The article analyzes the formation of the united European identity within European Union. The approaches to definition of the national and European identities are considered from the perspective of such theorists like Benedict Anderson, Jurgen Habermas etc. The authors made an attempt to describe the main functions of identity, as well as to mark out the main markers of identity, which con-tribute to substitution of the national identity for the European one for citizens of EU and contribute to its spread. ; В статье проведен анализ формирования единой европейской идентичности в рамках Европейского союза. Рассматриваются подходы к определению национальной и европейской идентичности у таких теоретиков, как Бенедикт Андерсон, Юрген Хабермас и др. Авторы предприняли попытку описать основные функции идентичности, а также выделить основные маркеры идентичности, которые способствуют замене национальной идентичности на европейскую для граждан ЕС и способству- ют ее распространению.
In: Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta: naučno-teoretičeskij žurnal = Science journal of Volgograd State University. Serija 4, Istorija, regionovedenie, meždunarodnye otnošenija = History. Area studies. International relations, Volume 21, Issue 3, p. 114-121
The article is devoted to the development of the modern politics of identity construction in Japan, which actively refers to the practice of designing self-image in international relations. This trend dates back to the 19th century, when there was the end of Sakoku (Japan's policy of isolation). It is now possible to talk about the institutionalization of the identity construction policy to organized structures and regulations. Enhanced efforts in the field of Japanese traditional and popular culture, education and creative content has led to a number of institutions appearance (like Japan Foundation Fund, Japan Creative Agency, Japan Culture Fund, Agency for Cultural Affairs, Cool Japan Fund, Japan brand Fund) and changing idea about the role of culture in foreign policy realization (it is fixed the documents of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry), as well as a number of projects (Cool Japan, Visit Japan, Japan Culture Power, Japan Manga Awards, Kawaii Ambassadors, Cosplay International Fest and etc.). These efforts are aimed at forming Japan identity abroad to solve a number of foreign policy challenges of the future and the development of economic cooperation. The Japanese government nearest plans is to increase funding in order to create a positive image of Japan in the region of East Asia. All of these allows us to speak about the policy of the Japanese construction of identity as an institutionalized process in which there was clearance of organizations and regulatory activities.
The article investigates the identity of the person in modern social and cultural space, and the effect that has on the process of designing a model of its "Own I" of modern information technology. The author analyzes the reasons for the formation of a fictitious identity simulative, defines mechanisms and specificity of self-identification in the "network society". The article describes the circumstances that have a significant impact on the process of finding the identity of the person and its inclusion in social reality. The relevance of the topic due to the complex problem situations arising as to the individual and to society in general.
Migration crisis that shook the European countries in 2015, seriously affected the development of political processes in the EU. However, to recognize the movement of large masses of people to Europe from Syria and neighboring areas, as only consequences of the "Arab Spring", acts of ISIL or search for better life, seem to be in correct. Those events were provoked by the revitalization processes in Islam and the attempts of the traditional oriental society to respond to external challenges. The author, basing his ideal on opinions of the Constructivists about the importance of identity's indicators (largely based on religion) to all social and political institutions and processes, believes that such a large-scale migration has become possible due to the overlapping of two civilizational paradigms: search by Muslims of their identity and the identity crisis in the modern European society.
The category of constitutional identity is now con dently used in the science of constitutional law and in resolving some disputes, but it remains not completely clear. The article is aimed at identifying the content of this category and the possibility of its application in practice. The article presents the meanings of the term "identity" and checks whether this term can be used in constitutional law, and if so, in what sense. Possible ways of nding the features of constitutional identity in the texts of constitutions (in preambles, among the foundations of the constitutional system, or provisions protected from change) are shown. The nal conclusions concern the limits of the application of constitutional identity in constitutional disputes. It seems that constitutional identity can be used to resolve constitutional con icts only if two conditions are met: xing the features of constitutional identity, de ned precisely as such (1), and carried out previously, not at the time of the decision, but in advance (2). It is these two conditions that will provide the necessary predictability and validity of decisions, in the adoption of which the category of constitutional identity was used for argumentation. Otherwise (if these conditions are not observed for whatever reason), the constitutional review body should, as far as possible, avoid using the category "constitutional identity" as an argument in resolving disputes.
