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PurposeVisceral leishmania (VL) and HIV were related since the beginning of AIDS era but the impact of HAART has completely changed the pattern. Aim of the study is to describe the current presentation of this opportunistic infection.MethodsDemographics, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic findings were recorded in patients (pts) enrolled in the Ligurian registry for VL from January 1st 2007 to December 31st 2010. From these data we obtained the HIV+features. Statistical analysis was performed using: STATA 11.0 and SPSS software 13. Statistical significance was defined as a P value<0.05.Summary of resultsA total of 65 episodes in 55 pts (36 adult) were accumulated: median age 48.7 years (yrs) in adults (37.5 months in pediatric pts). All children were immunocompetent (ICC), adults included both ICC (17) and immunosuppressed (19) (ISS) pts. HIV was the leading cause of immunosuppression (10–59%) all pts. belonged to CDC stage C and they sustained 15 cases of infection; 4 were not on HAART and 4 on a failing regimen. Mean age in HIV +pts was 38 yrs, average CD4+count and HIV RNA at first diagnosis were respectively 135/l±101 and 6,974×104 cp/ml (0–2.8×105). No significant CD4 r differences at first diagnosis were present among who would not recur compared to those for whom a VL recurrence was observed. Main clinical presentations were: Fever (F)+hepatosplenomegaly 8, F+lymphoadenoathy 2, F+pancytopenia 2, thrombocytopenia 2, other 1. Detection of urinary antigen and serology (IFAT) were the most frequently used diagnostic tools (respectively in 14/15 and 11/15 pts). Bone marrow detection of intracellular parasites (Giemsa) was performed only in 4/15 cases. Liposomal amphotericin B was the most frequently (98.2% of cases) prescribed drug with 100% clinical cure. VL relapses (n°5) represented a crucial finding: they occurred in 3 pts and time to relapse presented a significant difference among ICC and ISS; CD4+cell numbers at VL recurrence were not different compared to those for the pts at baseline. Three deaths were reported, accounting for significant (15.8%) mortality.ConclusionsThe main findings can be summarized as follows: clinical presentation among HIV pts is heterogeneous with frequent recurrence and remarkable mortality. Moreover, the use of both serology and urinary antigens detection for diagnostic purposes allows a reliable performance and could be very useful in pts not eligible for bone marrow aspiration.

For the International Criminal Court (ICC) 2003 was a crucial year — its first as a functioning institution. With the coming into force of its Statute in July 2002, 2003 was spent establishing the infrastructure and procedures according to which the ICC will function. The ICC also made progress in establishing its four organs: the Chambers, the Presidency, the Office of the Prosecutor and the Registry.

Intro -- INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: OVERVIEW AND SELECTED LEGAL ISSUES -- INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: OVERVIEW AND SELECTED LEGAL ISSUES -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION AND NEGOTIATING HISTORY -- Chapter 2: STRUCTURE OF THE ICC -- THE JUDGES OF THE ICC: THE PRESIDENCY AND TRIAL DIVISIONS -- PROSECUTOR -- REGISTRY -- ASSEMBLY OF STATES PARTIES -- Chapter 3: JURISDICTION -- SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION -- Genocide -- Crimes against Humanity -- War Crimes -- Aggression -- JURISDICTION OVER PERSONS -- TRIGGERING MECHANISMS -- ICC JURISDICTION OVER CITIZENS OF NON-PARTIES -- COMPLEMENTARITY AND OTHER CHALLENGES TO JURISDICTION -- Chapter 4: RULES OF PROCEDURE AND EVIDENCE -- THE RIGHT TO A JURY TRIAL -- THE PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE -- THE PRIVILEGE AGAINST COMPELLED SELF-INCRIMINATION -- THE RIGHT TO CONFRONT WITNESSES -- THE PROTECTION AGAINST DOUBLE JEOPARDY -- THE FREEDOM FROM UNREASONABLE SEARCHES AND SEIZURES -- THE RIGHT TO BE PRESENT AT TRIAL -- THE RIGHT TO EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL -- THE RIGHT TO A SPEEDY AND PUBLIC TRIAL -- RIGHT TO APPEAL -- FREEDOM FROM INDEFINITE OR ARBITRARY DETENTION -- Chapter 5: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES AS NON-MEMBER -- OBSERVER ROLE -- POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS -- Chapter 6: CONGRESSIONAL ACTION -- AMERICAN SERVICE MEMBERS' PROTECTION ACT OF 2001 -- THE AMERICAN SERVICE MEMBER AND CITIZEN PROTECTION ACT OF 2002 -- THE AMERICAN CITIZENS' PROTECTION AND WAR CRIMINAL PROSECUTION ACT OF 2001 -- INDEX.

