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From gaining its independence in 1947 until only recently, India was a centrally planned economy, complete with five year plans. With the end of the Gandhi dynasty and the move to privatization of a wide range of industries, there are many changes which have and will affect the development of Indian economics. With its exploding population rate and complex political relations (both internally and with its neighbors) there are also many political complications to tie down the progress of this gigantic nation. In this work, renowned economist Jagdish Bhagwati provides a lucid overview of Indian development. His analysis places Indian development in an international political and intellectual context which is an unusual and stimulating approach. Lucid in its discussion and practical in its approach, this work is an asset to scholars and professionals in business and policymakers who need an overview of Indian development policy. ; https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/books/1311/thumbnail.jpg

As India prepares for the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), it is clear that the country's population policy faces a number of serious challenges. Although India was the first country to announce an official family planning program in 1952, its population has grown from 361 million in 1951 to 844 million in 1991. This is one of three reports on the relationship between gender equity, family structure and dynamics, and the achievement of reproductive choice prepared by the Population Council for the 1994 International Year of the Family and the 1994 ICPD. These reports provide critical reviews of the relationship between gender inequality and demographic behavior in three demographically significant, culturally distinct parts of the developing world: Egypt, India, and Ghana and Kenya. The purpose of the reports is to help governments and international agencies design and implement policies that are affirmative of women, sensitive to the family's central role in resource allocation and distribution, and effective in achieving broad-based population and development goals.

Communal violence - or violence between groups which define themselves by their differences from each other' - is one of the fore- most human rights problems today.2 But the violence of the past 20 years differs from that of previous decades. Responsibility for current sectarian violence lies not with specific extremist groups but with gov- ernments which leverage inter-group hatred to gain power.3 Such sys- temic sources of communal violence threaten basic principles of democratic government and non-discrimination.4 Present-day communal violence originates in identity politics.5 Identity politics stress the group nature of rights, experience and iden- tity, whether based on race, sex, caste, class, language, religion or na- tional or regional origin.6 In many cases, the political-cultural movements which engage in identity politics seek fundamental juridi- cal changes, political power and, sometimes, cultural hegemony.7 Minority and women's rights advocates embrace identity politics because it has increased awareness of the legitimacy and unique expe- rience of different groups such as women or Asian-Americans.8 In contrast, however, the sectarian strife that has repeatedly torn India, Ireland, Sri Lanka and Pakistan illustrates its potential dangers. The experience of these countries demonstrates that identity politics not only fragments groups but also may render them "autistic."9 The rhetoric of identity politics allows groups to enclose themselves in their own myths of self-righteous victimhood so that they cannot hear or learn from anyone other than themselves.10 By over-valuing their own identity, group members distort the identity of non-group mem- bers" and lose recognition of the common public interest which they share with those non-group members.12 This perceived lack of com- mon ground undermines civic values, frustrates dialogue and facili- tates inter-group hostility. Such hostility manifests itself in communal violence.'3

The project "Passive Space Conditioning" is an Indo-German research project sponsored by the Indian and German governments. This report is the result of Phase I, which was started in July 1986 and completed in July1988. lt is a climatological census of India and a documentation of some examples of traditional rural housing related to the climatic zones defined. The aim of Phase II, which will end in December 1989, is to develop guidelines for the design of energy efficient, environment concious passive systems - for heating, for cooling and for humidity control - which provide comfortable living conditions in buddings, at low cost and without special technical requirements. Within Part I the climatic data of 233 stations were collected in India wich the help of the Indian Meteorological Department and analysed and compiled jointly by the Central Budding Research Institute (C.B.R.I.) and the research team at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi. The project was jointly funded by the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology (BMFT), Bonn, and the Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (DNES), Ministry of Energy, Govemment of India, New Delhi. The International Office at the Nuclear Research Centre Jülich (KFA-Jülich) has been instrumental in ensuring the success of this project. The analysis of die climatic data, its presentation in appropriate tables and the survey and evaluation of rural housing was carried out jointly by the Indo-German research team. The task, however, could not have been completed without the cooperation of the rural people, who received the research team wich traditional hospitality and provided them wich all the necessary facilities.

