China has both mandatory and voluntary individual account pensions that are provided through the government. The experience of China makes a particularly interesting case study concerning the functioning of individual accounts in that its mandatory individual accounts have been defunded to pay for benefits in the associated pay-as-you-go system, while its voluntary individual accounts are fully funded. This paper examines three questions. First, it analyses why the mandatory individual accounts have become defunded and converted largely to notional accounts generally holding little in financial assets, while the voluntary accounts have been fully funded. Second, it examines the merits of funding versus pay-as-you-go financing of pensions in the context of China's economic and demographic situation. Third, it discusses a policy change to insure the sustainability of financing for the defunded individual accounts. The experience of China, with its two types of individual accounts, and with different outcomes for those accounts, may provide lessons for other countries.
If many wild animals have net negative lives, then we have to consider how likely it is that the good for animals, considered as individuals, aligns with the good for species, or the climate, or the preservation of wild spaces.
Our presentation investigates how Voivodina organizes the institutional means for cultures to live together. Our subject matter is the innovative Serbian method of personal autonomy: the system of national minority councils, ensuring the self-organization of cultural communities. We discuss how are NMCs useful for community members to retain their identity and how are they able to present a given collective identity. NMCs are exemplary even for the entire EU, though they also generate new conflicts between (and within) neighbouring cultural groups. We emphasise this because the European civil initiative of minority protection by FUEN (Federative Union of European Nationalities) was rejected by the European Commission. Making use of this relatively recent EU-institution, the initiators wished to oblige the European Council to regulate the issue with the document Minority Safepack Initiative (MSI). The MSI has six areas to regulate: language, educational/cultural, regional politics, presence of minorities in the EP, anti-discrimination, media regulation/support politics. The EU does have its language policy and (a not too efficient) regional policy. But there is not explicit policy to address community or personal identities. Serbia, only an applicant yet, is attempting to form specific institution (based on its own cultural variety and past), and could also serve as an example for European member countries as well, including those who will judge Serbia's democratic maturity by the so-called Copenhagen criteria.
There are many ancient language families in the world. Among them, the Dravidian language family is considered essential. The grammatical system and its trends have changed at various stages in the grammar composed in Tamil among the other languages. Grammar is about explaining those rules. The concept of individual theory develops by interpreting the structure of a language with structural order, using a specific grammatical theoretical concept for a given language over a period of time. Individualism does not operate in the context of any language, but it can construct the grammar of a language written over a period of time. The concepts of grammar are written under the categories such as, summation, type, extension, genealogy, etc., by using social, political, and academic problems to present individual theory. The interpretation of the structural order of language as a separate text without a linguistic background is consistent with the concept of individualism.
Recently, F. Rosen has reminded us that, although Bentham was one of the greatest advocates of democracy, he never thought democracy should be government by the people. As a democrat, all his efforts were limited to the feasible, to reducing the harm caused bay "sinister interests", resulting form government by the "ruling few". John Stuart Mill accepts this idea of inevitability of minorities in politics and he went further than Bentham with his argument, in favour of a limitation of the suffrage. Mill had already put forward, in general, a vindication of minorities in fields such as society, morality, religion, art, sexual freedom. He summed up that attitude in On Liberty, in his legitimation of that extreme minority, the individual, where he upheld the importance of respect for eccentricity. The respect for individuality was already presente in Bentham (the defence of homosexuality, for example), but his enthusias for the objectivity of the rational prevented him from reaching Mill's much more coherent conclusions. The examination of their different attitudes enables us to consider the value of an active role for minorities in society, a role that must be closely controlled when it leads them to the exercise of political power. ; Recientemente, Fred Rosen nos ha recordado que, aunque Bentham fue uno de los grandes defensores de la democracia, él nunca pensó que la Democracia debiera ser el gobierno del pueblo. Como demócrata todos sus esfuerzos se limitaron a lo accesible, a reducir el daño causado por los "intereses siniestros" que proceden del poder de los pocos que gobiernan. John Stuart Mill acepta esta idea de la inevitabilidad de las minorías en la política y va más allá que Bentham con su argumento a favor de una limitación del sufragio. Mill ya había sostenido una defensa de las minorías en dominios como la sociedad, la moralidad, la religión, el arte o la libertad sexual. Resumió esta posición en On Liberty con su legitimación de la minoría extrema, el individuo, en la que sustentó la importancia del respeto por la excentricidad. El respeto por la individualidad siempre estuvo presente en Bentham (la defensa de la homosexualidad, por ejemplo), pero su entusiasmo por la objetividad de lo racional evitó que llegara a las mismas conclusiones mucho más coherentes de Mill. El examen de sus diferentes actitudes nos permite considerar el valor de un papel activo para las minorías dentro de la sociedad, un papel que debe estar estrechamente controlado cuando las conduce al ejercicio del poder político. ; This paper has been developed inside a research project supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education.
