Health services for older people in the NHS have developed pragmatically, and reflect the nature of disease in later life and the need to agree objectives of care with patients. Although services are likely to be able to cope with the immediate future, the growth of the elderly population anticipated from 2030 calls for long-term planning and research. The issue of funding requires immediate political thought and action. Scientifically the focus needs to be on maximizing the efficiency of services by health services research and reducing the incidence of disability in later life through research on its biological and social determinants. Senescence is a progressive loss of adaptability due to an interaction between intrinsic (genetic) processes with extrinsic factors in environment and lifestyle. There are grounds for postulating that a policy of postponement of the onset of disability, by modifications of lifestyle and environment, could reduce the average duration of disability before death. The new political structures of Europe offer under exploited-unexploited opportunities for the necessary research.
This final chapter reviews the findings of the empirical chapters, summarizes authors observations for China, and explains these observations within the context of global forest policy. The institutions that define land tenure and the means of delivering tenurial rights is one great theme of China's experience--and this book. The impacts of spillovers from policy reform in other sectors and from general economic growth is another. It also reflects on those new issues that arose subsequent to the analyses of the other chapters and those additional issues that are becoming important only now, in the twenty-first century. Forest environmental issues are particularly complex. Finally, tenure continues to be an issue, sometimes with a distributive theme, sometimes with an efficiency theme. Restrictions on household harvest and shipments as well as high levels of forest taxation continue to constrain household forestry incentives. The central government recognizes these issues, but local administratiors will largerly determine whether future growth in China's forestry sector is characterized by imports and product substitution or by domestic production.
The way systems are created shapes both the systems and the environment within which it operates. Participatory design contains a democratic core which can help rejuvenate both private and public sector organizations and implications for how we might revitalize our society's dicision-making procedures and governing institutions.
Subsidiarity requires taking decisions at the level of government best placed to do so, but does not say what that level is. Rather, it gives a broad framework within which to have the debate. Implementing subsidiarity means (1) allocating roles appropriately between levels of government, (2) co-ordinating implementation of decisions, and (3) managing accountability and participation. Subsidiarity does not, however, tell us how to achieve these goals. It is therefore more about how a decision is made than about what the specific decision is. Europe, the United States and Australia have adopted varying solutions to these issues. New Zealand's ability to influence the trans-Tasman outcome is likely to be limited. The main implications for New Zealand are in designing trans-Tasman institutions and allocating responsibilities between central and local government.
Une réunion de travail de deux jours s'est tenue à Edimbourg en 1993, sous l'égide de l'Union Européenne (DG VI) sur le thème des implications sylvicoles de l'établissement et des premiers entretiens des nouveaux bois sur terre agricoles. L'article détaille les principaux sujets de discussion, la connaissance du milieu et le choix d'essences forestières adaptées, les travaux d'installation des arbres et les premiers entretiens, la sélection génétique et la conduite des peuplements, la prise en compte des différentes fonctions de ces bois. / In 1993, a two-day workshop was held in Edinburgh under the auspices of the European Union's DG VI ; the theme of the meeting was the silvicultural impacts of the establishment and first clearings of woodland planting schemes on farmlands. The article provides a detailed account of the areas of discussion which covered environmental background, the selection of suitable tree species, planting and first clearings, genetic selection and stand management, whilst taking into account the various functions of the woodlands.