ABSTRACT
BackgroundSub-Saharan Africa is the region most heavily affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. HIV increases the risk of developing cancer but the ascertainment of cancers in patients attending antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment programs might be incomplete. To estimate the under-ascertainment of cancer we compared incidence rates of AIDS-defining cancers in South African HIV cohorts with and without cancer case ascertainment through record linkage with the National Cancer Registry.
MethodsWe used the data of adult (≥16 years) HIV-positive persons receiving care between 2004 and 2011 at one of four ART programs in South Africa. These programs collaborate with the International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS Southern Africa (www.iedea-sa.org) and collected data for AIDS-defining cancers but not for other cancers. To improve cancer ascertainment we probabilistically linked patient records (using first name, surname, age, and gender) from two HIV cohorts with the cancer records of the South African National Cancer Registry. We calculated incidence rates per 100,000 person-years after starting ART for the AIDS-defining cancers, i.e. Kaposi sarcoma (KS), invasive cervical cancer (ICC) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We compared incidence rates before and after inclusion of record linkage identified cancer cases using the attributable fraction of cancers identified with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
ResultsA total of 49,207 adults starting ART in South Africa were included. 65% of patients were female, median age at starting ART was 35 years (interquartile range 30-41 years). We identified a total of 471 incident cancer cases. With record linkage the incidence increased from 81 to 292 for KS, from 1 to 119 for NHL and 12 to 497 for ICC per 100,000 person-years. The attributable fraction of cancers identified was 72% (95% CI 63-79%) for KS, 98% (95% CI 94-99%) for NHL and 98% (95% CI 95-99%) for ICC.
ConclusionAscertainment of cancer in HIV program data in African settings is incomplete. This case study has shown that probabilistic record linkage to cancer registries is both feasible and essential for cancer ascertainment in HIV cohorts in South Africa.

ICC marks five years since entry into force of rome statute / Judge Philippe Kirsch -- The International Criminal Court in motion / Luis Moreno Ocampo -- The International Criminal Court five years on : andante or moderato? / Antonio Cassese -- The International Criminal Court- its relationship to domestic jurisdictions / Judge Hans-Peter Kaul -- Auto-referrals and the complementary nature of the ICC / Jann K. Kleffner -- The legitimacy of withdrawing state party referrals and ad hoc declarations under the statute of the International Criminal Court / Mohamed M. El Zeidy -- Shaping the contours of domestic justice : the International Criminal Court and an admissibility challenge in the Uganda situation / William W. Burke-White & Scott Kaplan -- The International Criminal Court and its relationship to non-party states / Robert Cryer -- The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia : transitional justice, the transfer of cases to national courts, and lessons for the ICC / David Tolbert and Aleksandar Kontic -- The responsibility to enforce-connecting justice with unity / Rod Rastan -- Peace, security, and prosecutorial discretion / Jens David Ohlin -- The selection of cases by the office of the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court / Fabricio Guariglia -- Developing and implementing an effective positive complementarity prosecution strategy / Christopher Keith Hall -- Prosecutorial discretion and gravity / William A. Schabas -- Judicial review of prosecutorial discretion : five years on Carsten Stahn -- Article 21 of the statute of the International Criminal Court and the treatment of sources of law in the jurisprudence of the ICC / Gilbert Bitti -- The status of ICTY and ICTR precedent in proceedings before the ICC / Volker Nerlich -- Committing liability in international criminal law / Steffen Wirth -- Developments in the distinction between principal and accessorial liability in light of the first case-law of the international criminal court / Hector Olasolo -- Identifying an armed conflict not of an international character / Sandesh Sivakumaran -- Can the "elements of crimes" narrow or broaden responsibility for criminal behaviour defined in the Rome statute? / Otto Triffterer -- A structural analysis of the role of the pre-trial chamber in the fact-finding process of the ICC / Simon De Smet -- Fairness and expeditiousness in the international criminal court's pre-trial proceedings / Ekaterina Trendafilova -- Human rights protection in the ICC pre-trial phase / Goran Sluiter -- How to achieve fair and expeditious trial proceedings before the ICC : is it time for a more judge-dominated approach? / Robert Heinsch -- The trial chamber's discretionary power to devise the proceedings before it and its exercise in the trial of Thomas Lubanga Dyilo / Reinhold Gallmetzer -- The first jurisprudence of the appeals chamber of the icc / Franziska C. Eckelmans -- Interlocutory appeals in the early practice of the international criminal court / Hakan Friman -- Contribution of the registry to greater respect for the principles of fairness and expeditious proceedings before the International Criminal Court / Marc Dubuisson, Anne-Aurore Bertrand and Natacha Schauder -- A review of the experiences of the pre-trial and appeals chambers of the International Criminal Court regarding the disclosure of evidence / David Scheffer -- "Witness proofing" before the ICC : neither legally admissible nor necessary / Kai Ambos -- Anonymous witnesses before the international criminal Court : due process in dire straits / Michael E. Kurth -- Article 68 (3) and personal interests of victims in the emerging practice of the ICC / Sergey Vasiliev -- Role and practice of the office of public counsel for victims / Paolina Massidda and Sarah Pellet -- The crime of aggression / Roger S. Clark -- Evaluating domestic legislation on the customary crime of aggression under the Rome statute's complementarity regime / Astrid Reisinger Coracini -- Demystifying the procedural framework of the international criminal court : a modest proposal for radical revision / Bacle Don Taylor III

