Suchergebnisse

This article addresses the process of industrialization and deindustrialization in Iberia Peninsula from the early XX century to the dawn of the XXI century. Specifically, it focuses on the dynamic territorial processes which led to a general deindustrialization trend in many industrial Iberian strongholds, since the early 1970s. Furthermore, it explores one case-study (Barreiro city in Portugal), which was known as the first, and most important modern Portuguese industrial city, and which has suffered from a violent process of deindustrialization in the last couple of decades. In synthesis, this article builds on the Barreiro experience in adapting to a new panorama where the industrial landscape is no longer a prevalent one, and assesses the role of the national and EU policies in supporting these adaptation processes. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

La ambigüedad y la indefinición de los textos clásicos al referirse a las etnias prerromanas han limitado las posibilidades de profundizar en el conocimiento de dichos pueblos. En el siguiente trabajo pretendemos aproximarnos a la cuestión a partir de la interpretación del registro arqueológico de los pueblos antiguos del área valenciana. Prestaremos especial atención al vínculo existente entre la identidad étnica y el surgimiento de entidades geopolíticas de carácter urbano. De esta manera, se analizaran los indicadores arqueológicos que puedan ayudar a delimitar estas unidades territoriales y aproximarnos a las sociedades que crearon los elementos distintivos con los que robustecer los estados emergentes ; The ancient texts referred to pre-roman peoples in the Iberian Peninsula are very ambiguity and vague. For this reasons the possibilities of study these peoples are very scarcety. In this paper we try to approach this topic through the archaeological research related to the ancient Contestani and Edetani that inhabited the modern Valencian Country (Spain). We focus on the links between ethnic identity and state formation in eastern Iberia. In this way, we analysed the archaeological record which allow us define the territorial units and the approach to the societies which created their identity symbols to reinforce the emergence of the states

La ambigüedad y la indefinición de los textos clásicos al referirse a las etnias prerromanas han limitado las posibilidades de profundizar en el conocimiento de dichos pueblos. En el siguiente trabajo pretendemos aproximarnos a la cuestión a partir de la interpretación del registro arqueológico de los pueblos antiguos del área valenciana. Prestaremos especial atención al vínculo existente entre la identidad étnica y el surgimiento de entidades geopolíticas de carácter urbano. De esta manera, se analizaran los indicadores arqueológicos que puedan ayudar a delimitar estas unidades territoriales y aproximarnos a las sociedades que crearon los elementos distintivos con los que robustecer los estados emergentes. ; The ancient texts referred to pre-roman peoples in the Iberian Peninsula are very ambiguity and vague. For this reasons the possibilities of study these peoples are very scarcety. In this paper we try to approach this topic through the archaeological research related to the ancient Contestani and Edetani that inhabited the modern Valencian Country (Spain). We focus on the links between ethnic identity and state formation in eastern Iberia. In this way, we analysed the archaeological record which allow us define the territorial units and the approach to the societies which created their identity symbols to reinforce the emergence of the states. ; Este trabajo se ha realizado en el marco del proyecto BHA 2002-02028 del MCYT.

This thesis explores two key themes: (1) the social, cultural and economic changes in the Roman provinces of Spain during the last half of the first century BC and the early first century AD, and the direct effect that Augustus had in driving these developments; (2) the significance that the provinces of Spain had for Augustus and Rome. Initially we assess the exploitation of the Cantabrian War for the military image of Augustus, suggesting that the conflict played a crucial role in bolstering the position of the princeps following the Civil Wars and the constitutional arrangements reached with the senate up to 27. From here in turn we consider the manner in which Augustan action within Iberia impacted upon the literary and visual depictions of the peninsula. The thesis also highlights the fiscal imperatives that acted as a driving force behind the growth in urbanisation, the widespread promotion of privileged status and the provincial reorganisations of Augustus. Following this, the surge in monumentalisation across Hispania's towns and cities is treated, placing a renewed emphasis on the role of the Augustan regime in encouraging, if indirectly, these processes. An assessment of the impact of Augustan rule on the upward mobility of the Spanish elites follows, highlighting patronage and wealth as the twin pillars of Spanish advancement and suggesting that the first princeps is instrumental in laying the groundwork for the expanding promotion of Spaniards during the reigns of his immediate successors. Finally, the thesis concludes with an overview of the nascent imperial cult in Spain, suggesting in the first instance that the imposition of the cult in the north-west aided the suppression of the recalcitrant tribes and may very well have impacted upon Augustan policies in similarly unstable areas such as Germany and Gaul; and secondly, that whilst direct compulsion cannot be countenanced, Augustus' dissemination of civic organisation created a framework within which elite competition ensured the rapid proliferation of the imperial cult throughout the towns and cities of Spain and the western provinces.

