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The article analyzes the formation of the united European identity within European Union. The approaches to definition of the national and European identities are considered from the perspective of such theorists like Benedict Anderson, Jurgen Habermas etc. The authors made an attempt to describe the main functions of identity, as well as to mark out the main markers of identity, which con-tribute to substitution of the national identity for the European one for citizens of EU and contribute to its spread. ; В статье проведен анализ формирования единой европейской идентичности в рамках Европейского союза. Рассматриваются подходы к определению национальной и европейской идентичности у таких теоретиков, как Бенедикт Андерсон, Юрген Хабермас и др. Авторы предприняли попытку описать основные функции идентичности, а также выделить основные маркеры идентичности, которые способствуют замене национальной идентичности на европейскую для граждан ЕС и способству- ют ее распространению.

The article is devoted to the development of the modern politics of identity construction in Japan, which actively refers to the practice of designing self-image in international relations. This trend dates back to the 19th century, when there was the end of Sakoku (Japan's policy of isolation). It is now possible to talk about the institutionalization of the identity construction policy to organized structures and regulations. Enhanced efforts in the field of Japanese traditional and popular culture, education and creative content has led to a number of institutions appearance (like Japan Foundation Fund, Japan Creative Agency, Japan Culture Fund, Agency for Cultural Affairs, Cool Japan Fund, Japan brand Fund) and changing idea about the role of culture in foreign policy realization (it is fixed the documents of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry), as well as a number of projects (Cool Japan, Visit Japan, Japan Culture Power, Japan Manga Awards, Kawaii Ambassadors, Cosplay International Fest and etc.). These efforts are aimed at forming Japan identity abroad to solve a number of foreign policy challenges of the future and the development of economic cooperation. The Japanese government nearest plans is to increase funding in order to create a positive image of Japan in the region of East Asia. All of these allows us to speak about the policy of the Japanese construction of identity as an institutionalized process in which there was clearance of organizations and regulatory activities.

Lion Feuchtwanger worked on his Success from 1927 till 1930 on having left Munich, the capital of Bavaria, for Berlin. There were a lot of problems in the writer's relationships with Bavaria where he had lived for 41 years and it was necessary to express them in the literary form. Success is a traumatic narrative in which Bavaria trauma is worked trough. The novel's various conflicts are generally based, firstly, on the opposition of Bavarians and non-Bavarians and, secondly, on the opposition of "Wahrhaft Deutschen" (these are Nazi) and the world of reason. In this article the author considers these conflicts in their connection with the Bavarian's identity. She analyzes the Bavarian identity in Success not as the national but as the provincial one because the Bavarians do not stand against other nations, they stand against the central government. Provincial identity includes four components, namely, the cognitive, the axiological, the emotional and the regulative ones. The cognitive component of the Bavarian identity is made of geographical conceptualization and of the idea about Bavaria as an agricultural region. The axiological aspect includes some peculiarities of the novel's Bavarian characters. They all have such characteristics as conservatism and hostility towards progress, dislike of real art, aggressiveness towards "interlopers", value of a surplus body. Unified emotional standards govern the Bavarians' behavior, and the intensity of their emotional reactions is much higher than the non-Bavarians' one. While making decisions the Bavarians mostly rely on their emotions and not on their reason. The regulative component of the Bavarian identity includes many behavior practices. These are: the habit not to use reason regularly and actively, various physiological activities, eating a lot of food, propensity to violence. Almost all the aspects of the Bavarian identity exemplified in the novel's Bavarian characters are also important for the "Wahrhaft Deutschen" leaders and followers; this political movement is definitely related to the Bavarian identity, for it was Bavaria where it appeared and got grassroots support. The conflict of the Bavarian and the non-Bavarian worlds is surely related to the specific Bavarian identity, namely, to the differences in the axiological and regulative fields and aggressiveness towards "interlopers". Moreover, the conflict of "Wahrhaft Deutschen" and the other world is also caused by particularities of the Bavarian identity because their ideas and practices make up its grotesque version. © 2020 Tomsk State University. All rights reserved.

Migration crisis that shook the European countries in 2015, seriously affected the development of political processes in the EU. However, to recognize the movement of large masses of people to Europe from Syria and neighboring areas, as only consequences of the "Arab Spring", acts of ISIL or search for better life, seem to be in correct. Those events were provoked by the revitalization processes in Islam and the attempts of the traditional oriental society to respond to external challenges. The author, basing his ideal on opinions of the Constructivists about the importance of identity's indicators (largely based on religion) to all social and political institutions and processes, believes that such a large-scale migration has become possible due to the overlapping of two civilizational paradigms: search by Muslims of their identity and the identity crisis in the modern European society.

The article investigates the identity of the person in modern social and cultural space, and the effect that has on the process of designing a model of its "Own I" of modern information technology. The author analyzes the reasons for the formation of a fictitious identity simulative, defines mechanisms and specificity of self-identification in the "network society". The article describes the circumstances that have a significant impact on the process of finding the identity of the person and its inclusion in social reality. The relevance of the topic due to the complex problem situations arising as to the individual and to society in general.

The category of constitutional identity is now con dently used in the science of constitutional law and in resolving some disputes, but it remains not completely clear. The article is aimed at identifying the content of this category and the possibility of its application in practice. The article presents the meanings of the term "identity" and checks whether this term can be used in constitutional law, and if so, in what sense. Possible ways of nding the features of constitutional identity in the texts of constitutions (in preambles, among the foundations of the constitutional system, or provisions protected from change) are shown. The nal conclusions concern the limits of the application of constitutional identity in constitutional disputes. It seems that constitutional identity can be used to resolve constitutional con icts only if two conditions are met: xing the features of constitutional identity, de ned precisely as such (1), and carried out previously, not at the time of the decision, but in advance (2). It is these two conditions that will provide the necessary predictability and validity of decisions, in the adoption of which the category of constitutional identity was used for argumentation. Otherwise (if these conditions are not observed for whatever reason), the constitutional review body should, as far as possible, avoid using the category "constitutional identity" as an argument in resolving disputes.

This study interprets the modern understanding of ethnic and national identity. It was noted that there is an important connection between ethnic and national identity, created on the basis of nation-building processes. Since the 1990s, nationalism that has been at the top of the international agenda, new nations and state building processes, problems of ethnic identity, which have become an important item on the agenda in relations between states and international organizations, a new quest for democracy that develops through the recognition of differences, growing cultural conflicts in many regions from Asia to the American continent, and social movements based on identity have raised identity politics to an important position in international relations. In this context, international relations theorists, who have increased their ties to political theory in a way that has accelerated especially in the 1990s, are rebuilding the discipline's relationship with identity politics.

Historically the gagauz developed a self-perception based on their difference from Moldova as well as the 'Turkish world'. The article argues that this fact has determined their pro-Russian political orientation as the only possible way of maintaining their identity. ; Исторически у гагаузов сложилось понимание себя как элемента чуждого и государству Молдова, и абстрактному тюркскому миру, что сделало пророссийский путь развития единственно возможным для сохранения собственной идентичности.