In this article the author discusses the practice of cannibalism by, asking why the practice was popularly attributed to distant people long after Europe had exchanged the myths of classical antiquity for the cold and sceptical application of human reason to the wonders of the unknown world. The article discusses Jan Nederveen Pieterse's (1992) opinion about cannibalism as the fearsome trait of those just across the border, just beyond the line that divided the known from the unknown. To explain the persistence of cannibal imagery in the West, and its attribution to the inhabitants of Africa just as the conquest and pillage of Africa by European powers began Pieterse points out that cannibalism earlier served to position Europe's "others" in a hierarchy of exclusion and denigration, delineating the moral boundaries of European "civilization" against the "savagery" of others. Another part of the article analyses cannibal humour, from the late nineteenth century onwards; and from 1980 to the present, that of mechanized cannibalism. The stereotypes that clash here may well reveal profound historical antagonisms, may well embody historical relations between the black and the white. But to disentangle these images from each other, to see them deriving from different "histories" or orders of signification, to see difference emerge from such a binary simplicity, these things require a look at the mechanisms and politics of displacement.
In this article the author discusses the practice of cannibalism by, asking why the practice was popularly attributed to distant people long after Europe had exchanged the myths of classical antiquity for the cold and sceptical application of human reason to the wonders of the unknown world. The article discusses Jan Nederveen Pieterse's (1992) opinion about cannibalism as the fearsome trait of those just across the border, just beyond the line that divided the known from the unknown. To explain the persistence of cannibal imagery in the West, and its attribution to the inhabitants of Africa just as the conquest and pillage of Africa by European powers began Pieterse points out that cannibalism earlier served to position Europe's "others" in a hierarchy of exclusion and denigration, delineating the moral boundaries of European "civilization" against the "savagery" of others. Another part of the article analyses cannibal humour, from the late nineteenth century onwards; and from 1980 to the present, that of mechanized cannibalism. The stereotypes that clash here may well reveal profound historical antagonisms, may well embody historical relations between the black and the white. But to disentangle these images from each other, to see them deriving from different "histories" or orders of signification, to see difference emerge from such a binary simplicity, these things require a look at the mechanisms and politics of displacement.
Expression and functions of the irony in a Lithuanian public criminological discourse of two periods – the Soviet era (1975–1989) and the present (2001–2015) – are being investigated in this article by applying the conceptual analysis and comparative methods. The purpose of the research was to focus on any hypothetic changes of conceptual models and functional level of the irony in the analysed discourse. Ironical phrases the target domain of which is the concepts of a criminal and a crime were investigated to reconstruct the conceptual structures based on them. The same seven conceptual paradigms were determined which ironically structure a criminal and a crime in both ideologically and politically different periods; according to the number of expressions used to realize them, two of them are treated as productive, four – as peripheral ones, and one of them at the Soviet era was a peripheral one, however it has now become very productive. Therefore, some changes and new trends were identified only within the last-mentioned conceptual model – recently traffic offenders are described by some new vivid ironical phrases ("road eagle", "road rooster" as a "road hog") which have become quite common to use. The same three functions are typical to the discourse irony at both periods – (1) a negative evaluation of any crime and criminal, (2) a separation from the community and (3) the irony as a stylistic measure for imagery creation. It suggests that such relative stability of these rhetorical models and functions is determined by a hardly changing assessment for decades in the community for the target domain subject and object (a criminal and a crime).
Expression and functions of the irony in a Lithuanian public criminological discourse of two periods – the Soviet era (1975–1989) and the present (2001–2015) – are being investigated in this article by applying the conceptual analysis and comparative methods. The purpose of the research was to focus on any hypothetic changes of conceptual models and functional level of the irony in the analysed discourse. Ironical phrases the target domain of which is the concepts of a criminal and a crime were investigated to reconstruct the conceptual structures based on them. The same seven conceptual paradigms were determined which ironically structure a criminal and a crime in both ideologically and politically different periods; according to the number of expressions used to realize them, two of them are treated as productive, four – as peripheral ones, and one of them at the Soviet era was a peripheral one, however it has now become very productive. Therefore, some changes and new trends were identified only within the last-mentioned conceptual model – recently traffic offenders are described by some new vivid ironical phrases ("road eagle", "road rooster" as a "road hog") which have become quite common to use. The same three functions are typical to the discourse irony at both periods – (1) a negative evaluation of any crime and criminal, (2) a separation from the community and (3) the irony as a stylistic measure for imagery creation. It suggests that such relative stability of these rhetorical models and functions is determined by a hardly changing assessment for decades in the community for the target domain subject and object (a criminal and a crime).