We analyse seven research papers from the last twenty years that have studied North African genetic traces in Iberia and which consistently report that the highest concentrations of genetic characteristics associated with the Maghreb are found in northwest Iberia, a region both physically distant from Africa and under Andalusi political control for a shorter period than practically any other. Attempts to historically contextualise such a seemingly anomalous distribution have, we believe, been undermined by a simplistic reading of the historiography, leading to the marginalisation of any early-medieval explanation for these results, in favour of other more historically tenuous alternatives. Accordingly, these studies have been largely ignored by medievalists, further exacerbating a lack of dialogue between disciplines. We suggest that the perceived paradox between length of political control and genetic legacy should be used to challenge the orthodoxy surrounding events in the eighth century, and thus explore the possibility of a more profound Berber influence on northwest Iberia than has hitherto been contemplated, rather than being marginalised by historians interested in said period. ; Se analizan siete estudios recientes sobre la huella genética norteafricana en Iberia. En todos ellos se observan las mayores concentraciones de características genéticas asociables con el Magreb en el noroeste de la Península Ibérica, una región no sólo alejada de África sino también sujeta al control político andalusí durante menos tiempo que prácticamente cualquier otra región peninsular. Los intentos para buscar un contexto histórico para tan anómala distribución han sido lastrados por una lectura algo simplista de la historiografía, en detrimento de cualquier explicación altomedieval, favoreciendo en cambio soluciones alternativas más historio-gráficamente problemáticas. En consecuencia, estos estudios han sido generalmente ignorados por los medievalistas, así agravando la falta de diálogo entre ambas disciplinas. Sugerimos que la percibida paradoja entre un breve periodo de control político y una profunda huella genética debe servir para cuestionar la interpretación tradicional de los acontecimientos del siglo VIII, y así obligarnos a contemplar una mayor influencia Bereber en el noroeste, en vez de conducir a la marginalización por parte de los historiadores de tan llamativos resultados.

