Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Central Asia is a shared neighbourhood for China and Russia. The Chinese dynamics is challenging Russian and western influences in the region. This article discusses the hypothesis of an energetic switch of the region toward China by studying four key parameters: the relationships with western firms, the ability of central Asian energy exporters to pass-by the soviet-time pipeline networks, Russian firms strategies and the dynamics of the main customers of regional mineral resources – particularly China. ; l'Asie centrale est un voisinage partagé de la Chine et la Russie à forts enjeux pour ces deux grands émergents. La dynamique chinoise concurrence les influences russe et occidentale dans la région. L'article discute l'hypothèse d'un basculement énergétique de la région vers la Chine en étudiant l'évolution de quatre paramètres : le rapport aux compagnies occidentales, la capacité d'émancipation vis-à-vis des réseaux de transport d'hydrocarbures soviétiques, les stratégies des grandes compagnies russes et la dynamique des besoins des principaux clients de la région – en particulier la Chine. Abstract : Central Asia is a shared neighbourhood for China and Russia. The Chinese dynamics is challenging Russian and western influences in the region. This article discusses the hypothesis of an energetic switch of the region toward China by studying four key parameters: the relationships with western firms, the ability of central Asian energy exporters to pass-by the soviet-time pipeline networks, Russian firms strategies and the dynamics of the main customers of regional mineral resources – particularly China.

International audience ; In this article, I present three key facts about income and wealth inequality in the long run emerging from my book, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, and seek to sharpen and refocus the discussion about those trends. In particular, I clarify the role played by r > g in my analysis of wealth inequality. I also discuss some of the implications for optimal taxation, and the relation between capital-income ratios and capital shares.

International audience ; In this article, I present three key facts about income and wealth inequality in the long run emerging from my book, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, and seek to sharpen and refocus the discussion about those trends. In particular, I clarify the role played by r > g in my analysis of wealth inequality. I also discuss some of the implications for optimal taxation, and the relation between capital-income ratios and capital shares.

This study takes a production function approach to examine the effects of farm wetland area for a set of producers in the Limousin region of France. By combining data from a recent survey of regional wetland areas with detailed farm-level production panel data, we find that maintaining wetland areas poses significant costs to farmers, in terms of foregone production value. These results help to explain the relatively low participation rate in agri-environmental schemes targeted to wetlands by farmers in this region. This represents a new application of the production function approach to estimate the cost of maintaining wetlands on working agricultural land, and is one of few studies to examine agricultural wetland costs outside of the US. This framework could be used to further inform payment incentives for agrienvironmental schemes more generally. ; La productivité des zones humides agricole est étudiée par la spécification d'une fonction de production, estimée sur un ensemble de producteurs agricoles de la Région française du Limousin. L'analyse des données de panel rassemblant les comptabilités d'une centaine d'exploitation suivies pendant trois ans montre que le maintien agricole des zones humides implique des coûts significatifs en termes de pertes de production. Ces résultats aident à comprendre la relative faiblesse de l'adoption par les agriculteurs des mesures agroenvironnementales ciblant les zones humides de cette région. Ce travail est une nouvelle application de l'approche par la fonction de production pour estimer le coût de maintien des zones humides, et l'une des rares applications sur ce thème, hors des Etats-Unis. La méthodologie peut être utilisée pour l'établissement de paiements incitatifs dans le cadre de programmes agri-environnementaux ou pour des services environnementaux en général.

International audience This paper revisits once more Sraffa's well-known book Production of commodities by means of commodities, and does so by digging up to its very foundations, i.e. its most basic assumptions regarding the nature of production (section 1). This leads to analyzing the definitions of the different categories of goods appearing in Sraffa's book: basic goods, subsistence goods, consumption goods and fixed capital goods. The paper shows why this classification is wrong. It explains why subsistence goods should not be considered as intermediate goods (section 2), that consumption goods are final goods which are not part of a surplus, and that there is no surplus of intermediate goods (section 3). It shows then that the way Sraffa introduces fixed capital goods through joint production does not allow for the existence of a surplus for this kind of goods (section 4), and leads to several contradictions (section 5). These contradictions entail some serious consequences for the Standard system: neither the definition of basic goods nor the notions of surplus and of Standard commodity can be upheld (section 6). It comes therefore as no surprise that the problems created by the introduction of land or other non-produced means of production cannot be resolved (section 7). As developed in section 8, all these limitations explain why Sraffa's system has remained over the years such a puzzle, on which nothing has been built: in particular the system is incompatible with a Keynesian theory of money. Finally section 9 proposes briefly an alternative view of production as a transformation process.

International audience ; In this article, I present three key facts about income and wealth inequality in the long run emerging from my book, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, and seek to sharpen and refocus the discussion about those trends. In particular, I clarify the role played by r > g in my analysis of wealth inequality. I also discuss some of the implications for optimal taxation, and the relation between capital-income ratios and capital shares.

