Suchergebnisse

For the purposes of this project, the East African countries included in the study were Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. The focus for this project was Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) as for-profit or nonprofit organizations with less than 50 employees and not exceeding USD 1,000,000 in annual revenues/turnover. The main output of this project was a proposed program of interventions to drive transformational change. To succeed in this ambitious endeavor, the project articulated clear objectives and designed a blueprint for implementation including levels of resourcing, budget and monitoring metrics. Over the course of the project the team conducted brief surveys with over 90 entrepreneurs, over 50 percent of who had 3-10 years of experience in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector and primarily worked at companies with 5 employees or less.

Sustainable investment (SI) has a strong niche foothold in Sub-Saharan Africa, anchored in the region's largest investment market, South Africa. Yet more work is needed, at policy and portfolio levels, to grow this investment theme. This report recommends measures to expand SI in Sub-Saharan Africa. It forecasts that over the next five years there will be considerable growth of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations applied to investment in South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria. While these three countries form the basis of the study, the lion's share of data and observations emerged from South Africa, which is home to the continent's most developed capital markets.

The Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD) has gathered and analyzed extensive data on infrastructure in around 40 Sub-Saharan countries, including the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The results have been presented in reports covering different areas of infrastructure ICT, irrigation, power, transport, water and sanitation and different policy areas, including investment needs, fiscal costs, and sector performance. This report presents the key AICD findings for the DRC, allowing the country's infrastructure situation to be benchmarked against that of its African peers. Given that the DRC is a fragile state trying to catch up with other low-income countries (LICs) in the region, both fragile-state and LIC African benchmarks will be used to evaluate the DRC's situation. Detailed comparisons will also be made with immediate regional neighbors in Central Africa. Several methodological issues should be borne in mind. First, because of the cross-country nature of data collection, a time lag is inevitable. The period covered by the AICD runs from 2001 to 2006. Most technical data presented are for 2006 (or the most recent year available), while financial data are typically averaged over the available period to smooth out the effect of short-term fluctuations. Second, in order to make comparisons across countries, indicators had to be standardized to place the analysis on a consistent basis. This means that some of the indicators presented here may be slightly different from those that are routinely reported and discussed at the country level. During the period from 2001 to 2005, per capita economic growth in DRC was on average 2.1 percent higher than during the period from 1991 to 1995. Despite this improvement, growth levels, which oscillated between 4 and 8 percent in the early 2000s, still fell short of the sustained 7 percent per year needed to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Improved telecommunications infrastructure has been the main driver of this change, contributing 1.1 percentage points to the country's per capita growth rate. Deficiencies in power infrastructure, on the other hand, held back per capita growth by 0.25 percentage point over this period.

The Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD) has gathered and analyzed extensive data on infrastructure in more than 40 Sub-Saharan countries, including Cape Verde. The results have been presented in reports covering several sectors—ICT, irrigation, power, transport, water and sanitation— and various policy areas, including investment needs, fiscal costs, and sector performance. This report presents the key AICD findings for Cape Verde, allowing the country's infrastructure situation to be benchmarked against that of its African peers. Given that Cape Verde is a relatively well- off middle-income country, its performance will be benchmarked against that of other middle-income countries in Africa. Detailed comparisons will also be made with immediate regional neighbors in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and where relevant, with other island states that face a similar set of infrastructure challenges.

The economic value of the Upper Tuul ecosystem in Mongolia reports on a study carried out under the auspices of the World Bank and the Government of Mongolia. The goal of the study was to improve understanding about the economic value of the Upper Tuul ecosystem for Ulaanbaatar's water supplies and how this might be affected by different land and resource management options in the future. The study also aims to develop and apply ecosystem valuation methods that can be used more widely in the country, to generate information about the contribution of the environment to the Mongolian economy, and to make the case for improved budget allocations for the conservation of the Upper Tuul. Integrating eco-hydrological and economic valuation techniques, the study traces through the biophysical effects and socioeconomic impacts of future land and resource degradation, and ecosystem conservation, in the upper watershed.

This assessment of Zambia's investment climate highlights some of the impediments to growth and export diversification in the current business environment in the country. It is based on an analysis of enterprise survey data specifically collected for the purpose, namely, the World Bank's Zambia Enterprise Survey of 2008. The report is in two volumes. Volume I is an overview, while Volume II is the final report, whose introductory chapter sets the stage for the analysis of microeconomic aspects of business environment in the following chapters. Chapter 2 analyzes manufacturing productivity in an international perspective as a proximate determinant of manufactured exports. Chapter 3 discusses key business environment variables as underlying factors in manufacturing employment and productivity, and draws the main policy implications of the assessment. Chapter 4 is a more in-depth analysis of disparity in access to finance across firms and sectors as a major source of market distortions and allocative inefficiency. Chapter 5 discusses labor market issues with a focus on labor regulation, wage formation and on-the-job training.

Although Mozambique has considerable agricultural potential, rural poverty remains extremely high. This paper examines the extent to which global and domestic price distortions affect agricultural production and national poverty. The author develops a computable general equilibrium (CGE) and micro-simulation model of Mozambique that is linked to the results of a global model. This framework is used to examine the effects of eliminating global and national price distortions. Model results indicate that agriculture is adversely affected by current trade distortions due to policies in the rest of the world. While a removal of all merchandise trade distortions will reduce import prices, it will also raise agricultural production and reduce poverty. By contrast, removing only agricultural price distortions abroad will have little effect on Mozambique's agricultural sector. Model results indicate that Mozambique's own distortions are also biased against agriculture, with producers of processed agricultural products enjoying high protection levels. Removing these distortions causes a significant expansion of agricultural Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and a reduction in both poverty and inequality. The findings therefore suggest that removing own-country and rest-of-world distortions will have positive implications for agriculture and for the overall economy in Mozambique, and in particular it will reduce its poverty and inequality.

