Suchergebnisse

This paper is a case study of HDI where the ASEAN countries were used as the subject of analysis and the OECD countries were used as a comparison group. We propose to revise the current human development index. HDI employs three components to measure human development, namely life expectancy, education and the standard of living. Each component is accorded equal weight of 0.33. In light of the current UNDP's sustainable development goals (SDG) detailing 17 factors, HDI becomes out of date and in need of revision. We mapped the current HDI to SDG and found that social governance emerges as the fourth factor in assessing human development. The data used consists of the HDI and SGD reading of 35 countries from the OECD and 10 ASEAN countries. The 17 factors of SDG were scored as binary data (1,0) in order to obtain the probability of the factors fallen into each category of development component. We found that our recalculation of HDI components and their weight to be: life expectancy (0.23), literacy (0.23), per capita GDP (0.25), and social governance (0.29). This finding is an evidence to support the attempt to improve existing literature in HDI studies. ; JEL Code: B12, B13, C10, F63

The research aim is to analyze human development based on the Islamic Human Development Index (IHDI) perspective in the Special Region of Jakarta. The measuring instrument used by IHDI in this research is Maqashid Sharia which has five fundamental elements such as, Hifdzud Dien, Hifdzun Nafs, Hifdzul Maal, Hifdzul 'Aql, and Hifdzun Nashl. The five elements of this Maqashid Sharia are then measured with determining indicators and 13 indicators being analyzed. The method used in this research is the Fixed Effect Model regression method. For data processing, this research utilizes E-Views 10 software. The data used in this research is secondary data obtained from Statistic Indonesia, Ministry of Religious Affairs Indonesia, and Baznas DKI year 2010-2019. The outcome of this research is that based on Fixed Effect Model regression testing there are impacts between Hifdzud Dien, Hifdzun Nafs, Hifdzul 'Aql, Hifdzun Nashl, and Hifdzu Maal with human development index (HDI) in DKI Jakarta in 2010-2019. The implication from this research is that the five variables with 13 indicators analyzed, generally has significant implication towards HDI, especially Hifdzu Aql variable which is represented by the average length of school and the portion of the education budget. For that reason, the government should be able to encourage human development with an IHDI perspective. The most important things are improving the quality of education and education budget for citizens, besides encourage the citizen to obey religious values, such as doing zakat, avoiding criminal things and e.tc, which significantly affect human development in DKI Jakarta.

The article offeres an approach to including ecological factor in the Human Development Index (HDI). HDI is aimed at reflecting the quality of life of population, which is defined along with other important characteristics and state of environment. However, there is still no ecological living conditions of population in the formalized representation of HDI. Two directions of constructing ecologically adjusted HDI are developed: introducing ecological index to HDR, and using ecologically adjusted GDP/GRP in income index. Ecological index reflecting the state of environment in the places of residence and recreation of population is constructed on the basis of indicators of the number of air/water samples exceeding the ambient standards, as a percentage of the total number of examined samples. This indicator is presented in the annex to the statistical handbook «Environment Protection in Russia» for all regions. It is offered to modify the index of income in HDI by subtraction of the economic damage caused by pollution from income, as this part of income does not go to growth of the population welfare, but only compensates for the damage. For implementation of this approach there is no official statistics, and in the study was used the database accumulated by the author over many years of ecological-economic research. As a result, there was calculated ecologically adjusted HDI for all 85 regions in comparison with the traditional HDI. In 14 regions with the best ecological situation the HDI value grew, in the others it decreased. Some of the regions formerly leading by the HDI value lost their positions. Comparing the impact on HDI of ecological index on the one hand, and of modifications of income index on the other, showed an incomparably greater role of the introduction of ecological index.

'Am 12. Juni wurde der Humam Development Report 1997 in Bonn der Weltöffentlichkeit vorgestellt. Der Human Development Report wird vom United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) zusammengestellt und seit 1990 jährlich veröffentlicht. Kern des Human Development Reports ist der Human Development Index (HDI), der als zusammenfassende Maßzahl für das erreichte Entwicklungsniveau einer Gesellschaft für 175 Nationen berechnet wird und die Basis für eine entsprechende Rangordnung dieser Länder darstellt. Der HDI kombiniert Informationen zu drei verschiedenen Dimensionen von Human Development und aggregiert sie in einer einzigen Maßzahl: (1) Lebenstandard - gemessen am Bruttoinlandsprodukt pro Kopf, das jedoch diskontiert wird, um dem abnehmenden Grenznutzen materiellen Wohlstands Rechnung zu tragen; (2) Länge des Lebens - gemessen an der mittleren Lebenserwartung; (3) Bildungsnivau - gemessen an Alphabetisierung und Bildungsbeteiligung.' (Autorenreferat)

AbstractThis paper critically examines the UNDP's Human Development Index (HDI). We conclude that its treatment of income is inappropriate; the lack of year‐to‐year comparability is undesirable; it is robust with respect to measurement error; and that its contribution to the assessment of development levels differs markedly among country groups.

Analysis of statistical data of 189 countries showed a remarkable heterogeneity of the level of the Human Development Index (HDI). The article suggests the ways of overcoming the gap between developed and developing countries in terms of the HDI. Approximation of the quality of life of developing countries to the level of developed ones is a necessary condition for delivering humankind from global threats, namely, poverty, local wars, pandemics, mass illegal migration. Under these conditions, it is proposed to consider the possibility of conclusion of an international agreement to regulate population growth. The purpose of the article is to substantiate ways to synchronize the demographic policies of developing and developed countries, to reduce the unreasonably large gap in their HDI level, which contributes to poverty, the threat of pandemics, the capture of the living space of Europe and North America by migrants from poor countries, climate warming. A necessary condition for raising the HDI is population regulation. Compared to the level accumulated over many previous millennia, over the 70 post-war years, the anthropogenic load has tripled – from 2.5 to 7.8 billion people. In Europe, population growth has stopped. In North America, it occurs under the great influence of migration. Population control through fertility is necessary primarily in the African and Asian continents, as well as in Central and South America. The growth of the HDI of developing countries contributes to a reduction of the birth rate and population growth, poverty and, therefore, motives for migration, anthropogenic pressure. The problem of HDI growth due to population regulation is global. Therefore, the article proposes to develop an international agreement on population regulation, like the Paris agreement. As the limits of global population growth reached, the world community will have to move from the focus on GDP growth and profit maximization to the priorities of protecting the environment and human health. In the context of changing growth priorities, GDP as a key indicator of development, may be replaced with an indicator like the HDI.