Suchergebnisse

Most evidence for the resource curse comes from cross-country growth regressions suffers from a bias originating from the high and ever-evolving volatility in commodity prices. This paper addresses these issues by providing new cross-country empirical evidence for the effect of resources in income per capita. Natural resource dependence (resource exports) has a significant negative effect on income per capita, especially in countries with bad rule of law or bad policies, but these results weaken substantially once we allow for endogeneity. However, the more exogenous measure of resource abundance (stock of natural capital) has a significant negative effect on income per capita even after controlling for geography, rule of law and de facto or de jure trade openness. Furthermore, this effect is more severe for countries that have little de jure trade openness. These results are robust to using alternative measures of institutional quality (expropriation and corruption instead of rule of law).

This paper tests a series of prominent hypotheses regarding how institutions, geography, and trade interact to influence income per capita using a novel spatial econometric approach to control for both spillovers among neighboring countries and spatially correlated omitted variables. Simultaneous equations are used to identify alternative channels through which country characteristics might affect income through trade and institutions, and then to test the robustness of those effects. Evidence indicated that both institutions and trade influence growth. Geographical factors such as whether a country is landlocked and its distance to the equator influence income, but only through trade. Data covering 95 countries across the world from 1960 through 2002 was used to construct a pooled dataset of 5-year averages (9 in all) centered on 1960, 1965, and so on through 2000. Both limited and full information estimators, partly based on a generalized moments (GM) estimator for spatial autoregressive coefficients, were used. These allow for spatial error correlation, correlation across equations, and the presence of spatially lagged dependent variables. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; GRP32 ; DSGD

Human resource is one of capital importance in the development of a nation. One of the important aspects that affect human resources is the public health level, where the health sector has an important role. The status of one's health is the result of the interaction of various factors, namely internal and external factors. Internal factors consist of physical and psychological factors, while external factors consist of economic factors, education, environment and culture. This research aims to examine and analyze the effect of income inequality as measured by the Gini Ratio against the health sector as measured by life expectancy in Indonesia in 2005-2013. On the research of regression equation using data panels with Random Effects Model approach. The results of this research are the inequality of income, per capita income, and Government expenditure in the health effect simultaneously against health sector in Indonesia in 2005-2013 and are partial, inequality of income, per capita income, and Government expenditure in the health sector impact health sector in Indonesia in 2005-2013.

Accident and safety cannot be separated due to their trade-offs by an individual when carrying out activities. Accident and safety issues are global issues and are being investigated. This study examines the impact of premium gasoline prices and per capita income on traffic accidents in 21 districts and cities in Aceh Province of Indonesia. This study used panel data from five years and 21 districts/cities. This research model uses a random effect model. The results showed that premium gasoline prices negatively affect income per capita and traffic accidents positively. These results fit theoretically. The effect of the price of 0.13 percent and income of 0.96 percent if there is an increase of 1 percent. The impact of income per capita is 7.38 times compared to premium gasoline prices. Then, the elasticity of income approach is elastic while the price is inelastic. The increase in per capita income causes people to buy more private vehicles, so the government needs regulation and socialization of the transfer of private vehicles to public transportation. Then, the police continue to urge the people to be careful in driving and a pioneer in traffic safety.