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To be a full member of a country, must one have citizenship, the same ethnic or racial background, or the same religion as most citizens? What do people of different statuses believe about the criteria for inclusion? To answer these questions, the authors analyze the 2003 International Social Survey Programme survey on national identity, focusing on ten wealthy, democratic countries. They find a series of mismatches. A strong sense of being included is often coupled with a desire to exclude others. Countries with extreme public views are not always the countries with political controversy over inclusion. Views of citizens or members of the mainstream religion or race often differ from views of relative outsiders. Countries often cluster in ways that violate standard assumptions about geographic, cultural, or political affinities. Enjoying high status does not guarantee feeling included or seeking to include others. Given these mismatches, it is no surprise that politics and policies around inclusion are contentious, unstable, and fascinating.

To be a full member of a country, must one have citizenship, the same ethnic or racial background, or the same religion as most citizens? What do people of different statuses believe about the criteria for inclusion? To answer these questions, the authors analyze the 2003 International Social Survey Programme survey on national identity, focusing on ten wealthy, democratic countries. They find a series of mismatches. A strong sense of being included is often coupled with a desire to exclude others. Countries with extreme public views are not always the countries with political controversy over inclusion. Views of citizens or members of the mainstream religion or race often differ from views of relative outsiders. Countries often cluster in ways that violate standard assumptions about geographic, cultural, or political affinities. Enjoying high status does not guarantee feeling included or seeking to include others. Given these mismatches, it is no surprise that politics and policies around inclusion are contentious, unstable, and fascinating. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

One of the most basic questions facing democratic theory is who ought to be included in political participation. Many have argued that all affected by a political decision ought to be included, while others argue for a stronger criterion-that one must be coercively subject to the decision, for example. Most recent discussions of this question have focused on the wrongful exclusion of those who ought to be included. A compelling case has been made that, in areas such as immigration policy, the decisions of polities do not merely affect those outside their borders, but actively coerce them. It is then concluded that non-citizens have a right to participate in policy formation, at least when the policies in question affect them (under the weaker standard) or subject them to coercion (under the stronger). Adapted from the source document.

Lead with differences is typical of the mental process itself. This paper hypothesizes that there are different levels of thinking and that in order to handle differences in a non-judgmental way by welcoming them, transcending, and including them, rather than excluding or judging them, it is necessary to tap into the supra-rational levels of thinking. A specific transpersonal outlook is expounded, characterised by a particular cognitive process called Transe-cognition, whose founding elements are Second Attention, Further Mode and Integral Thinking.