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While the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) has provided standards and guidelines for the practice of internal audit through the International Professional Practice Framework (IPPF), internal auditors and Chief Audit Executives (CAEs) continue to experience difficulties when attempting to balance the requirements of the IPPF with management expectations. The true challenge for any internal auditor is to appropriately apply the Standards while exerting adequate independence and objectivity in the face of management pressure. Fountain presents lessons learned from her extensive experience as an internal auditor, internal audit manager, and CAE to help internal auditors understand the challenges, issues, and potential alternative solutions when executing the role. The book identifies more than 50 challenges for auditors and discusses potential alternative actions the auditor can take when they experience a similar challenge. --

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate about legal regulations on internal audit function in Uganda public enterprises. Findings: we analysed the association between legal regulations and internal audit function in Ugandan public enterprises, in line with corruption, objectivity and use of technology. However, there is still insufficient literature to support this relationship because the study found that objectivity and corruption were insignificant predictors of legal relgulations and internal audit function, nevertheless, technology had a positive relationship between legal regulations and internal audit function. Method: quantitative research method was employed and data was analysed using a Multiple regression model, and it was obtained from a sample of 49 audit managers, audit seniors, audit staff,and CAEs of selected public sectors in Uganda. using the 5-point Likert scale( Ankur J. (2015), Recommendation: the study recommend that further study should focus on government anti- corruption interventions through ICT improvement in both public and private enterprises. Significance: This paper is significant to internal audit policy-makers in Uganda such as, the ministry of finance, planning and economic development (MoFPED), that will continue to ensure promotion of ethics and professional conduct among internal auditors. This will help achieve effective internal audit function. Originality: As far as the authors of this study are concerned, there is no other research that has been undertaken to investigate about '' Legal regulations and internal audit function in Uganda public enterprises'' ; Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate about legal regulations on internal audit function in Uganda public enterprises. Findings: we analysed the association between legal regulations and internal audit function in Ugandan public enterprises, in line with corruption, objectivity and use of technology. However, there is still insufficient literature to support this relationship because the study found that objectivity and corruption were insignificant predictors of legal relgulations and internal audit function, nevertheless, technology had a positive relationship between legal regulations and internal audit function. Method: quantitative research method was employed and data was analysed using a Multiple regression model, and it was obtained from a sample of 49 audit managers, audit seniors, audit staff,and CAEs of selected public sectors in Uganda. using the 5-point Likert scale( Ankur J. (2015), Recommendation: the study recommend that further study should focus on government anti- corruption interventions through ICT improvement in both public and private enterprises. Significance: This paper is significant to internal audit policy-makers in Uganda such as, the ministry of finance, planning and economic development (MoFPED), that will continue to ensure promotion of ethics and professional conduct among internal auditors. This will help achieve effective internal audit function. Originality: As far as the authors of this study are concerned, there is no other research that has been undertaken to investigate about '' Legal regulations and internal audit function in Uganda public enterprises''

This study examines the relationship between the existence and independence of internal audit and other corporate governance factors in an emerging market, building on disclosed data from Hungarian listed companies in 2011. The results indicate that almost half of the listed fi rms use internal audit, however, independence of the function is less common. Ordinal regression results confi rm the negative impact of concentrated foreign ownership on the need of internal audit, and the complementary relation between internal audit and supervisory board monitoring. The complementary role of internal audit to external one is partially evidenced. The results also indicate that larger fi rms are supposed to establish internal audit and strengthen its independence more than smaller ones. The fi ndings of the study have important implications for sound corporate governance in Hungary. The study, by assessing the institutional and regulatory context of an emerging market, contributes to the literature by providing an improved understanding of the existence and independence of internal audit.

This paper1 , which is in the light of the last trends in internal auditing, aims to explain the challenges and major issues in establishment of an effective internal audit (IA) function to achieve value-added IA activities as a value-added service center. This paper also discusses the current internal auditing environment in Turkey considered for the needs and expectations of stakeholders and new legislations. In the next five years, five emerging activities for internal auditing may be taken into consideration, namely, the review of corporate governance process, auditing of enterprise risk management (ERM) processes, addressing linkage of strategy and company performance, the ethics audits, and the migration to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), they will be the major focus areas for internal auditing. The qualifications of IA staff, status within the corporation, setting up of the functional and administrative reporting lines, relationship with the audit committee of the board of directors, and the content of IA charter must be sufficient for assurance of the IA function's effectiveness and objectivity. The effective communication channels among management, audit committee, and IA become more important and must be operated in a consistent manner that accurately contributes to preventing potential future financial crisis and the effectiveness of risk management (RM). Ten main imperatives of change for IA can be summarized as emphasizing RM and governance, addressing key stakeholder priorities, and optimizing IA resources. Based on professional practices, international standards of Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), best practices, and the relevant recommendations have been made by the authors for practitioners and stakeholders.

The analysis of regional administration's governance renders it possible to put at the forefront the issue of whether or not setting up an internal audit function would help improve its perception by miscellaneous stakeholders; hopefully contributing as a result to the establishment of a good governance system. The constraints of this function and the resistance to change represented by its implementation represents a certain risk of failure when it comes to achieving good governance objectives set by the regional authority and this is indeed a fear clearly expressed by regional officials. This resistance is not unrelated to the confusion that still persists among actors in the region, officials and managers, as well as between the two functions of audit and inspection. The purpose of this paper is to study to what extent internal audit facilitates the establishment of a good regional governance system, suited for various stakeholders. We illustrate here that, the professionalism of internal auditors, their independence and their impartiality will hopefully enable the decrease of resistance to this system, especially when managers find a common interest in the conclusions of the audit missions in terms of creating added value to their management.

The study determined the relationship between internal audit functions and governance in Local Government Units (LGUs) in Metro Manila, Philippines. The data were gathered from 510 employees of LGUs using stratified sampling. Majority ( 359 or 70.6%) of the respondents belonged to 31-50 years old; majority of them worked in finance (181 or 35.5%) and in social service provider department (179 or 35.1%) and were managers (44 or 8.6%), supervisors (188 or 36.9%), and in clerical position (278 or 54.5%). Results of the study revealed that the internal audit functions of the Internal Audit Units of the LGUs were very good. However, the respondents perceived that the internal audit units seldom retain an independent outlook in presenting their suggestions. The overall status of governance of LGUs included in the study was very good although they sometimes spend more than what they earned. Loans from private institutions are sometimes obtained. Further results revealed that all the dimensions of governance, i.e., financial management and reporting, delivery of basic services, legal compliance, and internal government were perceived very good but the respondents were most satisfied on financial management and reporting. There was a strong positive relationship of internal audit functions to governance. The findings showed that the predictors of governance included consulting services, assurance services, and age.

Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to determine the effectiveness of small internal audit functions by evaluating the effectiveness of internal audit departments with four or fewer staff members and internal audit services provided by contractors at 33 state agencies and universities, and by surveying internal audit directors, agency directors, university presidents, and board chairs to obtain their opinions regarding the effectiveness of internal audit functions.