This paper analyzes the poverty and inequality implications of removing agricultural and non-agricultural price distortions in the domestic market of the Philippines and abroad. Liberalization in the rest of the world is poverty and inequality reducing, whereas full domestic liberalization increases national poverty and inequality. Poverty declines while inequality increases marginally in the combined scenario of both global and domestic agriculture reform. Although the reduction in the national poverty headcount is small in the latter scenario, the poorest of the poor, particularly those living in the rural areas, emerge as 'winners', given their strong reliance on agricultural production and unskilled labor wages.

The theoretical case for industrial policy is a strong one. The market failures that industrial policies target in markets for credit, labor, products, and knowledge have long been at the core of what development economists study. The conventional case against industrial policy rests on practical difficulties with its implementation. Even though the issues could in principle be settled by empirical evidence, the evidence to date remains uninformative. Moreover, the conceptual difficulties involved in statistical inference in this area are so great that it is hard to see how statistical evidence could ever yield a convincing verdict. A review of industrial policy in three non-Asian settings El Salvador, Uruguay, and South Africa highlights the extensive amount of industrial policy that is already being carried out and frames the need for industrial policy in the specific circumstances of individual countries. The traditional informational and bureaucratic constraints on the exercise of industrial policy are not givens; they can be molded and rendered less binding through appropriate institutional design. Three key design attributes that industrial policy must possess are embeddedness, carrots-and-sticks, and accountability.

The story of agricultural policy in Northeast Asia over the past 50 years illustrates the dramatic changes that can occur in distortions to agricultural incentives faced by producers and consumers at different stages of economic development. In this study of Japan, the Republic of Korea (the southern part of the peninsula, hereafter referred to as Korea) and the island of Taiwan, China (hereafter referred to as Taiwan), the authors estimate the degree of distortions for key agricultural products as well as for the agricultural sector as a whole over a period when these economies transitioned from low- or middle- to high-income status the beginning of the so-called East Asian economic miracle of dramatic industrial development. The three economies in terms of the nature of their economies, including their resource endowments that determined the course of their modern economic growth and development. The evolution of agricultural policies in the three economies is then reviewed before discussing how to measure distortions to agricultural incentives using the methodology from Anderson et al. (2008), the focus of which is on nominal and relative rates of assistance. Implications of empirical findings for policy reforms in the three economies are discussed in the final section, where the authors also identify lessons for later-developing economies experiencing similar structural transformations in the course of their economic growth. Statistical observations are found to be consistent with the hypothesis that the success of rapid industrialization that advanced these economies to the middle-income stage resulted in declines in agriculture's comparative advantage associated with the growing income disparity between farmers and employees in non-agricultural sectors.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ghanapur-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 572 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 534 ha (95%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 38 ha (22%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 83 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm) and 10 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 46 per cent each are slightly (e1) and moderately (e2) eroded and 2 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 4 per cent soils is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 69 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 - 8.4) and 20 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 36 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 1 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 9 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in 91 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of about 88% and sufficient in 5 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 524(92) Sapota - - Maize - - Pomegranate - 476(83) Bajra - 524(92) Musambi - 476(83) Groundnut - - Lime - 476(83) Sunflower - 476(84) Amla - 524(92) Redgram - 420(73) Cashew - - Bengal gram 56 (10) 468(82) Jackfruit - - Cotton 56 (10) 468(82) Jamun - 476(83) Chilli - 525(92) Custard apple - 524(92) Tomato - - Tamarind - 476(83) Drumstick - 476(83) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 524(92) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 524(92)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Ghanapur-2 micro-watershed among them 7 (20 %) were landless, 5 (14.29 %) were marginal farmers, 15 (42.86 %) were small farmers, 6 (17.14 %) were semi medium farmers and 2 (5.71%) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 77 (55 %) men and 63 (45 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 5.5, marginal farmers' was 4.9, small farmers' was 5.8, semi medium farmers' was 6.2 and medium farmers' was 9.  The data indicated that, 14 (10 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 67 (47.86 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 49 (35 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (7.14 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Ghanapur-2 had 17.14 per cent illiterates, 18.57 per cent of them had primary school, 5.71 per cent of them had middle school, 50 per cent of them had high school education, 2.86 per cent of them had PUC and 1.43 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 74.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 20 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 5.71 cent of the household heads were General Labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 32.86 per cent of the household members, 37.86 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.14 per cent were in general labour, 0.71 per cent were Household industry, 3.57 per cent were private service and Trade & Business , 6.43 per cent were students, housewives and children.  The results show that, 0.71 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in Raitha Sangha.  The results indicate that 100 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The results show that 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of the households possess DVD/VCD Player, 14.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 71.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8,953, DVD/VCD Player was Rs. 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 44,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,824.  About 2.86 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, Plough, Sprinkler and Harvester.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 13,000, plough was Rs. 5,000, sprinkler was Rs. 500 and the average value of Harvester was Rs. 400. 2  The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 2.86 per cent of the households possess local cow and Sheep and 8.57 per cent of the households possess Buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.71, average own labour (women) available was 1.43, average hired labour (men) available was 5.89 and average hired labour (women) available was 4.91.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Ghanapur-2 micro-watershed possess 33.99 ha (79.24 %) of dry land and 8.90 ha (20.76 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.89 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 21.05 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 4.05 ha (41.67 %) of dry land and 5.67 ha (58.33 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5 ha (60.71 %) and 3.24 ha (39.29 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 567,647.06 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 437,863.64. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 720,416.67 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 574,529.02 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 889,200 for dry land and Rs. 564,571.43 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 159,870.55 for dry land and Rs. 216,125 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 3 functioning and de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning and de-functioning open wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 8.57 per cent of the farmers and open well was the irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 4.01 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 1.83 meters.  