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Indigenous populations worldwide are experiencing social, cultural, demographic, nutritional, and psychoemotional changes that have a profound impact on health. Regardless of their geographical location or sociopolitical situation, health indicators are always poorer for indigenous populations than for nonindigenous ones. The determinants of this gap are multiple and interactive, and their analysis requires a biocultural framework. Indigenous populations suffer from lower life expectancy, high infant and child mortality, high maternal morbidity and mortality, heavy infectious disease loads, malnutrition, stunted growth, increasing levels of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases, substance abuse, and depression. The devastating effects of colonization, the loss of ancestral land, and language and cultural barriers for access to health care are among the most salient themes characterizing the poor health situation of indigenous people. Anthropology is extremely well suited to address the interplay among social, economic, and political forces that shape the local experiences of illness.

This book documents poverty systematically for the world's indigenous peoples in developing regions in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The volume compiles results for roughly 85 percent of the world's indigenous peoples. It draws on nationally representative data to compare trends in countries' poverty rates and other social indicators with those for indigenous sub-populations and provides comparable data for a wide range of countries all over the world. It estimates global poverty numbers and analyzes other important development indicators, such as schooling, health and social protection. Provocatively, the results show a marked difference in results across regions, with rapid poverty reduction among indigenous (and non-indigenous) populations in Asia contrasting with relative stagnation - and in some cases falling back - in Latin America and Africa

Introduction /Gillette H. Hall and Harry Anthony Patrinos --Indigenous peoples and development goals : a global snapshot /Kevin Alan David Macdonald --Becoming indigenous : identity and heterogeneity in a global movement /Jerome M. Levi and Biorn Maybury-Lewis --Indigenous peoples in Central Africa : the case of the Pygmies /Quentin Wodon, Prospere Backiny-Yetna, and Arbi Ben-Achour --China : a case study in rapid poverty reduction /Emily Hannum and Meiyan Wang --India : the scheduled tribes /Maitreyi Bordia Das [and others] --Laos : ethnolinguistic diversity and disadvantage /Elizabeth M. King and Dominique van de Walle --Vietnam : a widening poverty gap for ethnic minorities /Hai-Ahn Dang --Latin America / Gillette H. Hall and Harry Anthony Patrinos --Conclusion /Gillette H. Hall and Harry Anthony Patrinos.