Paper analyzes 2011–2015 editorials of newspaper Respublika (250 editorials). Editorial usually is defined as genre characterized by actualizing political and social problems. Different linguistic tools are used to reveal such content items. Main features of editorial as genre is revealed once editorials are researched in the aspect of their functions. Main layers of editorial as genre is revealed through text function; this is indicated by performed researches of heading and formal text coherence. Interpersonal genre function helps to reveal the contract designation in the editorial. In addition, ideological function, which is used for text quoting provides additional expression. Style figure usage in the headings is investigated according to text genre feature. Paper determines, that it provides imagery and expression for the text and expression of formal text coherence indicates the peculiarities of editorial as genre. Main tendencies of editorial as genre are revealed by editorial research. Irony is the prevailing style figure in the headings of editorials. This style figure 78 % of all researched headings. Such usage of irony reveals the aspiration to mock issues, which are relevant for the society. Researched formal coherence of editorials reveal, that sentence should be linked to lexical grammatical cohesion (76 % of all investigated cohesion). Sentences usually are linked in composited conjunction method – there are 60 % of such sentences. Such linking reveals the fact, that it is very common to used following conjunctions: ir, kad, nors, be to, galų gale, tačiau, pavyzdžiui, o, bet – in the editorials. It provides additional information and additional shades for linguistic expression of editorial. Interpersonal function is highlighted as identified addressee in the articles. Research revealed, that form mes and corresponding verb first-person plural form is typically used. The aim is to identify with reader and to influence it in one or another way. In addition, it provides the suggestibility and effectiveness for language. Ideological function reveals the intertextuality of editorials – many quotes are used in the editorials (quotes are not used in editorials so often, only in 6 % from all the researched articles). Research of editorials of 2011–2015 newspaper Respublika, indicated, that main features of editorial as genre are revealed through language expression and genre functions.
Paper analyzes 2011–2015 editorials of newspaper Respublika (250 editorials). Editorial usually is defined as genre characterized by actualizing political and social problems. Different linguistic tools are used to reveal such content items. Main features of editorial as genre is revealed once editorials are researched in the aspect of their functions. Main layers of editorial as genre is revealed through text function; this is indicated by performed researches of heading and formal text coherence. Interpersonal genre function helps to reveal the contract designation in the editorial. In addition, ideological function, which is used for text quoting provides additional expression. Style figure usage in the headings is investigated according to text genre feature. Paper determines, that it provides imagery and expression for the text and expression of formal text coherence indicates the peculiarities of editorial as genre. Main tendencies of editorial as genre are revealed by editorial research. Irony is the prevailing style figure in the headings of editorials. This style figure 78 % of all researched headings. Such usage of irony reveals the aspiration to mock issues, which are relevant for the society. Researched formal coherence of editorials reveal, that sentence should be linked to lexical grammatical cohesion (76 % of all investigated cohesion). Sentences usually are linked in composited conjunction method – there are 60 % of such sentences. Such linking reveals the fact, that it is very common to used following conjunctions: ir, kad, nors, be to, galų gale, tačiau, pavyzdžiui, o, bet – in the editorials. It provides additional information and additional shades for linguistic expression of editorial. Interpersonal function is highlighted as identified addressee in the articles. Research revealed, that form mes and corresponding verb first-person plural form is typically used. The aim is to identify with reader and to influence it in one or another way. In addition, it provides the suggestibility and effectiveness for language. Ideological function reveals the intertextuality of editorials – many quotes are used in the editorials (quotes are not used in editorials so often, only in 6 % from all the researched articles). Research of editorials of 2011–2015 newspaper Respublika, indicated, that main features of editorial as genre are revealed through language expression and genre functions.