Individual variation in behaviour adds another layer of complexity to studies of animal responses to fear and risk, but when individual responses are consistent, and correlated with other behaviours, these patterns can provide a structure that furthers our understanding. I interpret Beauchamp's review of vigilance and fear from the perspective of my own studies of elk personality. Wild elk responses to changing stimuli (benign or aversive) illustrate how personality is a key factor in explaining variation in vigilance and fear behavior. Personality even influences how wildlife can learn to assess risk and adjust their fear responses accordingly.
Risk aversion is an important factor in many settings, including individual decisions about investment or occupational choice, and government choices about policies affecting environmental, industrial, or health risks. Risk preferences are measured using surveys or incentivized games with real consequences. Reviewing the different approaches to measuring individual risk aversion shows that the best approach will depend on the question being asked and the study's target population. In particular, economists' gold standard of incentivized games may not be superior to surveys in all settings.
The research made possible to explain why economic freedom was a factor that contributed to improving individual well-being in Peru during the period 1970-2014. Based on this objective, a descriptive analysis was performed on the relationship between the variables, plus two approximations were used based on the inferential analysis: Spearman correlation coefficient and Ordinary Least Squares estimate.Thus, the main results show that there is a relationship between the Index of Economic Freedom and the Gross Domestic Product per capita, and the strong degree of this relationship. In addition, it was found that the sense of the relationship is positive and statistically significant.In this way, it was concluded that economic freedom is one of the factors that influenced individual welfare, and consequently, general well-being of the population. However, economic freedom is necessary but not a sufficient condition for determining well-being. Therefore, among the main aspects of economic freedom in Peru we found improvements in the regulation of credit, labor and business, international trade and financial strength, as well as more modest advances in the legal structure and size of government. ; La investigación permitió explicar por qué la libertad económica fue un factor que contribuyó a mejorar el bienestar individual en Perú durante el período 1970-2014. A partir de dicho objetivo, se realizó un análisis descriptivo sobre la relación entre las variables y se utilizaron dos aproximaciones basadas en el análisis inferencial: el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman y una estimación mediante Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios. Siendo así, se obtuvieron como principales resultados que existe una relación entre el Índice de Libertad Económica y el Producto Bruto Interno per cápita, y que el grado de dicha relación es fuerte. Además, se constató que el sentido de la relación es positiva y estadísticamente significativa. De este modo, se concluyó que la libertad económica es uno de los factores que influyó en el bienestar individual, y consiguientemente, en el bienestar general de la población. No obstante, la libertad económica es una condición necesaria pero no suficiente para determinar el bienestar. Es así que entre los principales aspectos que resaltan sobre la libertad económica en Perú, se encontraron: mejoras que se implementaron en la regulación del crédito, trabajo y negocios, comercio internacional y fortaleza financiera, así como avances más modestos en la estructura legal y el tamaño del gobierno.
Reducing the risk of catastrophic climate change will require leveling off greenhouse gas emissions over the short term and reducing emissions by an estimated 60-80% over the long term. To achieve these reductions, we argue that policymakers and regulators should focus not only on factories and other industrial sources of emissions but also on individuals. We construct a model that demonstrates that individuals contribute roughly one-third of carbon dioxide emissions in the United States. This one-third share accounts for roughly 8% of the world's total, more than the total emissions of any other country except China, and more than several continents. We contend that it is desirable, if not imperative, that governments address emissions from individual behavior. This task will be difficult because individual behaviors, including idling cars and wasting electricity, are resistant to change, even when the change is rational. Mindful of the costs, we propose measures that have a high likelihood of success. We draw on norms theory and empirical studies to demonstrate how legal reforms can tie the widely held abstract norm of personal responsibility to the emerging concrete norm of carbon neutrality. We suggest that these legal reforms could push carbon neutrality past a tipping point, directly influencing many carbon-emitting individual behaviors and building the public support necessary for policymakers to address the remaining sources.
