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The ideological factor plays a decisive role in the formation & operation of pol'al systems. To study it, we must adopt modern US &, to a large degree French, theories which reject the purely 'Institutional' approach now favored in Germany. In fact, the pol'al ideology inherent in each pol'al system creates of itself compatible institutions, & the functioning of these institutions is determined by the dominating ideology. Before one can speak of ideology, a certain number of conditions must be present (its formulation should be comprehensible to the large mass of people, it should seek to influence this mass rather than an elite, it should be oriented toward the satisfaction of the desires or human needs which the average man experiences as soc values). Just as pol'al theory may involuntarily become ideology, so may a simple defense of a specific material interest also take on ideological characteristics. It is now possible to draw up a catalog of the principal types of pol'al ideologies: absolutism, constitutionalism, individualism (including liberal capitalism, anarchism, & humanism), soc collectivism (including State capitalism as well as 'Welfare State'), nationalism & finally, aristocracy. Under institutions should be classed not only constitutional organs, but `pressure groups' as well. With this as a base, a true ontology of the forms of gov can be undertaken. (Translated by Z. Dana from IPSA).

In Soviet ideology of the last few yrs all sci'fic phenomena have been explained according to a certain number of great theories: about the formation of stars, of the earth, about the origin of life, etc, formulated by great scholars of the regime: Schmidt, Oparine, Mitchourine, Pavlov, etc. But the dogmatism with which these ideologies have been imposed has contributed to their discredit & has caused a return to the pre-eminence of the exp. At the same time, it is found that more & more complex & varied results obtained by modern res are less & less easily integrated into the framework of classical Marxism-Leninism, notably in the domain of the natural sci's; the ideology, which has to endure increasing strain to maintain this impossible synthesis, tends to become a purely transcendental abstraction. It is exactly the recognition of this transcendency which gives the West its strength & its ideologic richness: by giving its ideology an orderly & structured form, this transcendentalism can help the Soviet pop to surmount these inherent contradictions. Tr from IPSA. Adapted from the source document.

Formerly the diffusion & circulation of ideologies had a kind of spontaneity, not systematic, but sporadic. But today this diffusion takes place by a very conscious process controlled by professional news organs, parties, & special interest groups. At the same time, pol'al ideology cannot be separated from ideologies of a diff type (econ, religious, moral). We are approaching a total ideology which is taking hold on a large scale of all aspects of the life of the individual. Now in spite of their rational foundations, modern ideologies have an emotional determination & are charged with affectivity. They are tending more & more to draw nearer to religions. It is a tragic paradox to see liberalism & democracy, which were founded on the idea of tolerance, assume as absolute & inflexible a character as other monolithic ideologies. Finally, today all ideologies are oriented toward concrete institutions with the result that a pol'al theory which does not have an active pol'al program has lost its raison d'etre. Perhaps this explains the sterility of contemporary pol'al philosophy. Tr from IPSA. Adapted from the source document.

The US & the USSR, so opposite in appearance, are yet in reality alike on many points. Their phsycial & natural set's are presently at the same level & the notion of a bourgeois sci finds little support. The 2 systems of educ are becoming more alike. The sociol'ts, while they look at problems differently, are nonetheless using a common language. The ethical structures as well as the basis of law are the same. As for the arts, they are more & more divorcing themselves from socialist reality in the USSR while US citizens are reading Soviet authors & seeing Soviet films. As for philosophy, the USSR has not established a monopoly on materialism & still reflects many traces of idealism. Soc & econ institutions in the 2 countries are becoming more & more alike, & their diff's reside in their various forms of soc relations. Finally, on the pol'al level, the USSR is becoming more liberal, while during the last few decades militarism & the ideology of intolerance have appeared in the US. Tr by J. A.Broussard from IPSA.

Die vorliegende Untersuchung ist ein Beispiel für qualitative Ideologie-Forschung, die Imageforschung über Vorstellungen von bestimmten Waren, Diestleistungen, Werbeäußerungen usw. ergänzen sollte, um den Bezugs- und Bewertungsrahmen für Images festzustellen. Ideologie-Untersuchungen - ein neues Gebiet der Absatzforschung - definieren die kulturell akzeptablen Werte, die Normen und "Selbstverständlichkeiten" in einer Gesellschaft. Das also, was als real und irreal, als gut und böse, als richtig und falsch, als nützlich und schädlich usw. gemeinhin angesehen und, ohne Widerspruch zu erregen, in der Öffentlichkeit
geäußert werden kann. Jede Gesellschaft besitzt solche als gemeinverbindlich geltende Bewertungsmaßstäbe;
sie eigentlich erst machen sie zu einer "Kultur" im anthropologischen Sinne. Die Wichtigkeit, sie empirisch zu erforschen, ist nicht nur für jene augenfällig, die Kulturen wissenschaftlich zu erfassen suchen, sondern auch für solche, die sich aus politischen, wirtschaftlichen, erzieherischen, moralischen oder anderen Gründen informierend, belehrend, werbend an
jenes Forum wenden, das man üblicherweise, wenn auch summarisch, als "die Öffentlichkeit" bezeichnet. Der Ausdruck "Ideologie" wird hier wertneutral verstanden, also nicht als politisch-weltanschauliche Idee, durch die Realität einseitig und zweckhaft interpretiert wird, sondern als der Gesellschaft eigenes und fraglos akzeptables "Wertsystem", auf dem öffentliche Kommunikation beruht. Es handelt sich um eine qualitative Untersuchung mit qualitativen Verfahren und qualitativer Analyse. Als Material standen sehr ausführliche, auf Tonband aufgenommene Interviews
mit 60 Männern im Alter zwischen 20 und 45 Jahren aus den sozialen Mittelschichten in Wien, Linz und Graz zur Verfügung.

There has never existed in the US an independent soc group calling themselves `intellectuals'; nevertheless they are the object of a hatred whose origins can be studied. America has not known the same evolution as Europe (where the bourgeoisie has absorbed & been impregnated with an aristocratic tradition). With the exception of New England, none of the 1st generations of immigrants contained elements which one could say were intellectual. The later advent of waves of Cath immigration did not change this fact, since these waves were composed of impoverished workers or peasants whose lack of intellectuality was inherent in the class structure from which they came. The consequences of this are still evident, & a Church dignitary having ideas as 'petty-bourgeois' as those of Cardinal Spellman would be unthinkable in Europe. US Catholicism is certainly less reactionary politically than European Cath'sm, but it is much more so in the cultural domain. It is not without reason that we have seen in the 'orthodox' US culture of today a capitalist version of 'socialist realism': an industrial culture hostile to intellectual life & the taste for disinterested reflection, & leading to the cult of psychiatry, as well as to the hostility toward 'intellectuals from Harvard' whom a McCarthy could easily accuse of betraying the American community, whether it be Alger Hiss, Dean Acheson or Stevenson. But the problem of the intellectual in the US is in fact much more serious: in this country, to be employed, even in the 'liberal' professions, implies surrender to bureaucratization, or at least to routine. If the US intellectual today, nourishes a conservative ideology, it is to justify his own integration into a pragmatist & anti-intellectualist society. (Translated by Z. Dana from IPSA).