This work explores Soviet Lithuania (Lithuanian SSR), the historic topics. The paper provides an overview and analysis of securities youth, education, employment, gender relations, holiday images, periodicals, magazines SSR youth. The aim is to highlight the diversity of youth images, features, evolution and change, and the reality of Soviet ideology influence their expression. Through thematically close historiographic work, relevant sources of information obtained in interviews and assessments of research, insights and summaries to find images of youth, periodicals, magazines SSR young realism. 1944 II, after the Soviet occupation of Lithuania has taken shape with new ideals, values, imagery-based society. Some young people actively engaged in resistance activities in favor of the occupation and the societal changes, as well as a number of young people become loyal to the Soviet government, saw better prospects for personal, his self-realization, education, job opportunities than in the previous political system of independent Lithuania. Lithuanian Soviet education system was identified with the ideological education. Formed by young people the values, ideals of the concept of worldview, historical understanding of the past has been closely linked with the Soviet ideology. Soviet youth magazines reflected a well-kept example of what values, norms, which have been condemned, what goes unnoticed. Youth images of Soviet Lithuania in magazines for young people, reflected in the Soviet values and ideals, which was intended to convey through the images provided by their peers. Youth education, employment has been closely linked images with tarybinėmis public values, ideals and norms. Gender relations, gender expression, were associated with the Soviet morality and moral concepts. Images of youth and their development and change, the Lithuanian Soviet youth magazines was associated with changes in the political leadership of the Soviet Union, particularly the new generation of educational, social, labor and employment reforms in domestic and foreign policy change. All these elements led to censorship and the agencies' activity. Soviet young men come into play minor key and get the image defined in Soviet magazines for young people, as a loyal Soviet citizen, passed the Soviet moral principles, ideals of securities, a Soviet patriot and internationalist together, reaching your potential is self-education, working full expressions to be useful to the public for collective individual, by active activist. At 7 and 8 decades showed a relatively large number of young people who did not meet the ideals of the Soviet youth, public expressions of norms and standards. Some of these young people, especially students, were led by the nation's interest Lithuanian ethnographic, ethnological, linguistic heritage, in order to maintain and preserve, create, ethnographers and hiking associations. Other young people will receive part, influenced by western music, lifestyle movements, based on a unique worldview, lifestyle, appearance, styles, fashions, most were referred to as hippies, punks, rockers and other communities. Soviet ideals of youth, magazines, images failed to identify themselves with the changes taking place among young people, and took little other young people formed the Soviet ideals, standards, values, world view concepts, so it caused the young people of the Soviet system and the confrontation. Lithuanian Soviet youth magazines, they reflect the versatile young images, thematic spectrum was affected and constrained by the Soviet ideology, propaganda, and thus failed to fully reflect the reality of Soviet Lithuanian youth living reality, topical subjects, images of youth, problems, especially those of youth, the lifestyle, attitudes, interests did not meet the standards of Soviet youth.
This work explores Soviet Lithuania (Lithuanian SSR), the historic topics. The paper provides an overview and analysis of securities youth, education, employment, gender relations, holiday images, periodicals, magazines SSR youth. The aim is to highlight the diversity of youth images, features, evolution and change, and the reality of Soviet ideology influence their expression. Through thematically close historiographic work, relevant sources of information obtained in interviews and assessments of research, insights and summaries to find images of youth, periodicals, magazines SSR young realism. 1944 II, after the Soviet occupation of Lithuania has taken shape with new ideals, values, imagery-based society. Some young people actively engaged in resistance activities in favor of the occupation and the societal changes, as well as a number of young people become loyal to the Soviet government, saw better prospects for personal, his self-realization, education, job opportunities than in the previous political system of independent Lithuania. Lithuanian Soviet education system was identified with the ideological education. Formed by young people the values, ideals of the concept of worldview, historical understanding of the past has been closely linked with the Soviet ideology. Soviet youth magazines reflected a well-kept example of what values, norms, which have been condemned, what goes unnoticed. Youth images of Soviet Lithuania in magazines for young people, reflected in the Soviet values and ideals, which was intended to convey through the images provided by their peers. Youth education, employment has been closely linked images with tarybinėmis public values, ideals and norms. Gender relations, gender expression, were associated with the Soviet morality and moral concepts. Images of youth and their development and change, the Lithuanian Soviet youth magazines was associated with changes in