Dès le xixe siècle, l'individu est l'objet de nombreuses études, dans les champs des sciences sociales, humaines et biologiques. Si l'individu est souvent mis en relation avec le social, le politique ou le vivant, il intéresse peu les sciences de l'information et de la communication. En ce xxie siècle, au moment où l'humain établit ses relations au monde à partir d'informations personnelles ou publiques, nous soutenons que l'individu communiquant peut se définir à partir de références psychologiques et psychiques, sociologiques, biologiques ancrées dans le xxe siècle, afin d'éviter sa réduction en un fournisseur d'informations pour ferme de données. ; In the 19th century, the individual became the object of a great deal of study in the social sciences, humanities and biological sciences. The individual is often viewed in relation to social or political issues or the living world, but attracts little interest from the information and communication sciences. In our 21st century context, at a time when human beings are establishing their relationships with the world through information, both personal and public, we believe that to preserve the individual from being reduced to the status of a mere purveyor of information for the information farm, the communicating individual can be defined on the basis of psychological, mental, sociological and biological references that are rooted in the 20th century.
Employment protection refers both to regulations governing hiring and firing rules and finds its sources in legislation, collectively bargained conditions or customary practice. For about fifteen years, a large macroeconomic literature has studied the impact of employment protection on the labor market?s performances, or more precisely the effects of firing rules on the employment rate, the unemployment duration and rate. More recent works begin to emphasize other consequences of employment protection, i.e. its effects in terms of incentives on the behavior of individuals : facing a given legislation in terms of dismissal, economic agents adapt themselves, react and tend to adopt a strategic behavior. This thesis is related to this literature by exploring the individual incentives generated by labor law. Indeed, labor law related to firing and its enforcement by the courts have consequences on the behavior of parties to a labor relationship at several levels. On one hand, dismissal laws have an impact ex ante on the respective investment levels of employers and workers within their relationship : indeed, the way courts adjudicate a dispute due to a dismissal and notably the elements which are taken into account in their decisions have an impact on the incentives of parties to make specific investments. Thus, the theoretical analysis which is displayed shows what economic and social elements judges should take into account if their objective is the maximization of investment levels chosen by both parties. On the other hand, the design of judicial procedures also has an impact of the behavior of agents once the conflict has begun between the parties. By leading comparisons between several disputes? resolution systems thanks to theoretical tools and an experimental analysis, this thesis participates to current legal debates over the ability of procedures to generate as many agreements as possible, allowing for the reduction of judicial costs. ; La protection de l'emploi se définit comme la réglementation encadrant ...
Employment protection refers both to regulations governing hiring and firing rules and finds its sources in legislation, collectively bargained conditions or customary practice. For about fifteen years, a large macroeconomic literature has studied the impact of employment protection on the labor market?s performances, or more precisely the effects of firing rules on the employment rate, the unemployment duration and rate. More recent works begin to emphasize other consequences of employment protection, i.e. its effects in terms of incentives on the behavior of individuals : facing a given legislation in terms of dismissal, economic agents adapt themselves, react and tend to adopt a strategic behavior. This thesis is related to this literature by exploring the individual incentives generated by labor law. Indeed, labor law related to firing and its enforcement by the courts have consequences on the behavior of parties to a labor relationship at several levels. On one hand, dismissal laws have an impact ex ante on the respective investment levels of employers and workers within their relationship : indeed, the way courts adjudicate a dispute due to a dismissal and notably the elements which are taken into account in their decisions have an impact on the incentives of parties to make specific investments. Thus, the theoretical analysis which is displayed shows what economic and social elements judges should take into account if their objective is the maximization of investment levels chosen by both parties. On the other hand, the design of judicial procedures also has an impact of the behavior of agents once the conflict has begun between the parties. By leading comparisons between several disputes? resolution systems thanks to theoretical tools and an experimental analysis, this thesis participates to current legal debates over the ability of procedures to generate as many agreements as possible, allowing for the reduction of judicial costs. ; La protection de l'emploi se définit comme la réglementation encadrant ...
