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The Arctic region has attracted the interest of Arctic and non-Arctic states, as well as non-state actors, for decades. Corresponding with the growing attraction towards the region, the number of conferences attending to Arctic issues has expanded. This article provides an historical mapping of the Arctic conference sphere, and demonstrates how the establishment of Arctic conferences has both paralleled central events in Arctic affairs and can be linked to important international developments. Firstly, there is a notable peak conforming with the "second state change" in 2005, brought about by developments opening the Arctic to global concerns: the impacts of climate change and the spread of the socio-economic effects from globalization to the Arctic. Secondly, the expanding number of conferences around 2013 can be seen in relation to the growing interest in the region from non-Arctic states. As such, this article builds the argument for conferences as a central element within the Arctic governance architecture, creating linkages among units in the regime complex. The article devotes particular attention towards the two largest international conferences on Arctic issues – Arctic Frontiers and Arctic Circle Assembly – to illustrate how the necessity for hybrid policy-science-business conferences arose from a more complex governance system, and challenges requiring cross-sectoral, interdisciplinary, and international collaboration.

How should we go about collaborating with children and adolescents? Young Participation: Creativity and Conflict in Planning explores how youth participation work in practical terms, in the context of urban development processes at the municipal level in Norway.

From their unique perspectives, several social scientists, artists, an architect, and a young contributor discuss experiences and dilemmas of including children, teens, and young adults as contributing stakeholders on various projects. The reader will find concrete examples of participation processes and tools developed in cooperation with young people, architects, and public employees.

The chapters reveal how good intentions regarding inclusion can obscure power hierarchies, friction, and conflicts of interest. Yet they also demonstrate that the potential for creativity and innovation are great when young people are invited to contribute their input in planning and developing everything from youth community centers and school grounds to parks and other outdoor spaces in local neighborhoods.

This anthology will provide inspiration to researchers, students, municipal employees, urban planners, and others working collaboratively in urban and community development. Among the topics covered are participation as co-research, social entrepreneurship and participation as part of school curricula and in socio-cultural place analyses, the power of the hand in creative practices, co-location as a trend, digital and hybrid participation processes, and power plays in planning. By introducing a new model for 'thick participation', the anthology attempts to ensure that young citizens are not just seen and heard but are also given the opportunity to become lasting resources within their local communities.

The book's editors, senior researcher Aina Landsverk Hagen and research professor Bengt Andersen, are both based at the Work Research Institute (AFI), Oslo Metropolitan University. - Hvordan gjør vi medvirkning med barn og unge? Ung medvirkning: Kreativitet og konflikt i planlegging tar for seg hvordan medvirkning med barn og unge utspiller seg i praksis, i steds- og byutviklingsprosesser i norske kommuner.

Fra sine ulike ståsteder diskuterer samfunnsforskere, kunstnere, en arkitekt og en ung medvirker erfaringer og dilemmaer med å inkludere barn, ungdom og unge voksne som medvirkere. Leseren får konkrete eksempler fra medvirkningsprosesser og presentasjon av verktøy som er utviklet i samarbeid med ungdom, arkitekter og offentlig ansatte.

Bidragene viser hvordan gode intensjoner om inkludering kan skjule makthierarkier, konflikter og interessemotsetninger. Samtidig peker boken på hvordan muligheten for kreativitet og nytenking er stor når unge inviteres inn til å medvirke i planleggingen av alt fra ungdomshus og skolegårder til parker og uteområder i nabolaget.

Antologien gir inspirasjon til forskere, studenter, kommunalt ansatte, planleggere og andre praktikere som jobber med medvirkning i by- og stedsutvikling. Blant temaene som tas opp er medvirkning som medforsking, sosialt entreprenørskap og medvirkning i skolefag og i sosiokulturelle stedsanalyser, håndens kraft i kreative praksiser, samlokalisering som trend, digital og hybrid medvirkning og medvirkningens maktspill. Ved å introdusere en ny modell for «tykk medvirkning», søker antologien å sikre at unge innbyggere ikke bare blir hørt og sett, men også får mulighet til å være vedvarende ressurser i sine nærmiljøer.

Bokens redaktører, Aina Landsverk Hagen og Bengt Andersen, er begge seniorforskere ved Arbeidsforskningsinstituttet, OsloMet – storbyuniversitetet.

Forfatterne av antologien har også utviklet en digital ressurs for alle som er interessert i ungdomsmedvirkning: https://unghus.oslomet.no

Why do we focus on the internal arrangements of the contractual process from a leadership perspective? Through empirical research where we have asked questions about the internal organizational arrangements, what kind of knowledge the organization need, and how institutional arrangements affect the contract process, we have tried to answer the main research question. We have also carried with us a question of if the organization's attachment to the public or private sector affects the arrangements. I have conducted a comparative case study where data has been generated from two public sector organizations, The National Road Administration, Helsebygg Midt-Norge, one private sector organization, Siemens, and one hybrid organization, NTE. Data was primarily generated from the governance system of the different organizations, and informant interviews. The analysis was carried out by two steps; first an empirical analysis, then a theoretical analysis, based on contractual theory, of the empirical findings. The empirical analysis shows that the organizations share the same thoughts on how to organize the contractual work; the division between the line and the project organization, the distribution of decision-making authority, and the institutionalization of a specific governance system. The organizational processes are formalized, and the governance system gives the clear recommendation on desired actions. The empirical data gives a clear understanding that the contract process is dominated by one profession — the engineers. Regarding the question on knowledge, I found the organizations to be interested foremost on problem solving competencies (engineering competencies). Other competencies, for example economic or legal competencies, where viewed as support competencies. We also found that personal skills in handling the complex and difficult processes and attitude toward ethics seemed to be of importance. On the question on how institutional elements in the organizational environment affected the contract process, we found that the overall interest of the organizations was stability and predictability. We also found that the market mechanisms cause the organizations some worry. In the end, the empirical findings did not give us any strong reasons to differentiate between public sector organizations and private sector organizations in how to deal with contractual work processes. The theoretical analysis has been carried out within classical and relational contract theory. The analysis shows that the empirical findings, to a great extend, can be explained through classical contract theory. It also gives us some ideas on what areas of the theory, especially relational contract theory that should be improved. Regarding the main research question, the conclusions indicate a need to establish a comprehensive approach to the contract process, to ensure a good balance between different partial processes. There also seem to be necessary to work on improvements on contract theory to increase the applicability of the theory, especially the relational contract theory.