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Lately there have been works that show that Kant bases human rights on innate freedom as the only innate right that man has by virtue of his humanity. However, innate freedom cannot justify a theory of human rights because it is only an innate right over my inner self that allows for empirical possession, and although a human right is inalienable, it must be renounced in order to enter the world; Moreover, the four analytical derivations of innate freedom generate consequences that are incompatible with a human rights doctrine, for as human rights refer to all, innate equality and innate independence apply to a limited number of people; Finally, there is a differentiation in the interpretation of humanity's formula in law and ethics, because, subjectively, treating humanity as an end requires the agent to consider that the end of humanity is the motive of his action in ethics, but in law it is only required that its external behavior be in accordance with the end of humanity, and objectively, in law, treating humanity as an end produces criminal law contrary to human rights and the law of humanity requires that innate integrity be suspended during the period of condemnation, furthermore, this differentiation in the idea of ​​humanity becomes explicit in innate imprehensibility, for in ethics lie is the greatest violation of the duty of humanity in his person, but in law only violates the right of humanity if it causes harm to others.

In this article we try to show the troublesome relation between biopolitcs, biopower and human rights in Michel Foucault. The notion of right is a classical notion, insofar as it pertains to the juridical conception of politics and to the techniques of sovereign power. On the other side, the idea of the human animal as human being appears only in Modernity, within the different dispositives that constitute what Foucault called the modern biopower. Therefore, talking of human rights one puts together the idea of right and the idea of human being, i.e. two notions belonging to two historically distinct techniques of power. In the awareness of this distinction, one has to question why Foucault, in face of what was going on in his days, did nevertheless appeal – against governments – to the rights of those who are governed. Classical right may have nothing to do with biopolitics; however with regard to the so-called human rights we cannot claim the same.

Existe um novo relacionamento entre o homem e a informação disponível no mundo hoje – e a tecnologia tem um papel a desempenhar neste contexto. A educação pode ser beneficiária deste novo momento da história humana, se puder se valer das tecnologias de informação e comunicação, já disponíveis, para a concepção e implementação de um novo modelo pedagógico, que privilegia a conversão de informação em conhecimento, além de suportar o desenvolvimento de competências e de potencial humano. Entendidas assim, as tecnologias da inteligência (ou de apoio ao desenvolvimento cognitivo) são, na verdade, tecnologias da aprendizagem. Os trabalhos pioneiros de Vannevar Bush em aparatos tecnológicos de tratamento da informação - associados a modelos de pensamento e cognição – e aprimorados pelos seus seguidores, serão os meios de realização de tal modelo inovador.

The article aims to identify as the main passions that run through the Hobbesian theoretical corpus. To this end, the exhibition will begin by analyzing the mechanism of the passions founded by the author. Next, it will be highlighted how unbridled passions make peaceful coexistence between individuals unfeasible, establishing a scenario in which conflicts are inevitable. Two passions will be analyzed in more detail: vainglory and fear. After emphasizing that the Hobbesian man tends naturally to his own benefit, to competition and to domination, representing a threat to the other, it will be pointed out how the State asserts itself as the necessary that aims to discipline like passions. This part of the argument will analyze as desirable passions for the maintenance of civil life, with emphasis on hope, the desire for comfort and delight, the desire for knowledge and the arts, as well as for fear and vainglory itself.

A vida aristocrática indica a educação individual, a educação da solidão e a educação do destaque, que requer a autocrítica como elemento para a autossuperação da grande individualidade. Portanto, não se trata de uma educação para todos, mas para os que têm reverência por si mesmos. Neste artigo, pretendemos apresentar as razões que fundamentam a educação aristocrática em Nietzsche e que encontram sentido na compreensão do mesquinho, do medroso, do estúpido, na massificação humana. Para este exame, a contextualização dos condicionantes da massificação e do aprisionamento humanos encontra espaço. A metodologia utilizada na investigação consiste na revisão bibliográfica, dado que se trata de pesquisa filosófica da educação. Os resultados encontrados apontam para a necessidade de um novo perfil de homem, capaz de superar esse estado de pequenez, mesquinharia e medo.

This 45th Activity Report of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR or the Commission), which was presented to the Heads of State and Government of the African Union (AU) in accordance with Article 54 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (the African Charter or the Charter), covers the period from 10 May to 13 November 2018. It highlights, among others: the statutory and other institutional meetings of the Commission; the status of State reporting; Resolutions adopted by the Commission; the human rights complaints before the Commission; the various interventions of the Commission on human rights issues including Urgent Appeal Letters, Press Releases and Letters of Appreciation; the human rights situation on the continent; financial, staffing and operational matters of the Commission; implementation of the Recommendations of the Executive Council and Recommendations to the different stakeholders.

In the current debate on human rights, the political conception is attractive in its ability to try to find solutions to the central questions and problems, which the orthodox conception has difficulties in solving, because of its own nature (the political formulation of human rights) it does not need a moral foundation that is independent of the recognition established by international law and practice. On the one hand, it is necessary to recognize that the current practice and the international doctrine consider human rights as tools addressed, mainly, to establish the limits of the legitimate sovereignty of the state, thus, recognizing the plausibility of the political conception. On the other hand, the article intends to show that this specific function, while important, should not exhaust all that human rights perform. Therefore, the political conception runs the serious risk of weakening the normative force of human rights and conflating two different agendas, that of human rights and that of global justice. To go through this argument, first of all, the article presents the contemporary genesis of the political conception of human rights based on the work of John Rawls. Secondly, it focuses on the reformulation given by Raz and Beitz's approaches. Finally, in the third section, I criticize three main assumptions which ground the current paradigm of political conception of human rights.

This essay discusses the Phenomenology and Human Formation according to Edmund Husserl's perspective. It is a reflection of use of the term "phenomenology', which provides the understanding of the meaning and significance of the phenomenon. It also points out that a major concern in phenomenology as method is to evidence the structures in which the experience occurs. Phenomenology must disclose, in the description of the experiences, the universal structures where they are based. It presents the categories of intentionality and epoche and the essay looks foward to the aknowledgement of every act of knowledge (noema) and its correspondence to an specific mode of consciousness (noesis). It also presents the husserlian category of Lebenswelt (the world-of-life), which is a fundamental and significant conception for Husserl throughout his career as a man and rigorous researcher. The text discusses the European humanity and human crisis and it offers a contribution to problematize education and current problems faced by humanity.