International audience ; In general philosophy, an individual is a being, distinct from other beings. It is the elementary term that is arrived at by analytically decomposing a composed reality and that cannot itself be decomposed into individuals. It is thus defined by its unity (internal cohesion) and by its uniqueness (external differentiation). Internal cohesion can be thought of in at least two ways, as simplicity (the individual is not composed of parts) or as self-sufficiency (the individual is an autonomous being). External differentiation can also be thought of in at least two ways: as separation (an individual is separated from others by spatio-temporal boundaries) or as singularity (an individual is distinguished from others by his or her unique nature) . In political philosophy, the term takes on another meaning: an individual is a particular human being. From one concept to another, however, there is less substitution than reduction: a particular human being is a human being who is one (it is not a collection of men, but one) and distinct from other beings (other men). Just as the individual in the general sense is sometimes conceived, according to a physical paradigm, as an elementary atom entering into the composition of a body, or again, according to a biological paradigm, as a specimen of a species, situated in a genealogy , the individual of politics is presented alternately as the elementary atom of the social body or as the particular specimen of the human species. Political terminology only follows the evolution of everyday language, which from the seventeenth century onwards identifies the "individual" with the particular man. But this lexical reduction risks being accompanied by the eviction of an essential question: who are the individuals (in the general sense) of politics? Lexical evolution alone does not allow us to evacuate this question. It would be tantamount either to considering it resolved, by postulating that the particular man is the only individual who is of interest to ...
International audience ; In general philosophy, an individual is a being, distinct from other beings. It is the elementary term that is arrived at by analytically decomposing a composed reality and that cannot itself be decomposed into individuals. It is thus defined by its unity (internal cohesion) and by its uniqueness (external differentiation). Internal cohesion can be thought of in at least two ways, as simplicity (the individual is not composed of parts) or as self-sufficiency (the individual is an autonomous being). External differentiation can also be thought of in at least two ways: as separation (an individual is separated from others by spatio-temporal boundaries) or as singularity (an individual is distinguished from others by his or her unique nature) . In political philosophy, the term takes on another meaning: an individual is a particular human being. From one concept to another, however, there is less substitution than reduction: a particular human being is a human being who is one (it is not a collection of men, but one) and distinct from other beings (other men). Just as the individual in the general sense is sometimes conceived, according to a physical paradigm, as an elementary atom entering into the composition of a body, or again, according to a biological paradigm, as a specimen of a species, situated in a genealogy , the individual of politics is presented alternately as the elementary atom of the social body or as the particular specimen of the human species. Political terminology only follows the evolution of everyday language, which from the seventeenth century onwards identifies the "individual" with the particular man. But this lexical reduction risks being accompanied by the eviction of an essential question: who are the individuals (in the general sense) of politics? Lexical evolution alone does not allow us to evacuate this question. It would be tantamount either to considering it resolved, by postulating that the particular man is the only individual who is of interest to ...
International audience ; In general philosophy, an individual is a being, distinct from other beings. It is the elementary term that is arrived at by analytically decomposing a composed reality and that cannot itself be decomposed into individuals. It is thus defined by its unity (internal cohesion) and by its uniqueness (external differentiation). Internal cohesion can be thought of in at least two ways, as simplicity (the individual is not composed of parts) or as self-sufficiency (the individual is an autonomous being). External differentiation can also be thought of in at least two ways: as separation (an individual is separated from others by spatio-temporal boundaries) or as singularity (an individual is distinguished from others by his or her unique nature) . In political philosophy, the term takes on another meaning: an individual is a particular human being. From one concept to another, however, there is less substitution than reduction: a particular human being is a human being who is one (it is not a collection of men, but one) and distinct from other beings (other men). Just as the individual in the general sense is sometimes conceived, according to a physical paradigm, as an elementary atom entering into the composition of a body, or again, according to a biological paradigm, as a specimen of a species, situated in a genealogy , the individual of politics is presented alternately as the elementary atom of the social body or as the particular specimen of the human species. Political terminology only follows the evolution of everyday language, which from the seventeenth century onwards identifies the "individual" with the particular man. But this lexical reduction risks being accompanied by the eviction of an essential question: who are the individuals (in the general sense) of politics? Lexical evolution alone does not allow us to evacuate this question. It would be tantamount either to considering it resolved, by postulating that the particular man is the only individual who is of interest to ...