Nowadays the rapidly advancing technologies and the ongoing changes in the socioeconomic and political processes in societies have stipulated an increased attention to security issues. In its broadest sense, the notion of security affects each and every member of society. At the age when the majority of borders are open in the direct and indirect sense of the word, the possibilities of humans and technologies become increasingly limitless. However, these opportunities are often not directed positively, but are rather targeted at causing harm to others. In this case, we can talk about both: sensitive migration issues and acts of terror, as well as about human interrelationships in general. It is no secret that we feel at our best in an environment, which is comfortable to us. Thus, any larger or smaller disturbance creates a sense of alarm due to the feeling of threat to one's own security as well as the desire to protect oneself. Security (being secure, protected against failures, fears, aggression) occupies a prominent second place in Abraham Maslow's pyramid of the basic human needs, closely following such physiological needs as food, sleep, rest and others. Therefore, paying attention to even the tiniest potential threats is a priority for everyone and generating response taken at an individual level and organisational level. By starting already with the historical development of security throughout centuries and ending with cybersecurity, the book addresses issues related to individual security and the security of organisations. The articles provide an insight into the notion of security, its concepts in the global world, ethical issues of security, risk and quality management and leadership. They also address issues of physical guarding services, Schengen Area, fire safety, video surveillance and others. A separate chapter is devoted to security training as well as crime prevention, whistleblowers and cybersecurity. The book has been developed as part of the "Development of Society and Organisation Security Programmes 2017" project (Project No. NPHE-2017/10115) and has brought together authors from three institutions of higher learning - Turiba University (Latvia), Kazimieras Simonavičius University (Lithuania) and Laurea University of Applied Sciences (Finland). It aims to clarify various issues related to the security of individuals and organisations and targets everyone interested in gaining insight into various security-related issues from the perspective of scientists and practitioners of Latvia, Lithuania and Finland. However, it should be noted that those interested in in-depth studies of security would require further reading, since the book does not aim at becoming a comprehensive source of information on all subjects, but rather provides an insight, raises general awareness and understanding of the issues and hopes to generate interest for further studies. Each article can be read as a separate issue
Nowadays the rapidly advancing technologies and the ongoing changes in the socioeconomic and political processes in societies have stipulated an increased attention to security issues. In its broadest sense, the notion of security affects each and every member of society. At the age when the majority of borders are open in the direct and indirect sense of the word, the possibilities of humans and technologies become increasingly limitless. However, these opportunities are often not directed positively, but are rather targeted at causing harm to others. In this case, we can talk about both: sensitive migration issues and acts of terror, as well as about human interrelationships in general. It is no secret that we feel at our best in an environment, which is comfortable to us. Thus, any larger or smaller disturbance creates a sense of alarm due to the feeling of threat to one's own security as well as the desire to protect oneself. Security (being secure, protected against failures, fears, aggression) occupies a prominent second place in Abraham Maslow's pyramid of the basic human needs, closely following such physiological needs as food, sleep, rest and others. Therefore, paying attention to even the tiniest potential threats is a priority for everyone and generating response taken at an individual level and organisational level. By starting already with the historical development of security throughout centuries and ending with cybersecurity, the book addresses issues related to individual security and the security of organisations. The articles provide an insight into the notion of security, its concepts in the global world, ethical issues of security, risk and quality management and leadership. They also address issues of physical guarding services, Schengen Area, fire safety, video surveillance and others. A separate chapter is devoted to security training as well as crime prevention, whistleblowers and cybersecurity. The book has been developed as part of the "Development of Society and Organisation Security Programmes 2017" project (Project No. NPHE-2017/10115) and has brought together authors from three institutions of higher learning - Turiba University (Latvia), Kazimieras Simonavičius University (Lithuania) and Laurea University of Applied Sciences (Finland). It aims to clarify various issues related to the security of individuals and organisations and targets everyone interested in gaining insight into various security-related issues from the perspective of scientists and practitioners of Latvia, Lithuania and Finland. However, it should be noted that those interested in in-depth studies of security would require further reading, since the book does not aim at becoming a comprehensive source of information on all subjects, but rather provides an insight, raises general awareness and understanding of the issues and hopes to generate interest for further studies. Each article can be read as a separate issue
Visualization-Project-1 This file including raw data, processed data, visuliaztion work with html file and some images used in html. The dataset was downloaded from the worldbank website ,including the governmental expenditure on military, health and education area from 12 top countries in G20 over 2012 to 2016 periods. The links are as follows:https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?end=2016&start=2012 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?end=2016&start=2012 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS?end=2016&start=2012 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2016&start=2012 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2016&start=2012 This projectis the country level's analysis of the three kinds of expenditure compared with GDP. And the tools used in this project is: Data preprocessing -- Python and Excel Data visualization -- Google API, Html,CSS,Javascript Please put the data preprocessing.ipynb into raw data folder in data folder.