The results indicate that, small and semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.21 ha and 2.83 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (8.18 ha), groundnut (3.32 ha), red gram (28.06 ha) and sorghum (2.02 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram and cotton. Small farmers have grown red gram, groundnut and cotton. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, sorghum and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown red gram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Ghanapur-2 micro-watershed was found to be 97.17 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, 94.29 per cent of the households have bank account and 91.43 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 94.29 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 30.30 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank and 3.03 per cent of the households have borrowed from moneylender traders.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 15,909.09.  The results indicate that, 90.91 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production and 9.09 per cent for Healthcare.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from private sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households not paid their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, 81.82 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 9.09 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from easy accessibility of credit.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount was adequate to fulfil the requirement.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 31117.88. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52002.32. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 20884.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.67.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 42675.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47273.06. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 4597.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.11.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 30982.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 71422.49. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 40439.90. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.31.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 15222.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 19760. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 4537.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.3. 4  The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 14.29 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 36,714.29 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 149,200, for small farmers it was Rs. 128,200, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 144,500 and medium farmers it was Rs. 180,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,570. For landless households it was Rs. 10,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 9,640, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,327.78, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 7,388.89 and medium farmers it was Rs. 43,750.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 11 mango tree in their field and 2 mango trees in backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 24 neem and 2 tamarind trees in their field and also 4 neem and 1 tamarind trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8,885.77 for land development and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 714.29 for Subsidiary enterprises.  The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development and subsidiary enterprises. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 65.71per cent for land development and 2.86 per cent for subsidiary enterprises.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 77.78 per cent, Redgram was sold to the extent of 88.86 per cent and sorghum to the extent of 25 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 82.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent have adopted Summer Ploughing and mulching, 2.86 per cent have adopted Dead Furrow and 2.86 per cent have adopted Combination of deep and shallow root crops.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel. 5  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 91.43 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and bore well was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 82.86 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 74.29 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 68.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 65.71 per cent, fruits were adequate for 48.57 per cent, milk were adequate for 60 per cent and meat were adequate for 14.29 per cent, Egg and meat were adequate for 57.14 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 5.71 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 11.43 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 14.29 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 17.14 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 34.29 per cent, milk were inadequate for 22.86 per cent, egg were inadequate for 31.43 per cent and meat were inadequate for 28.57 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the was the constraint experienced by 80 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (11.43 %), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (71.43 %), Inadequacy of irrigation water (80 %), high rate of interest on credit (82.86 %), low price for the agricultural commodities (80 %), inadequacy extension service (68.57 %), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (77.14 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (74.29 %) and Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (5.71 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nelogi-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 660 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 75 per cent is covered by soils and 25 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 21 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in about 75 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in about 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in soil.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in about 1 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 22 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 19 (3) 256 (39) Sapota - 173 (26) Maize - 275 (42) Pomegranate - 225 (34) Bajra 75 (11) 369 (56) Musambi - 226 (34) Groundnut 55 (8) 214 (32) Lime - 226 (34) Sunflower - 212 (32) Amla 75 (11) 415 (63) Red gram - 177 (27) Cashew - 88 (13) Bengalgram - 431 (65) Jackfruit - 174 (26) Cotton - 276 (42) Jamun - 105 (16) Chilli 19 (3) 179 (27) Custard apple 75 (11) 416 (63) Tomato 19 (3) 179 (27) Tamarind - 17 (3) Brinjal 75 (11) 241 (37) Mulberry - 271 (41) Onion 55 (8) 183 (28) Marigold - 275 (42) Bhendi 55 (8) 259 (39) Chrysanthemum - 275 (42) Drumstick - 257 (39) Jasmine - 224 (34) Mango - 17 (3) Crossandra - 232 (35) Guava - 173 (26) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 113 (60.43%) men and 74 (39.57%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of marginal farmers' was 4.17, small farmers' was 6.50, semi medium farmers' was 5.75, medium farmers' was 5.29 and for large farmers' it was 10.  The data indicated that 25 (13.37%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 87 (46.52%) were in 16-35 years of age, 63 (33.69 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (6.42%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Nelogi-1 had 35.29 per cent illiterates, 1.60 per cent were functional literates, 34.76 per cent of the people had primary school education, 10.70 per cent of them had middle school education, 8.56 per cent of them had high school education, 5.88 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.14 per cent of them had degree education and 0.53 had studied ITI.  The results indicate that, 96.97 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 3.03 per cent of the household heads had other occupation.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 64.17 per cent of the household members, 16.58 per cent were agricultural labourers, 14.44 per cent were students, 1.07 per cent were in government service, 0.53 per cent were in private service, business and household industry.  The results show that 99.47 per cent of the population has not participated in any local institution, only 1 person has participated in raitha sangha.  