Study Days organised by LexOI and Le Grand Raid, in partnership with the Centre for Legal Research and the Faculty of Law and Economics of the University of La Réunion, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, 25 August 2014 ; International audience ; Study Days organised by LexOI and Le Grand Raid, in partnership with the Centre for Legal Research and the Faculty of Law and Economics of the University of La Réunion, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, 25 August 2014 ; Actes des journées d'étude organisée par l'association LexOI et l'association Le Grand Raid, en partenariat avec le Centre de recherche juridique et la Faculté de droit et d'économie de l'Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, 25 août 2014

Proxy-means testing (PMT) is a method used to assess household or individual welfare level based on a set of observable indicators. The accuracy, and therefore usefulness of PMT relies on the selection of indicators that produce accurate predictions of household welfare. In this paper I propose a method to identify indicators that are robustly and strongly correlated with household welfare, measured by per capita consumption. From an initial set of 340 candidate variables drawn from the Indonesian Family Life Survey, I identify the variables that contribute most significantly to model predictive performance and that are therefore desirable to be included in a PMT formula. These variables span the categories of household private asset holdings, access to basic domestic energy, education level, sanitation and housing. A comparison of the predictive performance of PMT formulas including 10, 20 and 30 of the best predictors of welfare shows that leads to recommending formulas with 20 predictors. Such parsimonious models have similar predictive performance as the PMT formulas currently used in Indonesia, although these latter are based on models of 32 variables on average. ; Etudes & documents

International audience Reunion island is particularly exposed to shark attacks which have been more frequent than in any other area in the world. This article objectives are twofold. On the one hand it offers an analysis of the statistics of the 46 shark attacks between 1980 and 2014. Using the only interactive map created of these attacks to this day, several explicative variables that could condition the upsurge of attacks have been identified and analysed. On the other hand, this research analyses the institutional management of the shark crisis affecting Reunion Island since 2011. The creation of a natural marine reserve perceived as administrative and authoritarian crystallizes the shark attacks crises since 2011. A succession of on the spot reactions in the management of this crisis will illustrate that the government had an urgent management of the situation instead and in the place of a less passionate and more anticipated territorial governance which could doubtlessly have limited the magnitude and consequences of such a crisis. ; La Réunion est particulièrement exposée au risque d'attaques de requins, globalement très supérieur à celui que connaissent d'autres territoires concernés dans le monde notamment en terme de mortalité. D'une part, cet article propose une analyse de la base de données sur les 46 attaques répertoriées entre 1980 et 2014. À partir de l'élaboration d'une carte interactive des attaques, la seule produite à ce jour sur le sujet, plusieurs variables explicatives qui pourraient conditionner la survenue des attaques sont identifiées et analysées. D'autre part, cette recherche est une réflexion sur la gestion institutionnelle de la crise du requin qui affecte La Réunion depuis 2011. La création et le fonctionnement de la Réserve naturelle marine de La Réunion (RNMR), sous un mode perçu comme administratif et autoritaire par une frange de la population va cristalliser une crise du requin à partir de 2011. Une succession de réactions à chaud par les autorités compétentes dans la gestion ...

'The Picture of Dorian Gray' is a work in which two central issues emerge: the boundaries of the representation and the boundaries between writing and image. As a result, Wilde's novel is arguably an attractive undertaking but also a real challenge for an artist wishing to offer one or more images. The portrait in the centre of the narrative is part of the text in the mode of absence. One of the issues involved in illustrating this text is thus the representation of an imaginary and absent picture; the aim is to make visible a work of art which touches on the limits of the representation. The illustrator is thus placed in the same position as the reader of the novel, who, like him, is asked to fill the central gap in the narrative. ; International audience ; 'The Picture of Dorian Gray' is a work in which two central issues emerge: the boundaries of the representation and the boundaries between writing and image. As a result, Wilde's novel is arguably an attractive undertaking but also a real challenge for an artist wishing to offer one or more images. The portrait in the centre of the narrative is part of the text in the mode of absence. One of the issues involved in illustrating this text is thus the representation of an imaginary and absent picture; the aim is to make visible a work of art which touches on the limits of the representation. The illustrator is thus placed in the same position as the reader of the novel, who, like him, is asked to fill the central gap in the narrative. ; 'The Picture of Dorian Gray' est une œuvre où se dessinent deux problématiques centrales : celle des limites de la représentation et celle des frontières entre l' écrit et l'image. De ce fait, le roman de Wilde constitue sans doute une entreprise séduisante mais également une véritable gageure pour un artiste qui souhaite en proposer une ou des image(s). Le portrait qui figure au centre du récit s'inscrit dans le texte sous le mode de l'absence. L'un des enjeux de l'illustration de ce texte est ainsi la représentation d'un ...