This work consists of a collection of empirical studies about distributive justice. The object of the work is to study individuals' views on how scarce resources should be distributed in the society. Individuals' preferences are either elicited as beliefs and judgments or observed as behaviors in a number of distributive contexts. We are both interested in revealing the individuals' conceptions of justice and in understanding the rationales behind distributive choices. In the first part, we study the entitlement to priority rights in the context of trasferts between generations (bequests and retirement) and in the context of health care. The framework used in the second part deals with situations where a trade-off exists between one's own private interest and the others' one. In particular, this trade-off is analysed with respect to the issue of redistributive public policies and in a context of bargaining occurring between agents with asymetric claims. Throughout we assume that individuals take distributive decisions or express distributional judgments, by taking into consideration broader reasons than their personal material interest. We consider more specifically fairness and reciprocity rationales. The assumptions are validated through empirical evidence. ; Cette thèse a pour objet l'examen empirique des préférences individuelles dans certains problèmes de distribution. L'analyse des préférences individuelles est menée à partir de leur expression sous forme d'opinions, de jugements et de choix. D'une part, nous mettons à jour les conceptions individuelles du juste sur lesquelles repose l'évaluation normative de certaines règles d'allocation de ressources, droits et obligations. Nous cherchons d'autre part à comprendre les raisons qui guident les individus dans leurs choix distributifs. La thèse se compose de six études indépendantes utilisant différentes méthodes empiriques (questionnaires, enquêtes et expériences de laboratoire). La première partie de la thèse traite de l'attribution de droits prioritaires dans le contexte de l'économie des transferts entre générations (héritage et retraites) et dans le domaine de la santé. Dans la deuxième partie, nous étudions des situations où le choix distributif résulte d'un arbitrage entre l'intérêt personnel de l'agent et celui d'autrui. Nous étudions cet arbitrage dans le cadre des politiques publiques de type redistributif et dans une situation de marchandage stylisé entre des agents ayant des revendications asymétriques. Dans cette partie, nous faisons l'hypothèse que les motifs et les déterminants des choix ne se réduisent pas aux intérêts privés des agents. En particulier, nous prenons en compte les attentions à l'autre et les considérations d'équité et de réciprocité. Nous validons cette hypothèse par le biais d'un certain nombre de tests économétriques et expérimentaux.
Le carnet de recherche Hypothèses (en construction) reprend le mémoire d'HDR : https://depuislestalag11a.hypotheses.org/ ; This Habilitation to Conduct Research is divided into two main parts.L'hétérotopie du topinambour. Confidences d'un faux baby-boomer, coming from ego-history, goes back over the career of the author, a "fourth generation" sports historian, connected to a school of meaning and experience and enamelled with artistic experiences. This essay proposes to decipher the successive processes, punctuated by encounters, woven from readings and epistemological research, allowing us to characterize his place as a historian in a field that is largely constituted. In so doing, this first part, resolutely epistemological, takes an interest in subjectivity, if only to apprehend, understand and shed light on the personal involvement of researchers in theirobjects of study, the focal points they favor, or the life experiences that interfere with their way of making history.Pour une biographie que nous n'avons pas écrite, Roger Lemonnier : jardinier, militaire et prisonnier de guerre (1911-1995), is part of the biographical narrative. This unpublished work lays the foundations of a project that will go beyond the few chapters presented in this dissertation. While the biographer, grandson of the biographer, tries to keep the right distance essential to the historical process, he is at the same time confronted with incomplete primary sources: a captivity notebook, a 26-minute film documentary and some administrative documents. So, isit possible to write this biography? This is the question at the heart of the three constituent parts of this novel. Each of them is part of the overall research project. The narrative itself is only the result of a reflection on the writing of history with the intention of immersing the reader jointly in the life story and the mysteries of a historical investigation. This project, inspired by the work of François Dosse and Alain Corbin, considers, in the tradition of I. Jablonka, history