Suchergebnisse

The paper developed a methodology for classifying workers into formal and informal employment using the 2005 Bangladesh Labor Force Survey (LFS). Although the 2005 LFS was not designed to collect data for this purpose, it included questions that can be used to determine whether workers are engaged in formal or informal employment. However, the process of identifying the combination of questions that could distinguish between formal and informal workers was hampered by data inconsistencies that were probably brought about by limitations in data processing and validation. Because 3 years have already passed since data processing was done, the most workable approach was to determine which workers are under formal employment, and to assume that the remaining workers are engaged informally. Results show that 87.71% of the workers in Bangladesh are under informal employment. The highest concentration of informal workers is found in the rural areas (92%). Workers engaged in informal employment are mostly in agriculture; hunting and forestry; wholesale and retail trade; manufacturing; and transport, storage, and communications sectors. On the other hand, formal workers are primarily employed by the government. Women (91.3%) are most likely to be engaged in informal employment than men (86.6%); and women are generally unpaid family workers and in the private household sector. Workers under formal employment are paid better than those under informal arrangements. For each sector, wage differentials between formal and informal workers are significant. Informal workers are found to have significantly less benefits than those with formal employment, except for free meals and free lodging. In particular, self-employed and unpaid workers comprise a little over 20 million of informal workers, although less than 2 million of them enjoy benefits.

Methodological approaches to the definition of the notion "informal employment" and assessment of its size are proposed in the article. The factors that stimulate the growth of informal labor activity in post-Soviet Russia are analysed. Economic and social consequences of informal employment are considered and government policy measures in that field are grounded.

The Turkish labour market, like that of many developing economies, is characterised by widespread recourse to informal jobs. Several measures have recently been taken by the Turkish authorities to limit the extent of this tendency. These are in keeping with the dynamic process of accession to the EU to wich Turkey has been commited since the opening of negotiations in October 2005. From Household Labour Force surveys conducted by the Turkish Statistical Institue, the study presented here depicts a panorama of informal employment in Turkey before the implementation of these measures. It responds to the need expressed by the Council of the European Union to hve an analysis of underclared work. From a desciptive analysis of the main features of informal jobs and from the estimation of the probability of informal employment, it brings out a number of lessons on how to target policies to combat informal employment in Turkey and on the people who encounter the greatest difficulties in accessing or participating in the market. ; Le marché du travail turc est caractérisé, comme celui de beaucoup d'économies en développement, par un recours très large aux emplois informels. Plusieurs actions ont été engagées récemment par les autorités turques pour en limiter l'ampleur. Celles-ci s'inscrivent dans la dynamique du processus d'adhésion à l'Union européenne, dans lequel la Turquie est engagée depuis l'ouverture des négociations en octobre 2005. Le travail présenté ici dresse, à partir des enquêtes sur la population active réalisées par l'Institut de statistiques turc, un panorama de l'emploi informel en Turquie avant la mise en oeuvre de ces actions. Il répond ainsi au besoin exprimé par le Conseil de l'Union européenne de disposer d'une analyse du travail non déclaré. À partir d'une analyse descriptive des principales caractéristiques, tant individuelles que professionnelles, des emplois informels et de l'estimation des facteurs qui influent sur la probabilité d'occuper un emploi informel, il permet de dégager un certain nombre d'enseignements sur la manière de cibler les politiques de lutte contre l'emploi informel en Turquie et sur les populations qui rencontrent le plus de difficultés à accéder ou à participer au marché du travail.

The Turkish labour market, like that of many developing economies, is characterised by widespread recourse to informal jobs. Several measures have recently been taken by the Turkish authorities to limit the extent of this tendency. These are in keeping with the dynamic process of accession to the EU to wich Turkey has been commited since the opening of negotiations in October 2005. From Household Labour Force surveys conducted by the Turkish Statistical Institue, the study presented here depicts a panorama of informal employment in Turkey before the implementation of these measures. It responds to the need expressed by the Council of the European Union to hve an analysis of underclared work. From a desciptive analysis of the main features of informal jobs and from the estimation of the probability of informal employment, it brings out a number of lessons on how to target policies to combat informal employment in Turkey and on the people who encounter the greatest difficulties in accessing or participating in the market.