The results indicate that 24.24 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 54.55 per cent of them possess pucca house and 24.24 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results shows that 75.76 per cent of the households possess TV, 45.45 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 21.21 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 63.64 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 93.94 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results shows that the average value of television was Rs.4340, mixer grinder was Rs. 1413, bicycle was Rs. 1250, motor cycle was Rs. 32142, heavy vehicles was Rs.1000000 and mobile phone was Rs.1625.  About 33.33 per cent of the households possess plough, 33.33 per cent of them possess bullock cart, 27.27 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 18.18 per cent of the households possess tractor, 36.36 per cent of the households possess chaff cutter, 81.82 per cent possess weeder and another 3.03 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, transplanter, sprinkler and harvester. 2  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1179, bullock cart was Rs.23727, harvester was Rs.100000, transplanter was Rs.15000, weeder was Rs.28 and tractor was Rs.416666.  The results indicate that, 45.45 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 45.45 per cent of the households possess local cow, 9.09 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows, 21.21 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 12.12 per cent of the households possess sheep and 3.03 per cent of the households possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour (men) available in the micro watershed was 2.28, average own labour (women) available was 1.44, average hired labour (men) available was 9.50 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.56.  The results indicate that, 69.70 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 18.18 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. About 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 50 per cent of small, 75 per cent of semi medium and 42.86 medium farmers and 50 per cent of large farmers have opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Nelogi-1 micro watershed possess 17.93 ha (27.07%) of dry land and 48.31 ha (72.93%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.34 ha (72.83%) of dry land and 0.87 ha (27.17%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 2.90 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.97 ha (12.48%) of dry land and 20.83 ha (87.83%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 9.71 ha (39.57%) of dry land and 14.83 ha (60.43%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 11.77 (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 345,688.49 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 351,763.43.  The results indicate that, there were 20 functioning and 10 de-functioning bore wells and 1 open well in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source for 60.61 per cent of the households, canal was the major source of irrigation for 6.06 per cent of the households and open well was the major source of irrigation for 3.03 per cent of the households.  The depth of bore well was found to be 82.87 meters, the depth of canal is 1.48 meters and the depth of open well was 1.85 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had 0.94 ha, small farmers had 2.91 ha, semi medium farmers had 17.64 ha, medium farmers had 16.30 ha and large farmers had 5.67 ha of irrigated area.  Farmers have grown Maize (23.32 ha), Sugarcane (21.66 ha), Groundnut (6.66 ha), Bajra (3.24 ha), Cotton (4.02 ha), Bengal gram (2.96 ha), Sunflower (1.3 ha), Paddy (1.29 ha), Pomegranate (1.21 ha), Red gram (0.88 ha), Sorghum (0.61 ha) and Navane (0.44 ha). 3  Marginal farmers have grown maize, groundnut, sunflower, sorghum and navane. Small farmers have grown bajra and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, sugarcane, groundnut, bajra, cotton, Bengal gram and paddy. Medium farmers have grown maize, sugarcane, groundnut, bajra, cotton, Bengal gram and pomegranate. Large farmers have grown maize, sugarcane and groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Nelogi-1 micro watershed was found to be 77.11 per cent. In case of Marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 63.23 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 97.08 per cent, medium farmers had cropping intensity of 57.22 per cent and large farmers had a cropping intensity of 78.43 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 46755.04. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32866.24. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -13888.80, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.7.  The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 183857.08. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 850711.64. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 666854.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.63.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 41297.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 78456.46. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 37158.78, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.9.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 26103.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 15140.19. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 10962.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.58.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 29359.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 60845.25. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 31485.32. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.07.  The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 32223.89. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 140446.63. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 108222.75. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.36.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 38552.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38245.16. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. -307.23. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.99.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 39246.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 68635.12. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 29388.17. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.75.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 30200.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 80371.79. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 50171.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.66. 4  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 15029.16. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22724.00. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 7694.84. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.51.  The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 11784.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 19034.86. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 7250.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.62.  The results indicate that, 115 tons of dry fodder available among the sampled households and it is available 107 days in a year. About 82 tonnes of green fodder available among the households and it is available for 85 days in a year.  About 39.39 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate. Around 54.55 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The data revealed that 36.36 per cent of the farmers opined that dry fodder is inadequate and 18.18 per cent of the farmers opined that green fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs.61500 for marginal farmers. For small farmers it was Rs.64100, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.192725, for medium farmers it was Rs.168285 and for large farmers it was Rs.436000.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 11070.85. For marginal farmers it was Rs 4957.53, for small farmers it was Rs. 10526.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 8194.44 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 16204.08 and for large farmers it was Rs. 75000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 119 coconut trees in their field and 4 in their backyard. Households have planted 68 neem trees, 1 cashew tree and 47 teak trees in their field. Households have also planted 3 neem trees, 9 teak trees and 1 peepul tree in their backyard.  The results indicated that, bajra, Bengal gram, groundnut, cotton, sorghum, navane, paddy, redgram and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  Around 51.52 per cent of the households have sold their produce to agents/traders, 48.48 per cent of the households have sold their produce to village merchants, 21.21 per cent of the households have sold their produce in regulated markets, 6.06 per cent of the households have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society and 9.09 per cent of the households have sold their produce in contract marketing arrangement.  Around 6.06 per cent of the households have carried head load, 21.21 per cent have used cart and 81.82 per cent have used tractor as a mode of transport for their agricultural produce and 27.27 per cent have used truck.  