Slavs in the European reflection of Iberia. Overview and perspectivesThe author focuses on presenting the major determinants of the ways in which Slavs have been included/excluded within the European horizon on the part of the inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula, from Modernity until present-day Iberian-Slavonic cultural encounters. This subject-matter is considered in two of its aspects – on the one hand, newest research trends are discussed; on the other, the author analyses Iberian literary and journalist texts on attitudes towards Slavs.The place Iberians reserved in their reflections on Europe for Slavs – especially from Russia, Poland and the Balkans – was at different times determined by two types of factors: those immanent to any process of "reading the Other," and those arising from the abundance of ethnic, political and/or national perspectives in which Slavs could present themselves. As a result, ethnic and cultural aspects of Slavonic countries in the common knowledge of Iberians are mixed up with their geographical, national and political connections (as "Eastern Europeans", "Balkans", "countries of the former Eastern Bloc and/or Yugoslavia" etc.). Another factor influencing the general trends in the perception of Slavs is geographical distance, making this group an easy target for stereotyping and mythicizing. A category determining the Iberian "reading" of Slavs is also that of the periphery, a notion important (though in different ways) for both the analysed regions. The complex nature of Iberians' identity had an impact on their relations with Slavs in the 19th and 20th centuries; the resulting attitude, marked as it is by the inferiority/superiority question, was expressed particularly strongly around the process of the 5th EU Enlargement (mid-1990s to 2004), which sealed the emergence of closer Iberian-Slavonic relations intra muros, dating back at least from the collapse of the USSR. These relations were initiated by migrants from the East (who featured in new motives taken up by Iberian literatures), predominantly Ukrainians. Outside of the Peninsula, intercultural encounters took place not in small part as a result of a rapid eastward expansion of Iberian business. Finally, the 21st century saw the establishment and theoretical elaboration of Iberian-Slavonic comparative research. Activities of this kind always imply intercultural encounters and thus are well suited to help work out a scholarly and cultural formula that could yield more coherent depictions of Slavs. The newly founded associations, institutions, research and cultural centres – while respecting the complex identity of each of the Slavonic nations – present to their Iberian partners an image of united Slavs. It is this trend that allows the author to move forward the analysis, and proceed from "overview" to "perspectives." Słowianie w europejskiej refleksji Iberii. Przegląd i perspektywy Autorka artykułu skupia się na przedstawieniu głównych uwarunkowań sposobów włą­czania/wyłączania Słowian z europejskiej perspektywy przez mieszkańców Półwyspu Ibe­ryjskiego w okresie od nowożytności po współczesne iberyjsko‑słowiańskie doświadczenia kulturowe. Zagadnienia te prezentuje w dwu aspektach, z jednej strony wskazuje najnowsze kierunki badań w tej dziedzinie, z drugiej – analizuje iberyjskie teksty literackie i dzienni­karskie poświęcone postawom wobec Słowian.Miejsca wyznaczane Słowianom przez mieszkańców Półwyspu Iberyjskiego w ich eu­ropejskiej refleksji – przy szczególnej pozycji zarezerwowanej dla Rosji, Polski i Bałkanów – bywały determinowane dwoma typami czynników, immanentnymi wobec każdego pro­cesu czytania Obcego, jak również wynikającymi ze szczególnej mieszaniny etnicznych, politycznych i/oraz narodowych perspektyw, w jakich mogli się zaprezentować Słowianie. W efekcie etniczne i kulturowe cechy krajów słowiańskich mieszają się w przeciętnej wiedzy mieszkańców Półwyspu Iberyjskiego z innymi odniesieniami: geograficznymi, narodowymi i politycznymi (jak "wschodni Europejczycy", "Bałkany", kraje byłego "bloku wschodniego" itd.). Wśród ogólnych nurtów recepcji można również wskazać wpływ dystansu geograficz­nego, który czyni ze Słowian łatwy cel stereotypizacji i mityzacji. Kolejna kategoria determi­nująca iberyjskie "czytanie" Słowian to peryferyjność, kwestia istotna (choć w różny sposób) dla obu analizowanych obszarów. Złożoność tożsamości iberyjskiej miała również wpływ na relacje ze Słowianami w XX i XXI wieku. Silniej ta postawa, tak naznaczona problematyką wyższości/niższości, ujawniła się w okresie piątego rozszerzenia Unii Europejskiej (połowa lat dziewięćdziesiątych ubiegłego wieku do 2004 roku), które pieczętowało proces bliższych iberyjsko‑słowiańskich relacji intra muros, trwający co najmniej od upadku ZSRR. Ich ini­cjatorami byli emigranci ze Wschodu (pojawili się na przykład w nowych motywach literatur iberyjskich), przeważnie Ukraińcy. Poza Półwyspem do międzykulturowych spotkań do­chodziło m.in. dzięki znacznej ekspansji na Wschód przedstawicieli iberyjskich kół bizne­sowych. Już w XXI wieku zainicjowano i szeroko rozpropagowano w Hiszpanii i Portugalii iberyjsko‑słowiańskie badania porównawcze. Tego typu działalność, zawsze powiązana ze spotkaniami międzykulturowymi, pomaga w wypracowaniu formuły zarówno badawczej, jak i kulturowej, użytecznej w tworzeniu bardziej koherentnych wizerunków Słowian. Nowo powstałe stowarzyszenia, instytucje, ośrodki naukowe i kulturalne, respektując złożoną toż­samość każdego z narodów słowiańskich, prezentują iberyjskim partnerom również obraz Słowian zjednoczonych. Ta właśnie tendencja pozwala przejść w niniejszej analizie od części pierwszej – "Przegląd" do drugiej – "Perspektywy".

Algunos pasajes de la literatura grecolatina sitúan en la Península Ibérica a libiofenicios, lo que ha sido interpretado tradicionalmente como una evidencia de la instalación de colonos norteafricanos por parte de Cartago. No obstante, una lectura crítica de estos textos permite establecer diferencias entre estos testimonios y distinguir dos grupos: en el primero los libiofenicios forman parte de tropas norteafricanas trasladadas a Iberia en el contexto de la segunda Guerra Púnica, y en el segundo grupo, sin un contexto histórico preciso, habitan parte de la costa mediterránea junto con otros pueblos. Las incongruencias de estos últimos datos hacen que interpretemos la presencia de libiofenicios en Iberia únicamente como parte de la estrategia de los Barca en la política de deportaciones y traslado de tropas. ; Libyphoenician people have been situated in Iberian Peninsula by some Greek and Latin writers; it has been traditionally explained as an evidence of the Carthaginian colonisation. However, through a critical analysis, we can establish two different groups oftexts: libyphoenician people as northafrican military forces moved into Iberia during the Second PunicWar (Polibius, Livy), and a second group, without a particular historical context, in which we find Libyphoenician people living in theMediterranean coast nearto other communities (Pseudoescimnus, Avienus). The contradictions of these last testimonies make us conclude that Libyphoenician people can only be understood as part of Hannibal's policy of deportation.