as a "contemporary literature" whose mission is to share the sensible. In order to ensure the reader's immersion, the narrative summons up writing inducers to serve as a demonstration of some aspect of the biographer's life, his feelings or the emotions of a prisoner who writes to escape imprisonment but re-actualizes the social, political and professional constraints and frustrations that his body has experienced. ; Ce mémoire d'Habilitation à Diriger des Recherche se décompose en deux grandes parties.L'hétérotopie du topinambour. Confidences d'un faux baby-boomer, relevant de l'égo-histoire, revient sur le parcours de l'auteur, historien du sport de « quatrième génération », relié à une école du sens, de l'expérience et émaillé d'expériences artistiques. Cet essai propose de décrypter les processus successifs, rythmés de rencontres, tissés de lectures et de recherches épistémologiques, permettant de caractériser sa place d'historien dans un champ largement constitué. Ce faisant, cette première partie, résolument épistémologique, porte un intérêt à la subjectivité, ne serait-ce que pour appréhender, comprendre et éclairer l'implication personnelle des chercheurs dans leurs objets d'étude, les focales qu'ils privilégient ou les expériences de vie qui interfèrent dans leur manière de faire de l'histoire.Pour une biographie que nous n'avons pas écrite, Roger Lemonnier : jardinier, militaire et prisonnier de guerre (1911-1995), relève du récit biographique. Cet inédit pose les bases d'un projet qui ira au-delà des quelques chapitres présentés dans ce mémoire. Alors que le biographe, petit-fils du biographé, tente de garder la juste distance indispensable à la démarche historique, il se trouve parallèlement confronté à des sources primaires lacunaires : un carnet de captivité, un documentaire cinématographique de 26 minutes et quelques documents administratifs. Dès lors, l'écriture de cette biographie est-elle possible ? Telle est la question au cœur des trois parties constitutives de cet inédit. Chacune d'entre-elles participe du projet de recherche global. Le récit proprement dit n'est que la résultante d'une réflexion sur l'écriture de l'histoire ayant pour intention d'immerger le lecteur conjointement dans le récit de vie et les arcanes d'une enquête historique. Empreint des travaux de François Dosse et Alain Corbin, ce projet considère, dans la lignée d'I. Jablonka, l'histoire comme une « littérature contemporaine » dont la mission est le partage du sensible. Afin d'assurer l'immersion du lecteur, le récit convoque des inducteurs d'écriture pour servir la démonstration sur tel aspect de la vie du biographé, de ses ressentis ou les émotions d'un prisonnier qui écrit pour échapper à l'enfermement mais réactualise les contraintes et frustrationssociales, politiques et professionnelles que son corps a vécues
Recognition is typically presented either as a success, or as a failure. However the many challenges presented to Western democratic societies require that we look for a way out of is tragic duality. How can one escape the misfortune of recognition? Recognition is the foundational concept of a diverse array of theories and policies. It is based on the interplay among various identities and cultures which collectively constitute diversity. Diversity is the concept on which official and unofficial policies of pluralism, that is to say policies to promote diversity, are based. This is the heart of a significant problem at the intersection of politics, sociology and philosophy. On the one hand, recognition crystallizes factors of diversity. On the other hand, diversity as characterized by a proliferation of cultures that are fluid and potentially variable over time, blocks the recognition process. How then to combine diversity and recognition? Diversity prevents recognition and recognition prevents diversity. One precludes the other. Introducing the notion of failure in the interplay between diversity and recognition permits one to identify the most problematic areas: the very foundation of recognition, the terms of non-recognition, and the issue of violence which is the real blind-spot of the most common theories and policies. From these difficulties, and after an exercise in deconstruction, we propose a reconstruction of the concept of recognition, a renewed track, consisting of the sections underpinned by the postulate of the radical self-determination of individuals and groups. The first aspect rests on separation. Separation is resistance to conformity and conversion in the form, for example of an obligation to forced assimilation. The second aspect concerns diversity as a premise for a new policy of recognition conceived from the standpoint of diversity. The effects of this new policy are more significant at the individual level than at the collective level. The third aspect relates to the importance of the ...