The results indicated that 90.91 per cent used fire wood and another 24.24 per cent of the households used LPG. 5  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 69.70 per cent of the households and bore well was the major source for 48.48 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 93.94 per cent of the households and kerosene lamp was the major source of light for 3.03 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 45.45 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 66.67 per cent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 18.75 per cent of the semi medium, 57.14 per cent of the medium and 100 per cent of the large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  Around 87.88 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 6.06 per cent possessed APL card.  Around 66.67 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 16.67 percent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 68.75 per cent of the semi medium, 85.71 percent of the medium farmers and 100 per cent of the large farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 36.36 per cent of the households, oilseeds were adequate for 54.55 per cent of the households, vegetables were adequate for 51.52 per cent of the households, fruits were adequate for 18.18 per cent of the households, milk was adequate for 48.48 per cent of the households, eggs were adequate for 39.39 per cent of the households and meat was adequate for 24.24 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds, fruits, milk and eggs were market surplus for 36.36, 9.09, 3.03 and 3.03 per cent of the households respectively  The data regarding farming constraints experienced by households in Nelogi-1 micro watershed is presented in Table 53. The results indicated that, wild animal menace on farm field was the constraint experienced by 33.33 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases (33.33%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (21.21%), high rate of interest on credit (33.33%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (42.42%), inadequate extension service (12.12%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (36.36%), less rainfall (96.97%), source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (48.48%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hatti microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 467 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soil and 4 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 26 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 70 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 2 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (0.75%) in 59 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 2 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 79 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 18 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 30 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 24 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 60 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 21 (5) 201 (43) Pomegranate - 102(22) Maize - 222 (47) Guava - 63(13) Bajra 5(1) 268(57) Jackfruit - 63(13) Redgram - 69 (15) Jamun - 63(13) Bengal gram 21(5) 219(47) Musambi - 102(22) Groundnut 5(1) 171(37) Lime - 102 (22) Sunflower - 69 (15) Cashew - 91(19) Cotton 21(5) 200(43) Custard apple 26(6) 319(68) Chilli - 183(39) Amla 5(1) 340 (73) Tomato - 183(39) Tamarind 25(5) 149(32) Drumstick - 69(15) Marigold - 222(47) Mulberry - 175(37) Chrysanthemum - 222(47) Mango - 25(5) Jasmine - 183(39) Sapota - 63(13) Crossandra - 183(39) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 123 (57%) men and 92 (42.79%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 5.4, marginal farmers' was 4.5, small farmers' was 4.7, semi medium farmers' was 5.6 and medium farmer was 3.5.  The data indicated that, 44 (20.47%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 98 (45.58%) were in 16-35 years of age, 56 (26.05%) were in 36-60 years of age and 17 (7.91%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hatti had 26.98 per cent illiterates, 36.28 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.84 per cent of them had middle school education, 11.63 per cent of them had high school education, 6.98 per cent of them had PUC, 0.93 per cent of them had ITI, 4.65 per cent of them had degree and 0.47 per cent of them had masters education.  The results indicate that, 84.09 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 13.64 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 2.27 per cent of the household's heads were general labour and student.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 52.09 per cent of the household members, 10.70 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.33 per cent were general labour, 0.93 per cent were household industry and housewives, 0.47 per cent were government service, 1.40 per cent were private services, 27.44 per cent were students and 3.26 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.47 per cent were in NGOs and 99.53per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 9.09 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 84.09 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 2.27 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC and 4.55 per cent of the households possess semi pacca house.  The results show that 72.73 per cent of the households possess TV, 6.82 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 9.09 per cent of them possess bicycle, 40.91 per cent of them possess motor cycle, 2.27 per cent of them possess landline phone and 88.64 per cent of them possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,812, mixer grinder was Rs. 12,500, bicycle was 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 40,222 and mobile phones was 3,766.  About 11.36 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 2.27 per cent of them possess plough, power tiller and tractor, 4.55 per cent of them possess sprayer and 25 per cent of them possess weeder. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 20,000, plough was Rs. 18,000, power tiller was Rs. 25,000, tractor was Rs. 500,000, sprayer was Rs. 5,000 and weeder was Rs. 80.  The results indicate that, 15.91 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 13.64 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.27 per cent of them possess crossbreed cow and buffalo and 6.82 per cent of them possess sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.13, average own labour (women) available was 1.49, average hired labour (men) available was 7.33 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.59.  The results indicate that 90.91 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hatti micro-watershed possess 53.61 ha (91.23%) of dry land and 5.16 ha (8.77 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 9.85 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 17.72 ha (96.97%) of dry land and 0.55 ha (3.03%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 20.38 ha (88.77%) of dry land and 2.58 ha (11.23%) for irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5.67 ha (53.61%) of dry land and 2.02 ha (26.32 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 246,477.96 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 407,142.86. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 424,689.81 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 230,469.39 for dry land and Rs. 721,167.88 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 223,163.23 for dry land and Rs. 223,163.23 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 70,571.43 for dry land and Rs. 197,600.00 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 4 functioning and 1 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 9.09 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 7.83 meters.  The results indicate that small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.81 ha, 2.58 ha, and 2.02 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (19.21 ha), sunflower (11.83 ha), maize (8.34 ha), sorghum (5.82 ha), groundnut (5.67 ha), Bengal gram (1.62 ha), sugarcane (1.21 ha), red gram (0.89ha) and jowar (0.81 ha). Marginal farmers had grown bajra, sunflower, maize, sorghum, groundnut and Bengal gram. Small farmers had bajra, sunflower, maize, sorghum, groundnut and jowar. Semi medium farmers had grown bajra, sunflower, maize, sorghum, groundnut, Bengal gram, sugarcane and red gram. Medium farmers had grown bajra, sunflower and maize. 3  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hatti micro-watershed was found to be 71.66 per cent.  The results indicate that, 47.73 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 47.73 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 27745.30. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22798.98. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -4946.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.82.  