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) ERC Grant Agreement number 323316, CORPI project 'Conversion, Overlapping Religiosities, Polemics, Interaction. Early Modern Iberia and Beyond'. ; Peer reviewed

The past few decades have witnessed great change in the study of the early Middle Ages in the Northern Iberian Peninsula. Spanish and Portuguese historiographies have moved away from older grand narratives such as 'Reconquest and Repopulation', which traced a centuries-long process encompassing the ultimate victory of Christianity over Islam and the construction of distinct nations or national societies. The basic tenets of these and other essentialist approaches to a period traditionally seen as the cradle of Spain and Portugal have been questioned and now superseded by a clearer awareness of the territorial diversity characterising the 8th to 11th centuries. Yet the ballast of both nationalism and regionalism has obstructed meaningful comparison amongst the Iberian regions to date. Drawing on the work of the research group EarlyMedIberia, this article argues for a new trans-regional approach to Northern Iberia, looking beyond political and geographical boundaries to consider the whole in a comparative light, and stressing the commonalities between regional and local societies. It does so by providing an overview of the extant charter material from before 1100 (indicating the principal editions) and by reviewing the major historiography. The conclusion proposes a closer assessment of the differences and similarities amongst regional historiographies, based on a more nuanced understanding of how they have been moulded by the specificities of the charter corpus in each region, as the first step towards a more integrated, contextualised, and rigorously comparative approach to the early Middle Ages in Northern Iberia.

Todavía continúan los debates sobre la revolución militar (RM) acaecida a comienzos de la Europa moderna. En un esfuerzo por determinar si la Iberia del siglo XVII merece permanecer en la periferia o ser incorporada a los territorios al centro de la RM, este artículo toma como caso de estudio la guerra Luso-castellana de 1640-68. En la aplicación de ciertos aspectos de la teoría de Roberts-Parker -estrategias y tácticas, y tamaño y composición de los ejércitos- a los hechos documentados de los bandos involucrados en la guerra más larga del siglo XVII ocurrida en Iberia, el artículo examina los recientes refinamientos de la teoría de la RM elaborados por David Parrott y John Lynn. ; Actualment encara continuen els debats sobre la revolució militar que va tenir lloc a principis de l'època moderna a Europa. En un esforç per determinar si la Ibèria del XVII mereix romandre a la perifèria o ser incorporada dins els territoris del centre d'aquesta revolució, aquest article pren com a cas d'estudi la guerra luso-castellana del 1640-68. En l'aplicació de certs aspectes de la teoria de Roberts-Parker -estratègies i tàctiques i magnitud i composició dels exèrcits-, als fets documentats dels bàndols involucrats en la guerra més llarga del segle XVII que ocorregué a Ibèria, l'article examina en profunditat les recents aportacions de la teoria de la revolució militar elaborats per David Parrot i John Lynn. ; The debate over la Revolución Militar (RM) in early modern Europe still continues. In an effort to determine if seventeenth-century Iberia deserves to remain on the periphery or be incorporated into the so-called «heartlands» of the RM, this article takes as a case study the Luso-castilian war of 1640-1668. In testing aspects of the Roberts-Parker theory -notably strategy and tactics, and army size and composition- against evidence from both parties to the longest war in seventeenth century Iberia, it examines some of the recent refinements of the MR theory elaborated by David Parrott and John Lynn.

The dimensions, the geographical position and the complex geological history of the Iberian Peninsula makes it a unique and singular target to study its crustal and upper mantle structure and geodynamical evolution using geophysical methods. The lithospheric structure beneath Iberia has been investigated since the 1970's using deep multichannel seismic reflection and refraction/wide-angle reflection profiling. Gravimetric and magnetic data were acquired following the deployment of permanent and temporary stations, mostly during the 1990's. Beginning in the late 1990's, the progressive use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) instruments contributed to monitor the present-day motions. During the last decades, numerous geological and geophysical surveys have investigated the Iberian lithosphere and upper mantle in the onshore and offshore regions, the most recent ones related to the TopoIberia project. The approach developed in this contribution is twofold. Firstly, we summarize the available geophysical information over Iberia, from focusing on the upper crust to the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary and the transition zone marking the bottom of the upper mantle. Results of GNSS data, potential fields, controlled source seismic profiles, magnetotelluric data, body and surface wave tomography, receiver functions and 2D and 3D lithospheric modeling are reviewed and compared. Secondly, we focus on the areas of greater geodynamic interest and the regions where inconsistencies within the geophysical results, or contradictions in their tectonic interpretation exist, identifying the major questions that are still under debate. Besides shedding light to the state of knowledge and pointing out present-day research challenges, this review provides a tool for the integration of the diverse geophysical datasets with the surface geology and geodynamical processes that are interpreted to have built the complex geology of the Iberian Peninsula. ; The authors acknowledge funding from the Generalitat de Catalunya, grant/awards number AGAUR 2017SGR1022, and AGAUR 2017SGR847, the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities grant numbers RTI2018-095594-B-I00, PGC2018-095154-B-100 and PGC2018-094227-B-I00 and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness grant numbers CGL2017-84901-C2 and PIE-CSIC-201830E039. IP is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities and University of Salamanca grant BEAGAL18/00090. AV acknowledges funding from the Spanish government through the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S). ; Peer reviewed