the political leadership of the Soviet Union, particularly the new generation of educational, social, labor and employment reforms in domestic and foreign policy change. All these elements led to censorship and the agencies' activity. Soviet young men come into play minor key and get the image defined in Soviet magazines for young people, as a loyal Soviet citizen, passed the Soviet moral principles, ideals of securities, a Soviet patriot and internationalist together, reaching your potential is self-education, working full expressions to be useful to the public for collective individual, by active activist. At 7 and 8 decades showed a relatively large number of young people who did not meet the ideals of the Soviet youth, public expressions of norms and standards. Some of these young people, especially students, were led by the nation's interest Lithuanian ethnographic, ethnological, linguistic heritage, in order to maintain and preserve, create, ethnographers and hiking associations. Other young people will receive part, influenced by western music, lifestyle movements, based on a unique worldview, lifestyle, appearance, styles, fashions, most were referred to as hippies, punks, rockers and other communities. Soviet ideals of youth, magazines, images failed to identify themselves with the changes taking place among young people, and took little other young people formed the Soviet ideals, standards, values, world view concepts, so it caused the young people of the Soviet system and the confrontation. Lithuanian Soviet youth magazines, they reflect the versatile young images, thematic spectrum was affected and constrained by the Soviet ideology, propaganda, and thus failed to fully reflect the reality of Soviet Lithuanian youth living reality, topical subjects, images of youth, problems, especially those of youth, the lifestyle, attitudes, interests did not meet the standards of Soviet youth.
This work explores Soviet Lithuania (Lithuanian SSR), the historic topics. The paper provides an overview and analysis of securities youth, education, employment, gender relations, holiday images, periodicals, magazines SSR youth. The aim is to highlight the diversity of youth images, features, evolution and change, and the reality of Soviet ideology influence their expression. Through thematically close historiographic work, relevant sources of information obtained in interviews and assessments of research, insights and summaries to find images of youth, periodicals, magazines SSR young realism. 1944 II, after the Soviet occupation of Lithuania has taken shape with new ideals, values, imagery-based society. Some young people actively engaged in resistance activities in favor of the occupation and the societal changes, as well as a number of young people become loyal to the Soviet government, saw better prospects for personal, his self-realization, education, job opportunities than in the previous political system of independent Lithuania. Lithuanian Soviet education system was identified with the ideological education. Formed by young people the values, ideals of the concept of worldview, historical understanding of the past has been closely linked with the Soviet ideology. Soviet youth magazines reflected a well-kept example of what values, norms, which have been condemned, what goes unnoticed. Youth images of Soviet Lithuania in magazines for young people, reflected in the Soviet values and ideals, which was intended to convey through the images provided by their peers. Youth education, employment has been closely linked images with tarybinėmis public values, ideals and norms. Gender relations, gender expression, were associated with the Soviet morality and moral concepts. Images of youth and their development and change, the Lithuanian Soviet youth magazines was associated with changes in the political leadership of the Soviet Union, particularly the new generation of educational, social, labor and employment reforms in domestic and foreign policy change. All these elements led to censorship and the agencies' activity. Soviet young men come into play minor key and get the image defined in Soviet magazines for young people, as a loyal Soviet citizen, passed the Soviet moral principles, ideals of securities, a Soviet patriot and internationalist together, reaching your potential is self-education, working full expressions to be useful to the public for collective individual, by active activist. At 7 and 8 decades showed a relatively large number of young people who did not meet the ideals of the Soviet youth, public expressions of norms and standards. Some of these young people, especially students, were led by the nation's interest Lithuanian ethnographic, ethnological, linguistic heritage, in order to maintain and preserve, create, ethnographers and hiking associations. Other young people will receive part, influenced by western music, lifestyle movements, based on a unique worldview, lifestyle, appearance, styles, fashions, most were referred to as hippies, punks, rockers and other communities. Soviet ideals of youth, magazines, images failed to identify themselves with the changes taking place among young people, and took little other young people formed the Soviet ideals, standards, values, world view concepts, so it caused the young people of the Soviet system and the confrontation. Lithuanian Soviet youth magazines, they reflect the versatile young images, thematic spectrum was affected and constrained by the Soviet ideology, propaganda, and thus failed to fully reflect the reality of Soviet Lithuanian youth living reality, topical subjects, images of youth, problems, especially those of youth, the lifestyle, attitudes, interests did not meet the standards of Soviet youth.