The total cost of cultivation for Maize was Rs. 30774.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31628.91. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 854.72. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.03.  The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 25255.20. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20873.45. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -4381.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.83.  The total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 43004.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 80111.58. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 37107.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.86.  The total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 42297.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 70074.91. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 27777.07. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.66.  The total cost of cultivation for Sugarcane was Rs. 26425.56. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41166.67. The net income from Sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 14741.11. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.56.  The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 24550.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50943.75. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 26393.26. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.08.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 45855.33. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44909.09. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. -946.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98.  The results indicate that, 27.27 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 22.73 per cent was green fodder was adequate of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 58,357.14 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 68,115.38, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 42,700 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 167,500.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,636.63. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,599.49, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,153.85, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 7,661.90 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 48,500.  The results indicate that, households have planted 35 coconut trees in their field. 4  The results indicate that, households have planted 50 neem, 4 tamarind, 11 acacia and 5 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,863.64 for land development, Rs. 2,238.64 for improved crop production and Rs. 1,636.36 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 50 per cent for land development, 38.64 per cent for improved crop production and 29.55 per cent for improved livestock management. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 4.55 per cent for land development, improved crop production and improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 84.62 per cent, Bengal gram was sold to the extent of 77.27 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 82.61 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 85.81 per cent, Red gram was sold to the extent of 50 per cent, Sorghum was sold to the extent of 85.56 per cent and sugarcane and sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 2.27 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 115.91 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 4.55 per cent of the sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, 4.55 per cent of the households used head load, 22.73 per cent of the households used cart, 93.18 per cent of the households used tractor and 2.27 per cent of them used truck as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 65.91 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 65.91 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 90.91 per cent of the households used firewood and 9.09 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 32.35 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sample households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 43.18 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.73 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 93.18 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 86.36 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 59.09 per cent, fruits were adequate 5 for 2.27 per cent, milk were adequate for 84.09 per cent. egg were adequate for 40.91per cent and meat were adequate for 9.09 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereal were inadequate for 2.27 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 6.82 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 13.64 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 38.64 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 88.64 per cent, milk were inadequate for 15.91 per cent, egg were inadequate were 54.55 per cent and meat were inadequate were 84.09 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, vegetables and egg were market surplus for 2.27 per cent were market surplus of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals was the constraint experienced by 84.09 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (70.45 %), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (65.91%), inadequacy of irrigation water (13.64 %), high rate of interest on credit and low price for the agricultural commodities (72.73%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (79.55%), inadequate extension services (2.27%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (68.18%), less rainfall (20.45 %) and Source of Agri-technology information (15.91%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Cuando de tecnología se trata, ningún sector de la economía Colombiana podría desconocerla, y es común ver cómo esta ciencia penetra en los diferentes procesos organizacionales y administrativos de cualquier tipo de Entidad, gracias a la existencia del interés en la evolución constante, en el desarrollo del conocimiento, en la necesidad de una excelente gestión operacional en este sector (Economía solidaria) y en general en el mundo empresarial, que generan un escenario para el estudio y análisis de las mejores alternativas para su aplicación y operación. Su amplia concentración y necesidad en el mercado y en la sociedad, conlleva a que la tecnología sea un tema de estudio muy amplio, por ello, como contenido marco para el desarrollo de este artículo se ha planteado la transferencia de tecnología, estableciendo su importancia, injerencia y aplicación dentro del sector de la economía solidaria; sistema integrado principalmente por Cooperativas. Se analizará la tecnología desde un punto de vista conceptual y como fuente de transformación desde el inicio de la historia de la humanidad, en la que se demuestra que el hombre siempre ha sentido la necesidad de crear e innovar, lo hizo desde que produjo innumerables soluciones de vida con la piedra, el fuego, el cobre, el bronce e inventos que marcaron la evolución del hombre como la rueda, el desarrollo en la agricultura, la arquitectura y la literatura principalmente, hasta de manera extraordinaria llegar a la creación de aplicaciones, productos, equipos, dispositivos e infraestructura y desarrollos tecnológicos que facilitan el acceso a la información y a la comunicación permanente, mutando finalmente todo ello, al comercio o mercado de tecnología; situación o hecho que se ha denominado transferencia de tecnología y que ha desencadenado que principales operaciones económicas y comerciales en el mundo empresarial se enmarquen en el negocio jurídico denominado contrato de transferencia de tecnología, dentro de lo cual, se demostrará su importancia en el sector de la economía solidaria, y la del derecho como marco regulador, aún pendiente de ser desarrollado, tanto en Colombia como en muchos países del mundo. La transferencia de tecnología, comprende un movimiento entre el valioso activo que es la tecnología en sí, un proveedor o empresa que trabaja comercialmente con esa la tecnología y un sujeto (persona, sociedad, empresa) que adquiere la tecnología, cancelando el valor o precio al que equivale el servicio tecnológico, y es así como estamos frente a la inminente necesidad de realizar contratos de trasferencia de tecnología, mediante los cuales se formaliza el movimiento planteado, que en el presente artículo abarcará la tipología del contrato de licencia y transferencia de Know how; el primero, con el cual se pretende autorizar la explotación de una obra protegida, y el segundo como aquel aporte de industria o trabajo enmarcado en un conocimiento; estableciendo un concepto amplio sobre estos y las características principales para abordar su importancia y función económica dentro del sector de la economía solidaria. El contrato de licencia y transferencia de Know how, se convierte en una pieza fundamental para