The present paper is an overview of the available evidence for socioeconomic and political inequalities in Central Iberia, from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age. It focuses on mortuary practices, labour investments, craft production and settlement organization, disentangling the keys of prehistoric political economy. Following the evidence, I argue that the existence of permanent social inequalities would have been limited by three factors: a limited amount of surplus, the failure of small scale groups to increase the amount of labour force, and most important of all, the absolute absence of means of accumulation of value. ; Peer reviewed

This paper investigates the dolmen landscapes of Neolithic communities found within Costa da Morte (Coast of Death), Galicia. Its goal is to uncover whether or not the megalithic monuments of a particular and coherent area of the south-eastern side of the Atlantic Façade are situated in relation to complex locational variables. In particular, in this paper, we explore the entirety of their surrounding topography. For the very first time, we were able to demonstrate that very specific natural landscapes surrounding the dolmens of this region in Iberia were likely selectively drawn upon, expanding our understanding of the Neolithic of this area and the people's relationship with their natural world. ; This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation 399 programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement SHoW No 800236. ; No

During the Early Middle Ages, most of the Iberian Peninsula became part of the so-called dār al-Islam, the huge realm that extended from the shores of the Atlantic to the borders of the Indian subcontinent, and which comprised North Africa, the Near East and significant parts of Central Asia. In the long run, this meant a dramatic shift from the notions, ideologies and frames of reference that emerged in other western regions of the former Roman Empire. Not withstanding this obvious divergence, Iberia had shared with these regions a common classical legacy that was assimilated, readapted and, finally, integrated after the Arab conquest under a new perspective in a number of distinctive ways. The aim of this paper is to analyse receptions, perceptions and ideas on classical Antiquity from the eighth to the tenth century in both al-Andalus and the Christian north, drawing data from the material evidence and the written record. It is our contention that the appreciation of this legacy underwent significant changes in both cultural milieus as a result of changing political and social circumstances. ; This work was supported by the FAPESP, under Grant 2018/15102-7; FAPESP-BEPE 2019/11019-0: relying on the work developed for a PhD project under Grant FPU12/03709 ; Peer reviewed

There is a tendency to speak of a special devotion to the Virgin Mary in Visigothic Iberia, on the basis especially of the foundation of a new feast day in her honour. The seventh century nevertheless saw a general development of Marian liturgies in different parts of Mediterranean and Western Europe. In Rome alone, four Marian feasts were founded, probably around the mid-seventh century, and possibly linked to the Lateran Council of 649 where the doctrine of Mary's perpetual virginity was officially established. The presence in Rome of Taius, bishop of Zaragoza, raises the possibility that the idea of founding a new Marian feast in Iberia came from outside the Peninsula, as the very legislation founding the feast suggests. This study looks at the beginnings of Marian commemoration in order to integrate the Iberian case into a wider devotional and theological context. ; Se da por cierta una gran devoción mariana en la Iberia visigoda, especialmente por el establecimiento, en esa época, de una nueva celebración litúrgica en honor a la Virgen María. Sin embargo, el siglo VII conoció un progresivo desarrollo de liturgias marianas en diversas partes del Mediterráneo y de Europa occidental. En Roma se fundaron cuatro fi estas marianas a mediados del siglo VII, posiblemente con motivo del concilió de Letrán del año 649, en el que se declaró oficial la creencia en la perpetua virginidad de María. La presencia en Roma, alrededor de estas fechas, del obispo de Zaragoza, Tajón, hace suponer que el establecimiento de esta festividad mariana en Iberia pudo venir de fuera, tal como sugiere la legislación en torno a ella. Este estudio investiga los comienzos de esta conmemoración mariana con el fin de contextualizar el caso ibérico en el panorama devocional y teológico del momento.