This study interprets the modern understanding of ethnic and national identity. It was noted that there is an important connection between ethnic and national identity, created on the basis of nation-building processes. Since the 1990s, nationalism that has been at the top of the international agenda, new nations and state building processes, problems of ethnic identity, which have become an important item on the agenda in relations between states and international organizations, a new quest for democracy that develops through the recognition of differences, growing cultural conflicts in many regions from Asia to the American continent, and social movements based on identity have raised identity politics to an important position in international relations. In this context, international relations theorists, who have increased their ties to political theory in a way that has accelerated especially in the 1990s, are rebuilding the discipline's relationship with identity politics.
Historically the gagauz developed a self-perception based on their difference from Moldova as well as the 'Turkish world'. The article argues that this fact has determined their pro-Russian political orientation as the only possible way of maintaining their identity. ; Исторически у гагаузов сложилось понимание себя как элемента чуждого и государству Молдова, и абстрактному тюркскому миру, что сделало пророссийский путь развития единственно возможным для сохранения собственной идентичности.
The article comments on the concept of «socialism with Chinese specificity», which forms the ideological basis of the «Chinese miracle». The ideological origins of this concept, starting with Confucianism, are revealed. It has evolved to become increasingly pragmatic and to adapt to the realities of national and global development. The relation of this concept with the Marxist concept of socialism is shown. The article substantiates the fundamental theoretical thesis that in the objective-essential sense (in the elimination of, in particular, national specifics) Chinese society is a transitional form to socialism (a certain analogue of the Soviet society of the NEP period). The author talks about a «heterogeneous», «mixed» socio-economic system, the vector and nature of the future evolution of which will depend crucially on the strategic course of the CPC.
The article is devoted to urban identity as a socio-cultural, psychological and emotional construct determined by a number of factors. As a significant component of social identity, urban identity is determined by how strong an individual's social ties are, whether he is included in long-term stable social groups, which, in turn, forms an emotional assessment of such identity in relation to «his» and «strangers», as well as group values, social norms, stereotypes, behavioral patterns. The author of the article presents the characteristics of urban identity as a result of self-determination of personality, its socialization and adaptation in a particular urban space, in the process of assimilation and reproduction of cultural symbols, accepted norms, traditions, lifestyle of city residents. The relevance of the study of urban identity is determined by the peculiarities of the urban environment and urban lifestyle: the author of the article puts forward a tendency to increase the mobility of the population and a decrease in the role of physical space in the life of a modern person as factors that can create barriers to the formation of a conscious urban identity. The article proves that the self-consciousness and personal identity of city residents are largely determined by various aspects of the cultural space of the city. The impossibility of perceiving urban space in its integrity does not hinder personal identity and self-determination, and the possibility of implementing the social practices of its residents forms their emotional attachment to the city. The formation of urban identity is conditioned by stable, changeable and symbolic factors. The author of the article also identifies parameters that allow assessing the degree of urban identity, among which the uniqueness of the city, identity and positivity of its perception play a decisive role in modern Russian society, which, in turn, determines in many ways the practical potential of urban identity. The conclusion is made about the importance of urban identity among other values of Russians, because active emotional experience and active embodiment of the urban identity of individuals and social groups contributes to the comprehensive economic, social and political development of modern Russian society.
The article considers factors determining the peculiarities of the integration processes in Iraqi Kurdistan. The formation of Iraqi Kurdistan as a social-political community was determined by the growth of national consciousness of the population of the autonomy, and by accelerating processes of self-determination under the influence of a number of external and internal reasons. The national identity of the Iraqi Kurds as a part of the Kurdish people is based on the same historical background, language, and culture, on the mental attribution of the Kurds to the single group, which is explained not only by historical facts, but also by a specific worldview and myths sometimes divorced from reality but rooted in the collective representations. The external pressure of direct aggression and political enforcement to the assimilation plays a key role in the consolidation of the Iraqi Kurds and in the growth of their national self-determination: the resistance to the common enemy strengthens the national identity of the Iraqi Kurds. The author examines factors both general for all the Kurds and specific for Iraqi Kurdistan, i.e. the strengthening of the common form of language through the education, literature and media institutions, and the development of economic relations and civil and political institutions, which is due to the autonomy status of Iraqi Kurdistan. The article identifies and examines objective reasons preventing intensive integration processes in the community of Iraqi Kurds, which are, on the one hand, the influence of the external forces including neighbor states, transnational corporations, the authorities of Baghdad, and the growing military aggression of the armed terrorist groups; on the other hand, the slowdown of integration processes inside Iraqi Kurdistan are due to the internal contradictions in the autonomy determined by the features of the social and political structure of the Kurd society, such as tribalism, immaturity of the political system, and ethnic and religious diversity.