el desarrollo y correcta operación de negocios, y desarrollan una función económica relevante en el sector solidario Colombiano al estar íntimamente ligados al cumplimiento de los principios sociales y culturales; rectores de este sector, principios generadores de actividades y funciones que requieren contar con la tecnología idónea y suficiente que permita el cumplimiento de los fines de las Entidades que componen el sector solidario, para su desarrollo efectivo dentro de la economía del país. La naturaleza de su importancia, radica principalmente en la necesidad que tienen las empresas y el sector solidario en general de operar y organizarse efectivamente en todos sus ámbitos, desde la administración interna hasta la valiosa prestación de servicios sociales, económicos, culturales, laborales, entre otros; necesidad basada en el desarrollo tecnológico que ha sido reconocido por el Estado Colombiano y que hace parte de los aspectos sujetos de control y vigilancia por parte de este, a través de la Superintendencia de Economía Solidaria, debido a su importancia y carácter fundamental para el desarrollo de sus fines y principios. En virtud a la investigación y consulta sobre las diferentes operaciones que realizan las entidades del sector solidario y sobre los servicios que prestan, se determina el ejercicio de una función económica en los contratos de transferencia de tecnología, concluyendo acertadamente que para cumplir con sus fines y principales actividades, es necesario implementar la tecnología necesaria que genere impacto y valor agregado para trabajadores, usuarios o asociados de las cooperativas y a la sociedad en general. Sin la ejecución de estos, no podría garantizarse por parte del Estado la protección, promoción y fortalecimiento de carácter normativo en favor de la comunidad y en especial de las clases populares. Lo anterior, sin dejar de lado, que a pesar de las innumerables ventajas que trae la contratación y ejecución de licencias y transferencia de Know how, existen ciertos aspectos generadores de riesgo que deben ser objeto de seguimiento y control por parte de los proveedores de trasferencia de tecnología, y aspectos críticos del contrato que versan principalmente en cláusulas que se incorporan al mismo, que lastimosamente carecen de normatividad aplicable en caso de generarse un conflicto. Tras el análisis de aspectos importantes que giran alrededor de la transferencia de tecnología, se procede a una propuesta de investigación que, siendo un aporte documental al conocimiento, espera llegar a niveles de interpretación sobre las causas que animan a ampliar la regulación de la aplicación de tecnología en Colombia y revisar institucional y políticamente las formas de transferir tecnología a fin de constar su pertinencia en un régimen de contratación que no vaya en contradicción con sus fines. Si las empresas o entidades de carácter público o privado en Colombia, desean crear innovaciones tecnológicas deben contar con las tecnologías convenientes y proporcionales a su objeto social, que por lo general se deriva de fuentes externas, que no es otra cosa que la colaboración de proveedores para su adquisición o desarrollo, lo que se convierte en transferencia de tecnología. De acuerdo a lo anterior, resulta significativo hablar del proceso de desarrollo institucional y normativo de la Ciencia y la Tecnología en Colombia, desarrollo que no ha generado los resultados esperados y es pobre frente a la actividad creciente de esta ciencia, que, al vincularlo con el régimen legal aplicable al Sector solidario, no refleja su importancia frente a las operaciones y requerimientos tecnológicos que este sector requiere, al ser mundialmente reconocido como uno de los movimientos socioeconómicos más grandes que lleva inmerso caracteres fundamentales que tienen presencia universal, inclinados a la satisfacción de diferentes necesidades de la humanidad y aspiraciones de los socios o usuarios en diferentes aspectos, dentro de los que sobresale el económico y el social. En virtud al nivel de importancia de la economía solidaria mundialmente, se procede a comparar el derecho inicialmente desde el punto de vista de la tecnología; avances y principales potencias que lideran su producción impulsando el desarrollo de sociedades y su crecimiento económico. En concordancia con el comportamiento de la Tecnología se plantea el Movimiento de la Economía solidaria a nivel internacional, con el fin de reconocer el impacto universal de ambas. La primera, como motor de desarrollo y la segunda considerada como el tercer sector de la economía. En aras de dirigir el tema objeto de estudio al régimen colombiano, previamente se establecen los índices de producción tecnológica en países de América Latina, la cual es casi nula debido a la falta de incentivos e infraestructura que promueva la creación, innovación y desarrollo tecnológico propio. Por lo Anterior, países como Colombia se ven en la necesidad de contratar transferencia de tecnología, e implementarla en diferentes sectores, como lo es en el sector solidario, fundamental por su visión hacia aspectos sociales y esenciales que pretenden coadyuvar al desarrollo integral del ser humano; visión que se ha visto vulnerada, dado a la desviación de los fines de la economía solidaria y a la realización de actividades que no guardan relación directa con las funciones propias de las Cooperativas. El Cooperativismo nacido en el mundo en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX constituye una experiencia social, que en Colombia tuvo un gran apogeo alrededor de 1970, pero luego, a finales del siglo pasado sufrió una crisis profunda de la cual ha sido difícil recuperarse y de la que se ha dicho, fue inducida. Su efecto, constituye un motivo de estudio en el presente trabajo. Las situaciones ajenas a la naturaleza de composición cooperativa, han llevado al gobierno a tomar decisiones para combatir ciertos abusos, crisis cooperativas y formas de corrupción, que, al solucionar una complejidad social, genera contradicciones y efectos poco prácticos en el régimen de contratación dispuesto por ley para transferir tecnología. ; When it comes to technology, no sector of the Colombian economy could ignore it, and it is common to see how this science penetrates the different organizational and administrative processes of any type of Entity, thanks to the existence of interest in constant evolution, in the development of knowledge, in the need for excellent operational management in this sector (Solidarity Economy) and in general in the business world, which generate a scenario for the study and analysis of the best alternatives for its application and operation. Its wide concentration and need in the market and in society, leads to technology being a very broad topic of study, therefore, as a framework for the development of this article has raised the transfer of technology, establishing its importance, interference and application within the solidarity economy sector; system integrated mainly by Cooperatives. Technology will be analyzed from a conceptual point of view and as a source of transformation from the beginning of the history of humanity, in which it is shown that man has always felt the need to create and innovate, since he produced countless solutions of life with stone, fire, copper, bronze and inventions that marked the evolution of man as the wheel, development in agriculture, architecture and literature mainly, even in an extraordinary way to reach the creation of applications, products, equipment, devices and infrastructure and technological developments that facilitate access to information and permanent communication, eventually mutating all this, to the technology market or trade; situation or fact that has been called transfer of technology and that has triggered that main economic and commercial operations in the business world are framed in the legal business called technology transfer contract, within which, its importance will be demonstrated in the sector of solidarity economy, and that of law as a regulatory framework, still pending development, both in Colombia and in many countries of the world. The transfer of technology, involves a movement between the valuable asset that is the technology itself, a provider or company that works commercially with that technology and a subject (person, society, company) that acquires the technology, canceling the value or price what is equivalent to the technological service, and this is how we are facing the imminent need to carry out technology transfer contracts, through which the proposed movement is formalized, which in this article will cover the typology of the license and transfer agreement of Know how the first, with which it is intended to authorize the exploitation of a protected work, and the second as that contribution of industry or work framed in a knowledge; establishing a broad concept about these and the main characteristics to address their importance and economic function within the sector of the solidarity economy. The license and