterized.

Since 2014 the states' cooperation has been growing rapidly. The bilateral investment, trade and economic interdependence have significantly increased. Some experts and mass media note that Barack Obama and Narendra Modi are having friendly relations. From a different angle, a number of agreements between countries still remain unaccomplished. For instance, the U.S. support for India's permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council, its accession to APEC and the implementation of nuclear deal have yet to be turned into achievement.

Together with strengthening the bilateral strategic dialogue, the U.S. has intensified the criticism of India's human rights record. The main part of it includes the cases of religious intolerance, which are observed in the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom reports and the remarks given by U.S. lawmakers and official representatives, including the Ambassador to India. Washington's careful attention to the human rights issues and religious violence in particular is one of the major irritants in the U.S.-India relations.

The engagement of Indian Americans in the local U.S. politics and their lobbying efforts in the context of U.S.-India relations are revealed. The author outlines the near-terms perspectives of bilateral cooperation.

The article is dedicated to the analysis of influence of the human rights issue on the development of German-Chinese political relations at the present stage. The author analyses main issues of the Germany- China human rights dialogue, its legal basis, the positions and arguments of the sides. In the author's opinion, one of the main obstacles to the development of cooperation between Germany and China in this area is a different perception of the nature of human rights. The author concludes that both Germany and China in effect are willing to put aside the issue of "human rights violations" and criticism of non-compliance with fundamental civil and political rights of Chinese citizens for the sake of economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.

В статье дается характеристика прав человека как важнейшей социальной ценности, отражающей основные нравственные и гуманистические принципы. Анализируются действующие международные конвенции, закрепляющие основные законы и обычаи войны, акты, в которых указывается на недопустимость применения различных средств и приемов, нарушающих основные права человека, и содержится запрет на их использование в период вооруженных конфликтов. На основе различных источников рассматриваются факты и формы нарушения прав человека воюющими сторонами в период Первой мировой войны, дана их юридическая и гуманистическая оценка с позиций основополагающих норм международного права. Работа содержит сравнительный анализ уровня и степени опасности нарушения прав человека в период Первой и Второй мировых войн. В итоге подчеркивается необходимость усиления деятельности мировой общественности, политических лидеров государств и международных организаций по недопущению подобных нарушений в современных условиях, а также необходимость обеспечения мирового правопорядка, основанного на признании и обеспечении прав человека. ; The article describes human rights as the vital social value that reflects the main moral and humanistic principles. It analyses the international conventions in force, that establish the basic laws and customs of war, as well as the acts that state the impermissibility of certain methods that violate basic human rights, as well as the use of such methods during armed conflicts. The author analyzes various sources to demonstrate the facts and forms of human rights violation by the belligerents during World War I. The legal and humanistic evaluation of such acts is given according to the fundamental norms of international law. The article contains the comparative analysis of human rights violation during the First and Second World Wars. It is highlighted that the world community, political leaders, and international organizations should strengthen their actions to prevent the said violations in the current situation. The author also emphasizes the necessity of the international legal order based on human rights recognition and protection.

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (Art. 5, Universal Declaration of Human Rights). According to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, torture means: . any act by which a person is intentionally subjected to severe physical or mental pain or suffering, in particular in order to obtain from this person or from a third party information or confession, to punish him for an act which he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, to intimidate or pressure him or her to intimidate or to put pressure on a third party, or for any other reason based on any form of discrimination, when such pain or suffering is applied by a public official or any other person acting officially or at the instigation or with the express or tacit consent of such persons. No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms). This article was prepared by the Institute for Democracy (Moldova) and is funded by the European Union under the EIDHR (European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights). The views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union.

The article demonstrates that human rights category is adequate to the natural legal tradition in philosophy of law and can't be proved rationally beyond it, since it enters a competition with existing legislative regulatives (notion of «legal rights») and doctrines of positive law (with sovereignty impartibility concept). Human rights can be realized as suprapositive formation and thereby be destructive for constitutional system that guarantees them. Coordination of human rights with positive law is performed in the course of their interpretation as legitimate interests of person and its constitutional liberties. ; В статье показывается, что категория прав человека адекватна естественно-правовой традиции в философии права и за ее пределами не может быть рационально обоснована, поскольку вступает в конкуренцию с существующими законодательными регулятивами (понятием «субъективных прав») и доктринами позитивного права (с концептом неделимости суверенитета). Права человека могут реализоваться как надпозитивное образование и в силу этого быть разрушительными для конституционного строя, который их гарантирует. Согласование прав человека с позитивным правом осуществляется в ходе их интерпретации как законных интересов лица и его конституционных свобод.

Foreword by Audrey Azoulay, Director-General of UNESCO, and Ingibjörg Sólrún Gísladóttir, Director of the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ; Includes bibliography

В статье правозащитная деятельность рассматривается как явление, составляющее неотъемлемую часть правового общества. Выявляются проблемы теоретического и практического характера, связанные со сложностями в данной сфере, вызванные как пандемией COVID-19, так и иными причинами. Предпринята попытка оценить правовые и морально-нравственные стороны столь необходимой деятельности на современном этапе развития общественных отношений, уделяется внимание позиции международных органов относительно правозащитной деятельности, ее целям и задачам. Важность и актуальность темы объясняется тем, что, по мнению самих правозащитников, вся система защиты прав человека, созданная после одного из самых страшных периодов в современной мировой истории, переживает на данном историческом этапе кризис, который все больше обостряется под влиянием многочисленных проблем политического и экономического характера. Военные конфликты, миграция, пандемия ярко демонстрируют очевидную необходимость обращения к вопросу сущности правозащитной деятельности, в том числе ее морально-нравственной составляющей. ; The article considers human rights activities as a phenomenon that constitutes an integral part of the legal society. It identifies problems of a theoretical and practical nature associated with difficulties in this area, caused by both the COVID-19 pandemic and other reasons. An attempt has been made to assess the legal and moral and ethical aspects of such a necessary activity at the present stage of the development of public relations, attention is paid to the position of international bodies regarding human rights activities, its goals and objectives. The importance and relevance of the topic is explained by the fact that, in the opinion of human rights defenders themselves, the entire system of human rights protection, created after one of the most terrible periods in modern world history, is going through a crisis at this historical stage, which is increasingly aggravated under the influence of numerous problems of political and economic nature. Military conflicts, migration, a pandemic clearly demonstrate the obvious need to address the issue of the essence of human rights activities, including its moral and ethical component.