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http://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/documents/143161.htm ; Democratisation of Education is currently presented as an obvious way to reduce social inequalities of opportunities in life. But this consensual view is seldom assessed precisely. In this communication, we intend to put in perspective what we know concerning the evolution of both the inequalities towards education and the inequalities in life chances, in France, since the 50's. Has the society become less unequal at the same time education was expanding ? First, we shall present a synthesis of the controversial topic of democratisation in France : if some levels of education are now achieved by everybody (and so "democratized"), inequalities have shifted further on and/or take a more qualitative form (not so much access to the "baccalaureat" level, for instance, but which "baccalaureat" you get, not so much access to a tertiary degree but which one.). Then we shall show that in the meantime the evolution of social mobility has been less important, due to a process of devaluation of diploma, parallel with their expansion. If this devaluation does not affect elite schools'students (who are as socially selected as before, even slightly more), it fosters harsh resentment among pupils from low social-economic background when they discover that with the new "baccalauréats professionnels" implemented in the 90's, they are bound to become manual workers. Access to job and qualification remain as unequal as before, and expanding education is precisely what allow social inequalities to be maintained. Moreover, one can be at least skeptical concerning the joined expected effects of the expansion of education; actually, nobody would say that the more educated youngsters are more public- spirited, manifest more cultural curiosity, seem more socially integrated and so on. And the fact that education is considered more and more as a mere positional good may be considered as a perversion. While the French government goes on with the consensual political aim of expanding ...

http://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/documents/143161.htm ; Democratisation of Education is currently presented as an obvious way to reduce social inequalities of opportunities in life. But this consensual view is seldom assessed precisely. In this communication, we intend to put in perspective what we know concerning the evolution of both the inequalities towards education and the inequalities in life chances, in France, since the 50's. Has the society become less unequal at the same time education was expanding ? First, we shall present a synthesis of the controversial topic of democratisation in France : if some levels of education are now achieved by everybody (and so "democratized"), inequalities have shifted further on and/or take a more qualitative form (not so much access to the "baccalaureat" level, for instance, but which "baccalaureat" you get, not so much access to a tertiary degree but which one.). Then we shall show that in the meantime the evolution of social mobility has been less important, due to a process of devaluation of diploma, parallel with their expansion. If this devaluation does not affect elite schools'students (who are as socially selected as before, even slightly more), it fosters harsh resentment among pupils from low social-economic background when they discover that with the new "baccalauréats professionnels" implemented in the 90's, they are bound to become manual workers. Access to job and qualification remain as unequal as before, and expanding education is precisely what allow social inequalities to be maintained. Moreover, one can be at least skeptical concerning the joined expected effects of the expansion of education; actually, nobody would say that the more educated youngsters are more public- spirited, manifest more cultural curiosity, seem more socially integrated and so on. And the fact that education is considered more and more as a mere positional good may be considered as a perversion. While the French government goes on with the consensual political aim of expanding ...

BACKGROUND: Over the last 30 years, South Africa has experienced four 'colliding epidemics' of HIV and tuberculosis, chronic illness and mental health, injury and violence, and maternal, neonatal, and child mortality, which have had substantial effects on health and well-being. Using data from the 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study (GBD 2019), we evaluated national and provincial health trends and progress towards important Sustainable Development Goal targets from 1990 to 2019. METHODS: We analysed GBD 2019 estimates of mortality, non-fatal health loss, summary health measures and risk factor burden, comparing trends over 1990-2007 and 2007-2019. Additionally, we decomposed changes in life expectancy by cause of death and assessed healthcare system performance. RESULTS: Across the nine provinces, inequalities in mortality and life expectancy increased over 1990-2007, largely due to differences in HIV/AIDS, then decreased over 2007-2019. Demographic change and increases in non-communicable diseases nearly doubled the number of years lived with disability between 1990 and 2019. From 1990 to 2019, risk factor burdens generally shifted from communicable and nutritional disease risks to non-communicable disease and injury risks; unsafe sex remained the top risk factor. Despite widespread improvements in healthcare system performance, the greatest gains were generally in economically advantaged provinces. CONCLUSIONS: Reductions in HIV/AIDS and related conditions have led to improved health since 2007, though most provinces still lag in key areas. To achieve health targets, provincial governments should enhance health investments and exchange of knowledge, resources and best practices alongside populations that have been left behind, especially following the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Over the last 30 years, South Africa has experienced four 'colliding epidemics' of HIV and tuberculosis, chronic illness and mental health, injury and violence, and maternal, neonatal, and child mortality, which have had substantial effects on health and well-being. Using data from the 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study (GBD 2019), we evaluated national and provincial health trends and progress towards important Sustainable Development Goal targets from 1990 to 2019. METHODS: We analysed GBD 2019 estimates of mortality, non-fatal health loss, summary health measures and risk factor burden, comparing trends over 1990–2007 and 2007–2019. Additionally, we decomposed changes in life expectancy by cause of death and assessed healthcare system performance. RESULTS: Across the nine provinces, inequalities in mortality and life expectancy increased over 1990–2007, largely due to differences in HIV/AIDS, then decreased over 2007–2019. Demographic change and increases in non-communicable diseases nearly doubled the number of years lived with disability between 1990 and 2019. From 1990 to 2019, risk factor burdens generally shifted from communicable and nutritional disease risks to non-communicable disease and injury risks; unsafe sex remained the top risk factor. Despite widespread improvements in healthcare system performance, the greatest gains were generally in economically advantaged provinces. CONCLUSIONS: Reductions in HIV/AIDS and related conditions have led to improved health since 2007, though most provinces still lag in key areas. To achieve health targets, provincial governments should enhance health investments and exchange of knowledge, resources and best practices alongside populations that have been left behind, especially following the COVID-19 pandemic.