Identity is a constant sign of social groups in peace and stability, but it is problematic in times of crisis (war, revolution, civil conflict, social crisis, etc.) when community is aware not only who he is, but also rethinking who it wants or should be. Especially when an enemy appears, or at least «the image of theenemy». Identity is the birth of a political subjectivity in a community that is geopolitically considered anobject of international relations. In the literature, the cliché has already become a kind of statement about the fact that Ukraine is an object and not a subject of international relations, a change card in foreign geopolitical games. That is, the self-consciousness of the nation is worthless and does not affect anything. To refute this statement is the main purpose of this article. The objective of the article is to integrate, unbiased, objective analysis of the formation of the Ukrainian political nation, conducted from different points of view. In this regard, the article consists three parts, devoted to three different aspects of the problem: a purely geopolitical review of the works of the most well-known and influential scholars on the problem of Ukrainian-Russian relations after the revolutionary events in Ukraine and their futurological predictions; identity problems associated with the war on the Donbass; the influence of modern mass media into the formation of the ideology of the hybrid war and the hybrid world. The theoretical basis of the article is based, first of all, on the geopolitical postulates of freedom from ethical assessments and, on the contrary, the importance of geographical dates. The search and articulation of these data is the main scientific novelty of the article. In many respects, we relied on the methodology of geopolitical analysis introduced by John Friedman and Samuel Huntington, and tried to combine their positions into acoherent and holistic picture. The main conclusions of the work can be summarized in approximately these theses. Culture, not just politics and geography, matters. Identity is not a constant, it is a variable and super-complicated construct, aimed more for the future than the past. The ideology of nationalism can be both useful in the process of becoming a nation and state creation, and erroneous when it contradicts thepicture of the post-modern world of the XXI century and the principles of democracy. ; Идентичность представляет собой устоявшуюся самооценку социальной группы или общности в условиях мира и стабильности, но она проблематизируется в кризисных условиях (война, революция, социальный кризис и т. п.). Часто идентичность связана с появлением врага или хотя бы «образа врага». В рамках статьи идентичность рассматривается как рождение политической субъектности (политической нации) в обществе, которое многие геополитики считают объектом международных отношений. Мы стремимся опровергнуть это мнение. Задачей статьи является непредвзятый и объективный анализ становления украинской политической нации, проведенный в разных аспектах (геополитика, война, медиа). ; Ідентичність є сталою ознакою соціальних груп за умов миру та стабільності, але вона проблематизується в кризових умовах (війна, революція, громадянський конфлікт, соціальна криза тощо), коли людина усвідомлює не лише те, ким вона є, але й переосмислює те, ким вона хоче або має бути. Тоді, коли з'являється ворог, або хоча б «образ ворога». Ідентичність є народженням політичної суб'єктності в спільноті, яку геополітично вважають об'єктом міжнародних відносин. Улітературі вже стало своєрідним кліше висловлювання стосовно того, що Україна – об'єкт, а не суб'єкт міжнародних відносин, розмінна карта у чужих геополітичних іграх. Тобто самосвідомість нації нічого не варта й ні на що не впливає. Спростувати це твердження і є головною метою даної статті. Завдання статті полягає в цілісному, неупередженому, об'єктивному аналізі становлення української політичної нації, проведеному на ґрунті різних поглядів. У зв'язку з цим стаття складається з трьох частин, які присвячені трьом різним аспектам проблеми: суто геополітичний огляд робіт найбільш знаних і впливових науковців на проблему україно-російських відносин після революційних подій в Україні та їхні футурологічні прогнози; проблеми ідентичності, пов'язані з війною на Донбасі; вплив сучасних мас-медіа на формування ідеології гібридної війни та гібридного миру. Теоретичний базис статті ґрунтується передусім на геополітичних постулатах свободи від етичних оцінок та, натомість, важливості географічних даностей. Пошук і артикуляція цих даностей і складає головну наукову новизну статті. Багато в чому ми спиралися на методологію геополітичного аналізу, запровадженому Джоном Фрідманом та Самюелем Гантінгтоном, інамагалися поєднати їхні позиції у цілісну та несуперечливу картину. Основні висновки роботи можна підсумовувати приблизно у таких тезах. Культура, а не лише політика й географія, має значення. Ідентичність не є константою, вона є змінюваним і надскладним конструктом, націленим більше на майбутнє, ніж на минуле. Ідеологія націоналізму може бути як корисною в процесі становлення нації та державотворення, так і помилковою, коли вона суперечить картині світу пост-постмодерного світу XXI сторіччя та засадам демократії.