Objectives: This study aims to estimate direct and indirect health economic costs associated with government and out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure based on health care service utilization and lost income of participants and carers, as reported by Australian Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) patient survey participants. Design: A cost of illness study was conducted to estimate Australian cost data for individuals with a ME/CFS diagnosis as determined by the Canadian Consensus Criteria (CCC), International Consensus Criteria (ICC), and the 1994 CDC Criteria (Fukuda). Setting and participants: Survey participants identified from a research registry database provided self-report of expenditure associated with ME/CFS related healthcare across a 1-month timeframe between 2017 and 2019. Main outcome measures: ME/CFS related direct annual government health care costs, OOP health expenditure costs, indirect costs associated with lost income and health care service use patterns. Results: The mean annual cost of health care related expenditure and associated income loss among survey participants meeting diagnostic criteria for ME/CFS was estimated at $14.5 billion. For direct OOP and Government health care expenditure, high average costs were related to medical practitioner attendance, diagnostics, natural medicines, and device expenditure, with an average attendance of 10.6 referred attendances per annum and 12.1 GP visits per annum related specifically to managing ME/CFS. Conclusions: The economic impacts of ME/CFS in Australia are significant. Improved understanding of the illness pathology, diagnosis, and management, may reduce costs, improve patient prognosis and decrease the burden of ME/CFS in Australia.

Preliminary material /José Doria , Hans-Peter Gasser and M. Cherif Bassiouni -- Chapter 1. Early efforts to establish an International Criminal Court /Jackson Maogoto -- Chapter 2. The Tokyo trial revisited /Hisakazu Fujita -- Chapter 3. The work of national military tribunals under control council law 10 /Jackson Maogoto -- Chapter 4. The experience of the Ad Hoc Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda /Jackson Maogoto and Jackson Maogoto -- Chapter 5. Customary law or judge-made law: Judicial creativity at the UN criminal tribunals /William Schabas -- Chapter 6. Bombardment: From Brussels 1874 to Sarajevo 2003 /Frits Kalshoven -- Chapter 7. The relationship between complicity modes of liability and specific intent crimes in the law and practice of the ICTY /José Doria -- Chapter 8. Plea bargaining: The uninvited guest at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia /Mark Harmon -- Chapter 9. Provisional release in the law of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia /Fergal Gaynor -- Chapter 10. Undue delay and the ICTYS experience of status conferences: A judge's personal annotations /Almiro Rodrigues -- Chapter 11. The work of the special court for Sierra Leone through its jurisprudence /José Doria -- Chapter 12. From east Timor to Timor-Leste: A demonstration of the limits of international law in the pursuit of justice /Richard Burchill -- Chapter 13. Bosnias war crimes chamber and the challenges of an opening and closure /Avril Mcdonald -- Chapter 14. The judges of the international criminal court and the organization of their work /Hirad Abtahi -- Chapter 15. The International Criminal Courts office of the prosecutor: Navigating between independence and accountability? /Jan Wouters , Sten Verhoeven and Bruno Demeyere -- Chapter 16. The support work of the courts registry /Anna Lachowska -- Chapter 17. Jus Cogens, obligations Erga Omnes and international criminal responsibility /Władysław Czapliński -- Chapter 18. Jurisdiction Ratione Personae or the personal reach of the courts jurisdiction /Christopher L. Blakesley -- Chapter 19 . The ICC and the security council: An uncomfortable relationship /Nigel White and Robert Cryer -- Chapter 20. Conduct of hostilities war crimes /Lindsay Moir -- Chapter 21. Crimes involving disproportionate means and methods of warfare under the statute of the International Criminal Court /Judith Gardam -- Chapter 22. International legal protections for persons hors de combat /Sergei A. Egorov -- Chapter 23. Child recruitment as a crime under the rome statute of the International Criminal Court /Matthew Happold -- Chapter 24. Particular issues regarding war crimes in internal armed conflicts /Lindsay Moir -- Chapter 25. Violations of common Article 3 of the Geneva conventions /Lindsay Moir -- Chapter 26. Displacement of civilians as a war crime other than a violation of common Article 3 in internal armed conflicts /Lindsay Moir -- Chapter 27. Whether crimes against humanity are backdoor war crimes /José Doria -- Chapter 28. The crime of aggression and the International Criminal Court /Roger S. Clark.