Recognition is typically presented either as a success, or as a failure. However the many challenges presented to Western democratic societies require that we look for a way out of is tragic duality. How can one escape the misfortune of recognition? Recognition is the foundational concept of a diverse array of theories and policies. It is based on the interplay among various identities and cultures which collectively constitute diversity. Diversity is the concept on which official and unofficial policies of pluralism, that is to say policies to promote diversity, are based. This is the heart of a significant problem at the intersection of politics, sociology and philosophy. On the one hand, recognition crystallizes factors of diversity. On the other hand, diversity as characterized by a proliferation of cultures that are fluid and potentially variable over time, blocks the recognition process. How then to combine diversity and recognition? Diversity prevents recognition and recognition prevents diversity. One precludes the other. Introducing the notion of failure in the interplay between diversity and recognition permits one to identify the most problematic areas: the very foundation of recognition, the terms of non-recognition, and the issue of violence which is the real blind-spot of the most common theories and policies. From these difficulties, and after an exercise in deconstruction, we propose a reconstruction of the concept of recognition, a renewed track, consisting of the sections underpinned by the postulate of the radical self-determination of individuals and groups. The first aspect rests on separation. Separation is resistance to conformity and conversion in the form, for example of an obligation to forced assimilation. The second aspect concerns diversity as a premise for a new policy of recognition conceived from the standpoint of diversity. The effects of this new policy are more significant at the individual level than at the collective level. The third aspect relates to the importance of the ...
Richard Powers' novels are best known for the diverse and rich quality of their themes, for the density of their historic and socio-economic contents, as well as for the level of technicality with which they handle a variety of scientific themes, yet they also leave a place of choice to the characters. Their role consists in both mirroring a social reality and holding the paramount function of organizing the course of the narrative, as they express Powers' vision of contemporary America and constitute a space of literary experimentation. These novels focus on the ways human beings who are caught in a world saturated with new technological means and struggling through constant social and political mutations, can fight to preserve and reinvent their personal identity. The author chooses both a sociological and philosophical approach by expressing his vision of the contemporary American society and by putting at the very center of his works the notion of relationship to oneself and to others. The narrative implications of such interests in the increasing complexity of the ontological status of the individual are multiple and lead to the construction of changing and discontinuous characters who refract more than they absorb an energy that can be recirculated at the triple level of the fiction, the readers, and the act of writing. Accounting for the destruction of the unity of the individual in the contemporary American world, the modalities of Powers' character writing push back the boundaries of the traditional individualistic and personal concept of literary character and substitute to it a paradoxically welcoming, fragmentary and impersonal vision of the human nature. ; Plus connue pour le foisonnement et la richesse de ses thèmes, pour la densité de son contenu historique, socioéconomique, et pour la technicité avec laquelle elle manipule divers domaines scientifiques, l'œuvre de Powers laisse pourtant également une très large place à ses personnages. Jouant le double rôle de reflets de la société et de piliers ...
Richard Powers' novels are best known for the diverse and rich quality of their themes, for the density of their historic and socio-economic contents, as well as for the level of technicality with which they handle a variety of scientific themes, yet they also leave a place of choice to the characters. Their role consists in both mirroring a social reality and holding the paramount function of organizing the course of the narrative, as they express Powers' vision of contemporary America and constitute a space of literary experimentation. These novels focus on the ways human beings who are caught in a world saturated with new technological means and struggling through constant social and political mutations, can fight to preserve and reinvent their personal identity. The author chooses both a sociological and philosophical approach by expressing his vision of the contemporary American society and by putting at the very center of his works the notion of relationship to oneself and to others. The narrative implications of such interests in the increasing complexity of the ontological status of the individual are multiple and lead to the construction of changing and discontinuous characters who refract more than they absorb an energy that can be recirculated at the triple level of the fiction, the readers, and the act of writing. Accounting for the destruction of the unity of the individual in the contemporary American world, the modalities of Powers' character writing push back the boundaries of the traditional individualistic and personal concept of literary character and substitute to it a paradoxically welcoming, fragmentary and impersonal vision of the human nature. ; Plus connue pour le foisonnement et la richesse de ses thèmes, pour la densité de son contenu historique, socioéconomique, et pour la technicité avec laquelle elle manipule divers domaines scientifiques, l'œuvre de Powers laisse pourtant également une très large place à ses personnages. Jouant le double rôle de reflets de la société et de piliers ...