1 Aralık 1964 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren ortaklık anlaşmasından beri Avrupa Birliği ile ilişkisi çeşitli boyutlarda devam eden Türkiye, bugün tam üye olmak amacıyla hareket etmektedir. Bu anlamda üyelik öncesi çeşitli politikaların ve yasal mevzuatın uyumlaştırılması konusu gündeme gelmiştir. Tarım politikaları ve tarıma verilen destek de bu çerçevede ele alınması gereken öncelikli konuların başında gelmektedir. Tarıma verilen destek oranının hem Türkiye hem de Avrupa Birliğin'de yüksek olmasına karşın destek biçimleri farklılık göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda amacımız tarım politikalarını inceleyerek uyum çalışmasının ne aşamada olduğunu anlamak ve özellikle Türkiyede uzun yıllardır tartışma konusu olan tarıma desteği ve bütçeye etkisini ölçmektir. Çalışmada tarım kesimine yapılan toplam desteği ölçmenin yanında toplam maliyet ve faydanın bölgeye, ölçeğe, ürüne ve gelir gruplarına göre nasıl dağıldığı da incelenmektedir.Türkiyede tarımsal destek sistemi pahalı, komplike, ekonomik olarak verimsiz ve düşük hedeflidir. Tüketiciler, hükümet müdahalesi ve ticaret engelleri dolayısıyla dünya piyasalarının üzerinde fiyatlar ödemekte ve dolayında gizli vergiye tabi olmaktadırlar. Tarıma yapılan toplam desteği ölçmenin farklı yolları olsa da bugün karşılaştığımız sonuçları açıklamakta yatersizdirler. Devletin çeşitli birimleri desteği farklı metodlarla ölçmekte ve çok farklı kimi zaman da gerçeğin oldukça altında sonuçlar açıklamaktadırlar. Bizim kullandığımız yönteme göre tüm bütçe ve bütçe dışı transferler ile tarımsal krediler hesaplandığında toplam desteğin gayri safi yurtiçi hasılaya oranı %4.5-5 olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Bunun yanında gelir düzeyi yüksek bölgelerle, büyük çiftliklerin tarımsal destekten daha yoğun yararlandıklarını ve tarımsal politikaların kırsal kesimdeki gelir eşitsizliğine katkı yaptığını görmekteyiz. --- Turkey which is a candidate for the EU mbership should harmonize its policies with the EU to meet the necessary conditions. In that respect agricultural support policies should also be in line with the CAP of the EU. In the thesis total support to the agricultural sector has been calculated and we analyzed the distribution of costs and benefits by commodity, region, farm size, and income group. In Turkey current system of agricultural support is fiscally expensive, complex, economically inefficient, and poorly targeted. Consumers are paying prices higher than those on world markets as a result of government intervention and trade barriers. The support had distributional effects on the relative incomes of farmers that varied according to the production activities in which the farmer was engaged. Official total support figures in Turkey are highly underestimated when compared to OECD figures and different institutions of the Turkish Government calculating the total support in different ways and their results are bearing huge gaps. We find out that total support to the agriculture is nearly double of the announced figures of SIS and again higher than the findings of Treasury. As per our calculations, the ratio of total support to agriculture to GDP which is comprised of budgetary transfers, extra-budgetary transfers, and concessional loans is around 4.5-5 percent for the years 1997-99.
After a brief and informal explanation of the Gödel's theorem as a version of the Epimenides' paradox applied to Elementary Number Theory formulated in first-order logic, Lucas shows some of the most relevant consequences of this theorem, such as the impossibility to define truth in terms of provability and so the failure of Verificationist and Intuitionist arguments. He shows moreover how Gödel's theorem proves that first-order arithmetic admits non-standard models, that Hilbert's programme is untenable and that second-order logic is not mechanical. There are furthermore some more general consequences: the difference between being reasonable and following a rule and the possibility that one man's insight differs from another's without being wrong. Finally some consequences concerning moral and political philosophy can arise from Gödel's theorem, because it suggests that – instead of some fundamental principle from which all else follows deductively – we can seek for different arguments in different situations.
This report contains the proceedings of the Conference held in Hobart, Tasmania, on 27 May 1988. The theme of the Conference, Community Services Policy: Economic and Social Implications. The seven papers in this report cover a wide range of issues in community services - issues of efficiency, redistribution, equity, equality, administration of services, service delivery, and occupational welfare. This nexus of interrelated issues lies at the heart of contemporary debate over the role of community services in the welfare state and their impact on social welfare. Together, the papers represent analysis of the spectrum of problems and issues confronting the welfare state from a social policy perspective. While this perspective acknowledges the importance of economic developments to the welfare state debate, it places these in a broader social framework that is central to the discussion. Despite the undoubted importance of the economic arguments, informed debate on the nature and effects of welfare state provisions must encompass this broader perspective. The discussion forum at the Conference raised a number of issues of direct relevance to community services. Problems of measurement in evaluating costs and benefits, economic integration of qualitative aspects of services, the role of local government, particular problems identified in the Home and Community Care (HACC) program, rural / urban differences, and the limitations of resources in certain geographical areas were some major concerns that the participants thought needed more consideration in policy and in the allocation of resources.
The family could be mobilized as a political resource for economic 'development'. What kind of family would be compatible with a knowledge-based economy? We argue that authoritarian Confucian familism is incompatible with the knowledge-based economy; but it is possible to construct a different model of the ideal Confucian family which will be compatible with such an economy: a family ideal that emphasizes internal strengths of relationships rather than building barriers to keep out 'undesirable influences', that advocates a respect for authority that is authoritative rather than authoritarian.