This paper investigates economic and political determinants of protection across the secondary (manufacturing) sector. Economic factors can be summarized by the infant industry argument and we expect industries which are relatively efficient compared to the rest-of-the-world to have low levels of protection. Moreover, the degree of protection should change as the relative efficiency of an industry changes over time. Political factors reflect pressure group politics: relatively inefficient industries may enjoy a great deal of protection because of political lobbying.

To many, India is a land of religious and ethnic conIlict, entrenched and corrupt bureaucracies, and Hollywood-fueled visions of resplendent maliarajahs and palaces in a sea of teeming poverty. Indeed,media coverage of recent events have sustained these images: the 1991 assassination of ex-Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, violent separatist movements in the Punjab and Kashmir, the 1992 stock market scam which implicated top government officials and nearly derailed initiatives to liberalize the economy, the demolition in late-1992 of the Babri Mosque of Hindu religious extremists and the widespread violence that followed.

Emphasizes the importance of sacred places in India and its relation to the conflicts between Sikhs and Hindus and between Hindus and Muslims. Sense of insecurity in some of the religious groups; Need for religious groups to assert their identity; Secularity of the Indian nation-state.

Following the International Population and Development Conference in Cairo, there has been widespread consensus in the international community that family planning (FP) programs must be people-centered and focus not just on contraception, but on the reproductive health (RH) of men and women throughout their lives. This policy brief reviews the research and policy implications of promoting the Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) as a component of FP counseling in India. The Government of India and the Population Council are using a pregnancy-based approach in Uttar Pradesh to improve the delivery of FP services through the rural primary health care system. Introducing pregnant women and their families to LAM offers a number of health benefits for mother and child. It promotes breastfeeding, which benefits the mother by reducing risk of postpartum hemorrhage and lowering risk of breast and ovarian cancers. The benefits to the fully breastfed infant include protection from hypothermia, neonatal hypoglycemia, and infections, in addition to nutritional advantages. Breastfeeding reduces postpartum fertility, thus delaying the need to use other contraceptive methods. LAM introduces couples to the concept of nonpermanent contraception and child spacing in a culturally acceptable way.

Increasing attention has been paid to quality of care (QOC) in family planning (FP) during the last few years, and there have been several initiatives to strengthen QOC in FP in the developing world. This paper reviews the quality of the FP program in India's public and private sectors, and examines six elements: choice of methods, information given to clients, technical competence, interpersonal relations, continuity of care and follow-up, and appropriate constellation of services. Overall, the paper finds that not much attention has been paid to QOC and hence the level is quite low. Evidence and observations indicate that QOC may be slightly better in the nongovernmental sector. In many areas adequate information is not available to assess QOC, especially in the private sector. Overall, substantial efforts are needed to improve QOC in FP in India. The paper discusses why QOC is poor and offers suggestions for improving each dimension. As the Government of India is actively considering revising its FP program strategy and adopting a reproductive health approach, it may be an opportune time to improve QOC in the family welfare program.

This paper assesses the relative strengths and weaknesses of India's public and private maize seed industries and examines future options for maize seed industry policies. By 1992, nearly as many maize researchers worked for private seed companies as for public breeding programs - a significant departure from earlier years, when public organizations conducted virtually all maize research in India. Private companies have concentrated almost exclusively on developing hybrids, which perform best in the favorable environments where most commercial maize production takes place, whereas public breeding programs have produced a somewhat wider range of materials, including a number of open-pollinating varieties (OPVs) developed specifically for environments where maize production potential is low. Seed production in the public sector and especially in the private sector appears to be reasonably efficient, judging by the level of reported seed production costs. However, seed certification procedures are sometimes ineffective, and a significant proportion of the maize seed produced in India escapes rigorous quality controls. Growth in sales of proprietary hybrids produced by private companies has been much more rapid than growth in sales of public OPVs and hybrids, indicating that private companies deliver seed to farmers more effectively than public agencies. Government involvement in seed production and distribution seems destined to decrease, with responsibility for those functions gradually shifting to the private sector. Even so, private companies will require continuing support from the public sector. There will always be a need for the public sector to participate in the maize seed industry, particularly in supporting basic germplasm improvement research and research targeted at marginal production environments.