The empirical study featured content-related characteristics of civic identity in university students. According to constructivist approach, civic identity is a cognitive-value formation shaped in the process of personal development. It manifests itself in the subjective significance of one's nationality. Its structure consists of cognitive (meaningful), affective (emotional-evaluative), and behavioral components. The cognitive component was the first stage in the present study of students' civic identity conducted in February 2020. The authors used a Citizen's Questionnaire developed by O. S. Deyneka and analyzed essays "Russia is My Country". The analysis revealed the structure of the substantial component of civic identity: the image of the state, government, fellow citizens, an ideal citizen, etc., and ideas about Russian values, environment, culture, history, etc. The data obtained gave reason to believe that civic identity has worldview, social, and territorial foundations. The respondents admired the nature, territory, and historical achievements of Russia, while the image of the state, fellow citizens, and authorities belonged to problematic representations. The present research can help to develop new technologies for the support of civic identity at university. ; Статья посвящена описанию результатов эмпирического исследования содержательных характеристик гражданской идентичности студентов. Исходя из методологии конструктивистского подхода, гражданская идентичность понимается как формирующееся в процессе личностного развития когнитивно-ценностное образование, выражающееся в субъективной значимости своей гражданской принадлежности, в структуре которого выделяются когнитивный (содержательный), аффективный (эмоционально-оценочный) и поведенческий компоненты. Изучение когнитивной составляющей гражданской идентичности студентов является первым этапом исследования ее актуального состояния. Исследование проходило в феврале 2020 г., для сбора данных использовались опрос (анкетирование, методика «Опросник гражданина» О. С. Дейнека) и анализ документов (контент-анализ сочинений «Моя страна Россия»). В результате была описана структура содержательного компонента гражданской идентичности, включающая образ государства, власти, сограждан, модельный образ гражданина, представления о ценностях, природной среде, культуре и истории России. Полученные данные дают основание утверждать, что гражданская идентичность имеет мировоззренческие, социальные и средовые основания. Наиболее позитивно респондентами оцениваются природа, территория и исторические достижения России, к проблемным представлениям относятся образ государства, сограждан, власти. Изучение содержательных оснований гражданской идентичности является необходимым этапом разработки технологий ее сопровождения в процессе обучения.
The presented article, based on the empirical study materials, examines the concept of European identity and the attitude to the European integration of the young people in a number of the EU countries. The relevance of the study is determined by the lack of a clear definition of the concept of "European identity" in the scientific discourse, as well as the need to assess to what extent the opinion of Europeans, in particular of the younger generation, coincides with the statements of researchers in this field. The objective of this study is to determine how representatives of European youth understand European identity, to highlight its main elements and assess the impact of European integration processes on the formation of European and national identities. Students from European countries were selected as the target group of the study, since their worldview was formed in the context of a united Europe. The research was carried out within the framework of the Erasmus + Jean Monnet Project "Transformation of identities in Europe and Russia in modern conditions" (Project No. 611458-EPP-1-2019-1-RU-EPPJMO-PROJECT). In conducting the research, the in-depth interview was chosen as the main method.he results of the study showed that respondents, whilst identifying themselves as Europeans, still find their national identity more important. Among the elements of European identity, the respondents name, first of all, "European values" (mobility, freedom, democracy), as well as cultural (religion) and behavioral characteristics (love of travel). The study results are preliminary and allow us to identify the most significant trends in the formation of the modern European identity, that will serve as the basis for further research.
The article is devoted to the analysis of essence, the contents, formation and development of ethnic identity of the personality (community). The problem of formation of ethnic identity is considered. Complexity and diversity of this process is shown. The advantage of article is the analysis of a wide range of factors and a determinant of formation of ethnic identity. The author refers to them ethnic socialization in a family and in society in general, influence of historical memory, social and economic, political and spiritual factors of life of society. ; Этническая идентичность рассмотрена как сложное и многоаспектное социальное явление, которое характеризуется осознанием индивидом (группой) своей принадлежности к определённой этнической общности, пониманием, оцениванием и переживанием своего членства в ней. Показана сложность и многоплановость процесса формирования этнической идентичности. Достоинством статьи является анализ широкого спектра факторов и детерминант формирования этнической идентичности. Автор относит к ним этническую социализацию в семье и в обществе в целом, влияние исторической памяти, социально-экономических, политических и духовных факторов жизни общества.