Large, conspicuously colored insect taxa, due to associated logistical and anthropocentric biases in knowledge, public support and legislative consideration, are favored as targets of species protection, environmental monitors and education tools. They are also vulnerable to collection and perhaps, due to ecological specializations associated with apparency, to extinction. I discuss the implications for conservation.
We study the implications of alternative monetary targeting procedures for real interest rates and economic activity. We find that countercyclical monetary policy rules lead to higher real interest rates, higher average tax rates, lower output but lower variability of tax rates and consumption relative to procyclical rules. For a country with a high level of public debt (e.g. Italy), the adoption of a counter cyclical proceedure such as interest rate pegging may conceivably raise public debt servicing costs by more than half a percentage point of GNP. Our analysis suggests that the current debate on the targeting proceedures of the European Central Bank ought to be broadened to include a discussion of the fiscal implications of monetary policy.
This paper argues that the implications of globalization for monetary policy come mainly through two channels: On the one hand, the many structural changes, which are associated with the globalization process, cause an increase in uncertainty surrounding monetary policy. This leads to an increase in uncertainty about how to interpret macroeconomic data/indicators and about the monetary transmission mechanism. On the other hand, by strengthening the process of global economic integration, the globalization process increases international competition. Thereby, globalization forces market players to make structural adjustments or reforms which change the conditions or constraints under which monetary policy is implemented.
The three papers in this volume explore changes in Japan's legal framework in the areas of finance, competition policy and public administration. The papers were first presented at an international conference entitled 'Beyond Japan Inc.: Reform and Transparency in Japanese Governance', which was held at The Australian National University on 20 September 1999. The conference drew together Australian, Japanese, American and British experts from industry and academia and was generously supported by the Japan Foundation. Each paper in this volume focuses on developments in Japan's legal framework and suggests that significant changes have taken place. In 'After the Big Bang: heading for a transparent financial system', Akiyoshi Horiuchi analyses the background of the Big Bang financial reforms, the progress with these reforms and the issues that remain to be faced. He argues that the Big Bang represents the breakdown of the old financial regime governing the Japanese economy and the beginning of regime change. In 'Re-regulating Japanese Transactions: the competition law dimension', Veronica Taylor examines the introduction of a new political initiative, the 'legal system reform agenda', and the institutional shift that seems to be occurring in competition law and enforcement. She argues that within both the systemic legal reform agenda and the competition regulation sphere, the balance in the regulatory mix leans toward more legalism and 'juridification'. In 'Private Governance of Public Rights in Japan: revisiting the Japanese governance debate', Leon Wolff identifies a legal trend in Japan that has implications for the debate over the nature of Japanese governance: the private governance of public rights. Using a case study of changes in sexual harassment law, he argues that Japanese corporations are key players in the Japanese administrative state.
Features papers from the War in Chechnya Conference, which was held at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California on November 7 and 8, 1995. Includes discussions on the consequences of the war, the impact on civil-military relations, and the implications for military reform. Introductions and acknowledgements Mikhail Tsypkin. -- Ch. 1. Possible consequences of the Chechnya War for the general situation in the Caucasus. Sergei A. Arutiunov. -- Ch. 2. War in Chechnya: the impact on civil-military relations in Russia. Alexander A. Belkin. -- Ch. 3. The Chechen campaign. Pavel Felgenhauer. -- Ch. 4. The war in Chechnya: the implications for military reform and the creation of mobile forces. Vitaly V. Shlykov. -- Ch. 5. The Chechnya War and a crisis of Russian statehood. Vladimir P. Averchev. ; The conference War In Chechnya: Implications for Russian Security Policy, was sponsored by the U.S. Department of the Navy and the Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College.
Since regime change disenfranchised the Sunni minority leadership that had ruled Iraq since the country's independence in 1932 and empowered the Shi'a majority, the Shi'a-Sunni competition for power has emerged as the single greatest determinant of peace and stability in post-Saddam Iraq. Iraq's sectarian pains are all the more complex because reverberations of Shi'a empowerment will inevitably extend beyond Iraq's borders, involving the broader region from Lebanon to Pakistan. The change in the sectarian balance of power is likely to have a far more immediate and powerful impact on politics in the greater Middle East than any potential example of a moderate and progressive government in Baghdad. The change in the sectarian balance of power will shape public perception of U.S. policies in Iraq as well as the long-standing balance of power between the Shi'a and Sunnis that sets the foundation of politics from Lebanon to Pakistan. U.S. interests in the greater Middle East are now closely tied to the risks and opportunities that will emanate from the Shi'a revival in Iraq.