This paper assesses the relative strengths and weaknesses of India's public and private maize seed industries and examines future options for maize seed industry policies. By 1992, nearly as many maize researchers worked for private seed companies as for public breeding programs - a significant departure from earlier years, when public organizations conducted virtually all maize research in India. Private companies have concentrated almost exclusively on developing hybrids, which perform best in the favorable environments where most commercial maize production takes place, whereas public breeding programs have produced a somewhat wider range of materials, including a number of open-pollinating varieties (OPVs) developed specifically for environments where maize production potential is low. Seed production in the public sector and especially in the private sector appears to be reasonably efficient, judging by the level of reported seed production costs. However, seed certification procedures are sometimes ineffective, and a significant proportion of the maize seed produced in India escapes rigorous quality controls. Growth in sales of proprietary hybrids produced by private companies has been much more rapid than growth in sales of public OPVs and hybrids, indicating that private companies deliver seed to farmers more effectively than public agencies. Government involvement in seed production and distribution seems destined to decrease, with responsibility for those functions gradually shifting to the private sector. Even so, private companies will require continuing support from the public sector. There will always be a need for the public sector to participate in the maize seed industry, particularly in supporting basic germplasm improvement research and research targeted at marginal production environments.

In 1896, an obscure out-of-office politician rose to prominence and the Democratic presidential nomination on the basis of a rousing speech condemning the gold standard. Working up to the conclusion of that oratory, William Jennings Bryan claimed: "the great cities rest upon our broad and fertile prairies. Burn down your cities and leave our farms, and your cities will spring up again as if by magic; but destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country (Bryan 1967)." ; PR ; IFPRI1; Globalization, Market and Trade Policy; nobio ; DGO

This item contains the entire volume of the book 'Waste Management for Sustainable Development in India' including the Introduction, Part One, Part Two, Part Three and Part Four. ; The Kanpur Research Project studied problems of industrial waste management, in Kanpur, India. The Project sought to define a public policy and planning framework that actively promotes the adoption of Low Waste Technologies (LWTs) through the following objectives: 1) to examine the current strategies for sustainability in India as reflected in the policy and legislative regimes, and the policy and planning processes and instruments used in relation to waste management; 2) to understand the nature and magnitude of the waste problems in Kanpur, and; 3) to explore potential solutions at the state and community levels. The papers in this volume describe the preliminary findings of this research project.

In recent years, much ofthe political debate in the West, East aud South has focused on the decentralization of responsibilities from the state to private enterprises and NGOs. But what potential is there for local communities to create their own govenlance structures able to deal with issues up till recently seen as the responsibility of the state? In this thesis, answer to this question is sought by analyzing two case studies from the semi-arid Coimbatore-region in South India from an institutionai perspective. One case concerns the efforts to involve farmers in irrigation water management in the Lower Bhavani Project, while the other focuses on the pressure on textile industrialists in Tirupur city to collectively treat their polluted effluent water. In both cases, the new distribution ofresponsibilities required that groups ofwater users would succeed in establishing new entities for collective action among themselves strong enough to prevent free-riding on a massive scale. Overcoming three main obstacles proved crucial in this process; meeting coordination costs, re-defining the notion of free-riding among resource users, and meeting motivation costs. Factors both within and outsicte the loeal community affected the degree ofsuccess. The distribution and lise of economic, moral and physical power between various actors and the interconnectedness between local and external institutions proved crucial for the establishrnent oflocal govemance stmctures. Moreover, the historical relation between the respective user group and the state has to a large extent affected the goals and strategies oflocal entities of eolleetive action. Clearly, resource management problems at localleve1 can not be solved by simply decentralizing responsibilities from the state to groups ofresource users. Rather, the state could playan important role by initiating, supporting and directing slich local entities of collective action.

This item contains Part One: Background of the book 'Waste Management for Sustainable Development in India'. Part One presents background information on Kanpur and on the subject of low waste technologies. ; The Kanpur Research Project studied problems of industrial waste management, in Kanpur, India. The Project sought to define a public policy and planning framework that actively promotes the adoption of Low Waste Technologies (LWTs) through the following objectives: 1) to examine the current strategies for sustainability in India as reflected in the policy and legislative regimes, and the policy and planning processes and instruments used in relation to waste management; 2) to understand the nature and magnitude of the waste problems in Kanpur, and; 3) to explore potential solutions at the state and community levels. The papers in this volume describe the preliminary findings of this research project.