The Turkish labour market, like that of many developing economies, is characterised by widespread recourse to informal jobs. Several measures have recently been taken by the Turkish authorities to limit the extent of this tendency. These are in keeping with the dynamic process of accession to the EU to wich Turkey has been commited since the opening of negotiations in October 2005. From Household Labour Force surveys conducted by the Turkish Statistical Institue, the study presented here depicts a panorama of informal employment in Turkey before the implementation of these measures. It responds to the need expressed by the Council of the European Union to hve an analysis of underclared work. From a desciptive analysis of the main features of informal jobs and from the estimation of the probability of informal employment, it brings out a number of lessons on how to target policies to combat informal employment in Turkey and on the people who encounter the greatest difficulties in accessing or participating in the market.

The Turkish labour market, like that of many developing economies, is characterised by widespread recourse to informal jobs. Several measures have recently been taken by the Turkish authorities to limit the extent of this tendency. These are in keeping with the dynamic process of accession to the EU to wich Turkey has been commited since the opening of negotiations in October 2005. From Household Labour Force surveys conducted by the Turkish Statistical Institue, the study presented here depicts a panorama of informal employment in Turkey before the implementation of these measures. It responds to the need expressed by the Council of the European Union to hve an analysis of underclared work. From a desciptive analysis of the main features of informal jobs and from the estimation of the probability of informal employment, it brings out a number of lessons on how to target policies to combat informal employment in Turkey and on the people who encounter the greatest difficulties in accessing or participating in the market.

The Turkish labour market, like that of many developing economies, is characterised by widespread recourse to informal jobs. Several measures have recently been taken by the Turkish authorities to limit the extent of this tendency. These are in keeping with the dynamic process of accession to the EU to wich Turkey has been commited since the opening of negotiations in October 2005. From Household Labour Force surveys conducted by the Turkish Statistical Institue, the study presented here depicts a panorama of informal employment in Turkey before the implementation of these measures. It responds to the need expressed by the Council of the European Union to hve an analysis of underclared work. From a desciptive analysis of the main features of informal jobs and from the estimation of the probability of informal employment, it brings out a number of lessons on how to target policies to combat informal employment in Turkey and on the people who encounter the greatest difficulties in accessing or participating in the market.

The Turkish labour market, like that of many developing economies, is characterised by widespread recourse to informal jobs. Several measures have recently been taken by the Turkish authorities to limit the extent of this tendency. These are in keeping with the dynamic process of accession to the EU to wich Turkey has been commited since the opening of negotiations in October 2005. From Household Labour Force surveys conducted by the Turkish Statistical Institue, the study presented here depicts a panorama of informal employment in Turkey before the implementation of these measures. It responds to the need expressed by the Council of the European Union to hve an analysis of underclared work. From a desciptive analysis of the main features of informal jobs and from the estimation of the probability of informal employment, it brings out a number of lessons on how to target policies to combat informal employment in Turkey and on the people who encounter the greatest difficulties in accessing or participating in the market.

The Turkish labour market, like that of many developing economies, is characterised by widespread recourse to informal jobs. Several measures have recently been taken by the Turkish authorities to limit the extent of this tendency. These are in keeping with the dynamic process of accession to the EU to wich Turkey has been commited since the opening of negotiations in October 2005. From Household Labour Force surveys conducted by the Turkish Statistical Institue, the study presented here depicts a panorama of informal employment in Turkey before the implementation of these measures. It responds to the need expressed by the Council of the European Union to hve an analysis of underclared work. From a desciptive analysis of the main features of informal jobs and from the estimation of the probability of informal employment, it brings out a number of lessons on how to target policies to combat informal employment in Turkey and on the people who encounter the greatest difficulties in accessing or participating in the market.