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This study shows that China's post-1949 state-led industrialization has closely followed an underlying path that began in the late nineteenth century. It was initiated by pressing national defence needs and has since been motivated by the same and strong incentives for a faster catch-up with the West despite radical regime shifts. Government determined or influenced resource allocation benefited selected industries and hence nurtured vested interest groups connecting and integrating with the ruling elite, which have strengthened and sustained the path. This means that the path is inherently inefficient which is evidenced by a newly constructed dataset. Reform measures can only temporarily improve efficiency performance, but are unable to break the path in the absence of a genuine political democracy.

Existing accounts of East Asia's meteoric growth and structural change has either been explained as one dictated essentially by markets with strong macroeconomic fundamentals, or a consequence of proactive governments. This book departs from such a dichotomy by examining inductively the drivers of the experiences. Given the evolutionary treatment of each economic good and service as different, this book examines technological catch up with a strong focus on the industries contributing significantly to the economic growth of the countries selected in Asia. The evidence produced supports the evo

1. Introduction / Gareth Austin and Kaoru Sugihara -- 2. Labour-intensive industrialization in global history : an interpretation of East Asian experiences / Kaoru Sugihara -- 3. The industrious revolutions in East and West / Jan de Vries -- 4. Proto-industrialization and labour-intensive industrialization : reflections on Smithian growth and the role of skill intensity / Osamu Saito -- 5. Labour-intensity and industrializaton in colonial India / Tirthankar Roy -- 6. Labour-intensive industrialization in the rural Yangzi Delta : late imperial patterns and their modern fates / Kenneth Pomeranz -- 7. From peasant economy to urban agglomeration : the transformation of 'labour-intensive industrialization' in modern Japan / Masayuki Tanimoto -- 8. Government promotion of labour-intensive industrialization in Indonesia, 1930-1975 / Pierre van der Eng -- 9. Labour intensity and manufacturing in West Africa, c.1450-c.2000 / Gareth Austin -- 10. 'Colonial' industry and 'modern' manufacturing : opportunities for labour-intensive growth in Latin America c.1800-1940s / Colin M. Lewis -- 11. Labour-intensive industrialization: the case of nineteenth-century Alsace / Michel Hau and Nicolas Stoskopf -- 12. Labour-intensive industrialization and global economic development: reflections / Gareth Austin.

Peer reviewed ; We consider a Gellnerian model to study the transformation of a two-region state into a nation state. Industrialization requires the elites to finance schooling. The implementation of statewide education generates a common national identity, which enables cross-regional production, while regional education does not. We show that statewide education is chosen when cross-regional production opportunities and productivity are high, especially when the same elite holds power at both geographical levels. By contrast, a dominant regional elite might prefer regional schooling, even at the loss of large cross-regional production opportunities if it is statewide dominated. The model is consistent with evidence for five European countries in 1860–1920. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the Severo Ochoa Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (grant number SEV-2015-0563), CICYT (grant number ECO2012- 37065), and the government of Catalonia

ABSTRACTThis study examines the effects of growing manufacturing employment on infant mortality across almost 200 Indonesian districts from 1985 to 1995, a time of rapid industrialization. Overall, we find no relationship between growing manufacturing employment in general and infant mortality. However, when the growth in manufacturing is concentrated in more polluting industries (as measured by the construction of a harm-weighted index of predicted emissions from manufacturing), there were economically and statistically significant increases in infant mortality. Finally, we consider a variety of potential causal channels that may change with industrialization (such as housing quality and access to health care) and whose change may help to explain the observed relationships. Although most of the various factors are correlated with infant mortality and the industrialization measures are correlated with changes in several factors, conditioning on these measures does not change our basic results.

In this unique anthology, Steckel and Floud coordinate ten essays that bring a new perspective to inquiry about standard of living in modern times. These papers are arranged for international comparison, and they individually examine evidence of health and welfare during and after industrialization in eight countries: the United States, Britain, Sweden, the Netherlands, France, Germany, Japan, and Australia. The essays incorporate several indicators of quality of life, especially real per capita income and health, but also real wages, education, and inequality. And while the authors use traditional measures of health such as life expectancy and mortality rates, this volume stands alone in its extensive use of new "anthropometric" data—information about height, weight and body mass index that indicates changes in nations' well-being. Consequently, Health and Welfare during Industrialization signals a new direction in economic history, a broader and more thorough understanding of what constitutes standard of living

We consider a Gellnerian model to study the transformation of a two-region state into a nation state. Industrialization requires the elites to finance schooling. The implementation of statewide education generates a common national identity, which enables cross-regional production, while regional education does not. We show that statewide education is chosen when cross-regional production opportunities and productivity are high, especially when the same elite holds power at both geographical levels. By contrast, a dominant regional elite might prefer regional schooling, even at the loss of large cross-regional production opportunities if it is statewide dominated. The model is consistent with evidence for five European countries in 1860–1920.

In the 1880s, Southern boosters saw the growth of industry as the only means of escaping the poverty that engulfed the postbellum South. In the long run, however, as James C. Cobb demonstrates in this illuminating book, industrial development left much of the South's poverty unrelieved and often reinforced rather than undermined its conservative social and political philosophy. The exploitation of the South's resources, largely by interests from outside the region, was not only perpetuated but in many ways strengthened as industrialization proceeded. The 20th Century brought increasing competi

Insofar as the issue of reindustrialization, or "reshoring", becomes more and more relevant for advanced economies, Bulgaria is not only unable to devise a serious long-term national economic model, but it also appears unable to find domestic consensus even on its evaluation of certain questions relating to its own recent economic history. However, time is running out, and the country needs to prepare itself for this possible next phase in its development and its reindustrialization alongside other European countries. First, however, it might be better to start from national economic interests i.e. from the reconciliation of issues, such as those of the Socialist industrialization, and from the subsequent transition to a market economy, with a special focus on how this transition has taken place in pure economic terms. Indeed, one might ask if it would have been better to "consult" an economist such as Friedrich List, rather than leave everything to the "mercy" of democratic euphoria, the "invisible hands" and political divisions. Perhaps, a golden opportunity to deploy the different assets of the country's actual industrial sector has been lost. That being said, this paper does not aim to enter into issues of evaluation or defense, nor even less to evoke nostalgia for the Communist regime. Forcing a connection between Socialist industrialization and the "infant industry argument" would be stretching things theoretically, and perhaps even "politically incorrect", too. That being said, maybe such an economic doctrine could have been at least "been asked for" when engaging the "heavy" industrial legacy of the Communist regime in Bulgaria.