The last 25 years have seen a revival of empirical methods in many areas of economic analysis. Among these, more and more emphasis has been placed on the use of experimental methods, in particular as a preferred empirical tool for exploring the new opportunities offered by behavioural economics. The expansion of the empirical methods that followed this trend, the accumulation of a number of significant results has led the Economic News to propose an overview of this literature, not only to present its premisses and to draw an interim review, but also to present its prospects. In the strict sense, experimental economy methods use the principles of the experimental method, inspired by natural sciences, to assess predictions of economic models with a particular focus on individual behaviours. Traditionally, there are three pillars on which this method is based. The first pillar consists of monitoring the environment in which individual choices are made. In laboratory experience, the researcher shall try to monitor as much as possible the context in which economic agents make their decisions, in order to isolate the effect of a particular treatment. Typically, the experimental method makes it possible to specify precisely and precisely the exchange institutions and the form of social interaction, the ways in which choices are presented and the response scales in order to control the environment of choice as effectively as possible. The second pillar is the control of random assignment of participants in different treatments. This second pillar is fundamental for the identification of treatment effects and the expected underlying empirical assessment. The third, most contested pillar, is based on the existence of monetary incentives to ensure that laboratory choices are associated with real economic consequences. ; International audience ; The last 25 years have seen a revival of empirical methods in many areas of economic analysis. Among these, more and more emphasis has been placed on the use of experimental ...
Since a few years the individual has returned to social science debates through their community, societal and national "affiliations". Liberals are opposed to "communitarians" in order to place individuals in the face of power and optimise their rights in modern, complex and multicultural societies. However, the process of political modernisation _ with the formation of the nation state _ had extracted the individual from his or her 'vital' relations in order to place him directly vis-à-vis the State as a citizen, thus replacing loyalty vis_à_vis-à-vis peers with loyalty vis_à_vis the political community and affectivity through rationality as an indicator of progress and empowerment. As for the process of economic modernisation leading to social transformations, it has been accompanied by dichotomic analyses of social relations and modes of solidarity (.). ; Depuis quelques années l'individu reprend sa place dans les débats en sciences sociales à travers ses " appartenances " communautaire, sociétale, nationale. Les libéraux s'opposent aux " communautaristes " pour situer l'individu face au pouvoir et optimiser ses droits dans les sociétés modernes, complexes et multiculturelles. Or le processus de modernisation politique _ avec la formation de l'État_nation _ avait extrait l'individu de ses relations dites primordiales pour le situer directement face à l'État en tant que citoyen, remplaçant ainsi la loyauté vis_à_vis des pairs par la loyauté vis_à_vis de la communauté politique et l'affectivité par la rationalité comme indicateur du progrès et de l'émancipation. Quant au processus de modernisation économique à l'origine de transformations sociales, il s'est accompagné d'analyses dichotomiques des relations sociales et des modes de solidarité (.).
Dottorato di ricerca in Storia d'Europa: società, politica, istituzioni (XIX-XX secolo) ; La storia del movimento libertario italiano in esilio in Francia rimane un tema ancora scarsamente studiato. Questa tesi è nata da questa constatazione e fa seguito a un precedente lavoro realizzato nel quadro di una tesi di Master II sui comitati Anarchici Pro Vittime Politiche d'Italia1. Questi lavori avevano permessi di confermare parecchie piste e di validare diversi conclusioni. Il ricorso a delle fonti nuove aveva messo in luce delle prospettive inedite e aveva fatto comparire nuove problematiche. Tuttavia, conviene spostare questo studio in un quadro più ampio, quello delle migrazioni politiche del fuoruscitismo e dell'antifascismo in Francia. Effetivamente, la vicinanza con l'Italia e l'anzianità dell'insediamento della comunità italiana nella regione fanno della città focese e più largamente del sud-est della Francia uno sbocco naturale per questo flusso di migranti. Tra le due guerre, gli Italiani rappresentano il gruppo il più importante tra gli stranieri esiliati in Francia. Peraltro, la storiografia si è concentrata sui partiti di massa occultando le formazioni politiche minoritarie che sono per esempio la corrente socialista massimalista, i giellisti