Call for Contributions for a Bulletin of the Swiss Sociological Association. Deadline: July 31, 2024

International audience ; This paper is concerned with inequalities in educational opportunities in France and presents data collected from cohorts born between 1919 and 1973, a period characterized by educational expansion. Data from large-scale representative French surveys were compiled in such a way as to make accurate historical and international comparisons possible. The paper argues that there has been a shift in social inequalities, from entry into collège (lower secondary school) to entry into lycée (upper secondary school leading to the baccalauréat). Finally, policy implications have been drawn from international comparisons of data on the reduction of social inequality. Cet article traite de l'inégalité des chances dans le système éducatif français à partir de données sur des cohortes nées entre 1919 et 1973, période de démocratisation dans l'accès à l'enseignement. Les données issues d'enquêtes réalisées à grande échelle ont été regroupées afin de permettre des comparaisons historiques et internationales précises. Ce texte montre qu'il y a eut un déplacement des inégalités sociales, de l'entrée au collège à l'entrée au lycée. Enfin, les implications politiques sont soulignées à partir de comparaisons internationales de données sur la réduction des inégalités sociales.

International audience ; This paper is concerned with inequalities in educational opportunities in France and presents data collected from cohorts born between 1919 and 1973, a period characterized by educational expansion. Data from large-scale representative French surveys were compiled in such a way as to make accurate historical and international comparisons possible. The paper argues that there has been a shift in social inequalities, from entry into collège (lower secondary school) to entry into lycée (upper secondary school leading to the baccalauréat). Finally, policy implications have been drawn from international comparisons of data on the reduction of social inequality. Cet article traite de l'inégalité des chances dans le système éducatif français à partir de données sur des cohortes nées entre 1919 et 1973, période de démocratisation dans l'accès à l'enseignement. Les données issues d'enquêtes réalisées à grande échelle ont été regroupées afin de permettre des comparaisons historiques et internationales précises. Ce texte montre qu'il y a eut un déplacement des inégalités sociales, de l'entrée au collège à l'entrée au lycée. Enfin, les implications politiques sont soulignées à partir de comparaisons internationales de données sur la réduction des inégalités sociales.

International audience ; This paper is concerned with inequalities in educational opportunities in France and presents data collected from cohorts born between 1919 and 1973, a period characterized by educational expansion. Data from large-scale representative French surveys were compiled in such a way as to make accurate historical and international comparisons possible. The paper argues that there has been a shift in social inequalities, from entry into collège (lower secondary school) to entry into lycée (upper secondary school leading to the baccalauréat). Finally, policy implications have been drawn from international comparisons of data on the reduction of social inequality. Cet article traite de l'inégalité des chances dans le système éducatif français à partir de données sur des cohortes nées entre 1919 et 1973, période de démocratisation dans l'accès à l'enseignement. Les données issues d'enquêtes réalisées à grande échelle ont été regroupées afin de permettre des comparaisons historiques et internationales précises. Ce texte montre qu'il y a eut un déplacement des inégalités sociales, de l'entrée au collège à l'entrée au lycée. Enfin, les implications politiques sont soulignées à partir de comparaisons internationales de données sur la réduction des inégalités sociales.

Making up a third of the EU budget, Structural and Investment Funds can provide important opportunities for investing in policies that tackle inequalities in health. This article looks back and forward at the 2007-2013 and 2014-2020 financial periods in an attempt to inform the development of health equity as a strand of policy intervention under regional development. It combines evidence from health projects funded through Structural Funds and a document analyses that locates interventions for health equity under the new regulations. The map of opportunities has changed considerably since the last programming period, creating more visibility for vulnerable groups, social determinants of health and health systems sustainability. As the current programming period is progressing, this paper contributes to maximizing this potential but also identifying challenges and implementation gaps for prospective health system engagement in pursuing health equity as part of Structural Funds projects. The austerity measures and their impact on public spending, building political support for investments as well as the difficulties around pursuing health gains as an objective of other policy areas are some of the challenges to overcome. European Structural and Investment Funds could be a window of opportunity that triggers engagement for health equity if sectors adopt a transformative approach and overcome barriers, cooperate for common goals and make better use of the availability of these resources. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.