International audience ; Central Asia is a shared neighbourhood for China and Russia. The Chinese dynamics is challenging Russian and western influences in the region. This article discusses the hypothesis of an energetic switch of the region toward China by studying four key parameters: the relationships with western firms, the ability of central Asian energy exporters to pass-by the soviet-time pipeline networks, Russian firms strategies and the dynamics of the main customers of regional mineral resources – particularly China. ; l'Asie centrale est un voisinage partagé de la Chine et la Russie à forts enjeux pour ces deux grands émergents. La dynamique chinoise concurrence les influences russe et occidentale dans la région. L'article discute l'hypothèse d'un basculement énergétique de la région vers la Chine en étudiant l'évolution de quatre paramètres : le rapport aux compagnies occidentales, la capacité d'émancipation vis-à-vis des réseaux de transport d'hydrocarbures soviétiques, les stratégies des grandes compagnies russes et la dynamique des besoins des principaux clients de la région – en particulier la Chine. Abstract : Central Asia is a shared neighbourhood for China and Russia. The Chinese dynamics is challenging Russian and western influences in the region. This article discusses the hypothesis of an energetic switch of the region toward China by studying four key parameters: the relationships with western firms, the ability of central Asian energy exporters to pass-by the soviet-time pipeline networks, Russian firms strategies and the dynamics of the main customers of regional mineral resources – particularly China.

International audience ; Using an urban economic model with an endogenous centre where agents freely choose land quantities, we prove to what extent policies aimed at abating pollution generated by working households' commuting trips involve a better control of urban sprawl as a positive side-effect. After the eco-tax has been applied to households by a local planner in the form of a linear urban toll, agglomeration economies which incited firms to group together in the Central Business District (CBD) keep on working as a positive externality. Under certain conditions, they are even strengthened. ; Dans un modèle de microéconomie urbaine à centre endogène où les agents choisissent librement leurs surfaces de sol, nous montrons comment une politique de réduction de la pollution émise par les déplacements domicile-travail des ménages actifs présente comme impact positif connexe une plusgrande maîtrise de l'étalement urbain. Après mise en place, par un régulateur local, d'une écotaxe applicable aux seuls ménages sous la forme d'un péage urbain de type linéaire (kilométrique), les économies d'agglomération qui ont incité les firmes à se regrouper dans le centre des emplois continuentd'agir comme une externalité positive et, sous certaines conditions, se voient même renforcées.

This article sheds light on the important differences in self-declared happiness across countries of similar affluence. It hinges on the different happiness statements of natives and immigrants in a set of European countries to disentangle the influence of objective circumstances versus psychological and cultural factors. The latter turn out to be of non-negligible importance. In some countries, such as France, they are responsible for the best part of the country's unobserved idiosyncratic source of unhappiness. French natives are less happy than other Europeans, whether they live in France or outside. By contrast, immigrants are not less happy in France than they are elsewhere in Europe, but their happiness fall with the passage of time and generations. I show that these gaps in self-declared happiness have a real emotional counterpart and do not boil down to purely nominal differences.

This article sheds light on the important differences in self-declared happiness across countries of similar affluence. It hinges on the different happiness statements of natives and immigrants in a set of European countries to disentangle the influence of objective circumstances versus psychological and cultural factors. The latter turn out to be of non-negligible importance. In some countries, such as France, they are responsible for the best part of the country's unobserved idiosyncratic source of unhappiness. French natives are less happy than other Europeans, whether they live in France or outside. By contrast, immigrants are not less happy in France than they are elsewhere in Europe, but their happiness fall with the passage of time and generations. I show that these gaps in self-declared happiness have a real emotional counterpart and do not boil down to purely nominal differences.

In 19th and 20th centuries America and West Indies, the national poet's works lay at the centre of a traffic of images. This traffic feeds the fragile social ties of young collectivities, at a time when communities are bound by imagination rather than by direct contact between their members. Distancing themselves from the representations of the community circulating at that time, like the exotic images of the New World's nature, the poet offers an ambitious democratic vision for the future which is channeled through images of the territory, the people, slavery and history. The poet's ethos encourages the reader to appropriate this discourse by presenting the author as a role model. However, it is mainly thanks to his style, at odds with the literary norms of his time, that the poet is able to act upon society. Whitman, Martí and Césaire do not so much contrive to capture their people's spirit, as they participate through their work on the fragment, on popular poetical forms or on the destabilizing of meaning, in the creation of a common devenir. ; Dans l'Amérique et les Caraïbes des XIXe et XXe siècles, l'œuvre du poète national est au cœur d'un trafic d'images qui nourrit un lien social fragile dans un temps où les collectivités reposent moins sur un lien direct entre leurs membres que sur un lien imaginé. Prenant ses distances vis-à-vis des représentations en circulation à son époque, comme les représentations exotiques de la nature, le poète offre une vision démocratique ambitieuse pour l'avenir de la communauté à travers des images nouvelles du territoire, du peuple, de l'esclavage et de l'histoire. L'ethos auctorial encourage l'appropriation de ce discours par le lecteur en désignant le poète comme figure de référence. Mais c'est surtout à travers son procédé d'écriture qui met à mal les normes littéraires de son temps que celui-ci est à même d'influer sur la société. Plutôt qu'ils ne parviennent à saisir l'esprit de leur peuple, Whitman, Martí et Césaire participent par leur travail sur le fragment, les ...