e gli anarchici. I nostri ultimi lavori sulla città marsigliese avevano rivelato una componente anarchica italiana fino ad ora sottovalutata perchè in gran'parte clandestina. D'altra parte, gli studii degli storici hanno sopratutto privilegiati i ritratti dei ténors2, dei personnaggi più famosi dell'antifascismo a danno degli «oscuri»3. Tramite il percorso di un militante secondario del movimento libertario italiano, Pio Turroni, questo studio ripercorre le vicende degli anarchici italiani in esilio in Francia e più particolarmente nella regione sud-est tra le due guerre. Dopo un bilancio storiografico e un inventario del materiale mobilitato per ricomporre la storia del movimento italiano all'estero abbiamo deciso di scrivere la biografia di uno di loro per studiare il percorso del gruppo intero. Il cambiamento di scala, il passaggio del ritratto di gruppo allo studio di un percorso individuale permette in fine di studiare l'impegno individuale di un 'attore e la fitta rete delle 1 Françoise Fontanelli Morel, «I comitati Pro Vittime Politiche d'Italia» à Marseille dans l'entre-deux-guerres. Histoire d'une organisation anarchiste en exil, Mémoire de Master II sous la direction de Jean-Marie Guillon, Aix-Marseille I, 2011. 2 Usando un'espressione di Pierre Milza per definire i stati maggiori dell'antifascismo. 3 Usando una parola cara - "les obscurs"- allo storico dell'anarchismo francese, Jean Maitron. Il "sottosuolo" come lo chiama Maurizio Antonioli. sue relazioni sia nel movimento anarchico in esilio che nel seno delle altre famiglie dell'antifascismo italiano. Questo studio analizza la cultura politica, le pratiche e le strategie di un insieme di militanti a partire da uno degli anelli de la catena. Provando di fare della biografia di Pio Turroni un'entrata permettendo di capire la storia delle rete anarchiche in esilio in Francia e al di là contribuire a una migliore conoscenza della storia dell'antifascismo e della loro inserzione nel tessuto politico e sociale dei paesi d'adozione. ; The History of Italian libertarian movement in exile to France, is a faintly studied topic . By this analysis, I hereby declare written this thesis, after a precedent study done as part of a second Master's degree about Comitati Anarchici Pro Vittime Politiche d'Italia1. This precedent work brings me some important information to confirm trails and approve several conclusions. The access of new resource of information allowed to put forward previously unseen possibilities and news issues. It is important to situate this study in link with an another wide topic: the politics migration of the fuoruscitismo and Anti-fascism in France. In fact, proximity with Italy and the old settlement of Italian community in the region, make Marseille and South-east France a natural passage for migrant-flow. During interwar period, Italian people represent the most important group among foreigners who are exiled in France. Firstly, historiography is focused on the masses parties eclipsing the creation of politics minorities groups like Socialist-maximalist, Giustizia e libertà movement and anarchist. Our last work on the city of Marseille revealed a constitutive movement of Italian's anarchists until now underestimated because their actions were mainly clandestine. Secondly, historians favored particularly portraits of « ténors2 » to deal with anti-fascisme of the most famous figures to the detriment of « obscurs3 ». This study traces the history of Italians anarchists who were exiled in France and particularly in South-east France during interwar, through the path of a secondary militant from Italian libertarian movement, Pio Turroni. After a historiographic assessment and an inventory of sources mobilized to complete this study, we decided to write the biography of one amongst themselves to work on the history of the entire group. Change at scale, passage from the group's portrait to the study of an individual trajectory enables to understand the role of a character played 1 Françoise Fontanelli Morel, « I comitati Pro Vittime Politiche d'Italia » à Marseille durant l'entre-deux-guerres. Histoire d'une organisation anarchiste en exil. Second Master's degree extended essay supervised by Jean-Marie Guillon, Aix-Marseille I, 2011. 2 According to the term of Pierre Milza, to define managers of anti-fascism. 3 To use a specific terminology « les obscurs » which belongs to the historian Jean Maitron specialist of the French anarchy. Il « sottosuolo » of the movement underlined by Maurizio Antonioli. by an individual commitment and galloping network of his relations within anarchist movement in exile like others Italian anti-fascism groups. Finally, this study analyses cultural politics, practices and strategies of a militants group from the link plays by Pio Turroni. From the biography of Pio Turroni, we tried to create a way to understand the History of anarchists network in exile to France, and above all contributes to a better knowledge about antifascism and its insertion into the political and social fabric of receiving countries.