transfer of Know how contract becomes a fundamental piece for the development and correct operation of businesses, and they develop a relevant economic function in the Colombian solidary sector, being closely linked to the fulfillment of social and cultural principles; rectors of this sector, principles that generate activities and functions that require having the appropriate and sufficient technology that allows the fulfillment of the purposes of the entities that make up the solidary sector, for its effective development within the economy of the country. The nature of its importance lies mainly in the need for companies and the solidarity sector in general to operate and organize effectively in all its areas, from internal administration to the valuable provision of social, economic, cultural, and labor services, among others; need based on technological development that has been recognized by the Colombian State and that is part of the subjects subject to control and surveillance by the latter, through the Superintendency of Solidarity Economy, due to its importance and fundamental character for the development of its purposes and principles. By virtue of the investigation and consultation on the different operations carried out by the entities of the solidarity sector and on the services they provide, the exercise of an economic function in technology transfer contracts is determined, correctly concluding that in order to fulfill its purposes and main activities, it is necessary to implement the necessary technology that generates impact and added value for workers, users or associates of cooperatives and society in general. Without the execution of these, the protection, promotion and strengthening of normative character in favor of the community and especially of the popular classes could not be guaranteed by the State. The foregoing, without neglecting that, despite the innumerable advantages that the contracting and execution of licenses and know-how transfer bring, there are certain aspects that generate risk that must be monitored and controlled by the transfer providers. of technology, and critical aspects of the contract that deal mainly with clauses that are incorporated into it, which unfortunately lack applicable regulations in the event of a conflict. After the analysis of important aspects that revolve around the transfer of technology, we proceed to a research proposal that, being a documentary contribution to knowledge, hopes to reach levels of interpretation on the causes that encourage to expand the regulation of the application of technology in Colombia and institutionally and politically review the ways to transfer technology in order to record its relevance in a contracting regime that does not contradict its purposes. If companies or entities of a public or private nature in Colombia, wish to create technological innovations, they must have the suitable technologies and proportional to their corporate purpose, which is usually derived from external sources, which is nothing else than the collaboration of suppliers for its acquisition or development, which becomes technology transfer. According to the above, it is significant to talk about the process of institutional and regulatory development of Science and Technology in Colombia, a development that has not generated the expected results and is poor in the face of the growing activity of this science, which, by linking it with The legal regime applicable to the Solidarity Sector does not reflect its importance in relation to the operations and technological requirements that this sector requires, since it is recognized worldwide as one of the largest socioeconomic movements that has immersed fundamental characteristics that have a universal presence, inclined towards satisfaction of different needs of humanity and aspirations of partners or users in different aspects, among which the economic and social. By virtue of the level of importance of the solidary economy worldwide, the law is initially compared from the point of view of technology; advances and main powers that lead their production, promoting the development of societies and their economic growth. In accordance with the behavior of Technology, the Solidarity Economy Movement is proposed at the international level, in order to recognize the universal impact of both. The first, as a development engine and the second considered as the third sector of the economy. In order to address the subject matter of study to the Colombian regime, previously established rates of technological production in Latin American countries, which is almost zero due to the lack of incentives and infrastructure to promote the creation, innovation and technological development itself . For the previous, countries like Colombia are in need of technology transfer contract, and implement it in different sectors, as it is in the solidary sector, fundamental for its vision towards social and essential aspects that intend to contribute to the integral development of the human being ; vision that has been violated, given the deviation from the aims of the solidarity economy and the realization of activities that are not directly related to the functions of the Cooperatives. The Cooperativism born in the world in the second half of the XIX century constitutes a social experience, which in Colombia had a great apogee around 1970, but then, at the end of the last century suffered a deep crisis from which it has been difficult to recover and what has been said, was induced. Its effect constitutes a reason for study in the present work. The situations outside the cooperative composition nature, have led the government to make decisions to combat certain abuses, cooperative crises and forms of corruption, which, by solving a social complexity, generates contradictions and impractical effects in the hiring regime provided by law to transfer technology. ; CRAI-USTA Bogotá ; https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=sHbNoUkAAAAJ&hl=es ; http://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001350165 ; http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Balachakra-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 401 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 346 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 16 ha by rock outcrops and about 38 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 35 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) and 52 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, less than 1 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 52 per cent area very low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 129(32) Guava - - Maize - 129(32) Sapota - - Bajra - 129(32) Pomegranate - - Groundnut - - Musambi - - Sunflower - - Lime - - Redgram - 129(32) Amla - - Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - - Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - - Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - - Marigold - - Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Balachakra-1 micro-watershed among them 2 (5.71 %) were landless and small farmers, 9 (25.71 %) were marginal farmers, 14 (40 %) were semi medium farmers and 3 (8.57 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 84 (51.22 %) men and 80 (48.78 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' and semi medium farmers was 4.5, small farmers' was 5.1 and medium farmers' was 6.5.  The data indicated that, 35 (21.34 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 76 (46.34 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 47 (28.66 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 6 (3.66 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Balachakra-1 had 28.66 per cent illiterates, 25.61 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.83 per cent of them had middle school education, diploma and degree, 31.10 per cent of them had high school education and 6.71 per cent of them had PUC education 0.61 per cent of them had Diploma and ITI and 2.44 per cent of them had Degree education.  The results indicate that, 94.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborer.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 37.20 per cent of the household members, 18.29 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.83 per cent were general laborers, 1.22 per cent were Household industry, 4.27 per cent were Trade & Business, 19.51 per cent were in student, 11.59 per cent were housewives and 5.49 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 2.86 per cent of the households possess thatched house and 97.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The results show that 85.71 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 11.43 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 80 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,790, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 40,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,548.  About 2.86 per cent each of the households possess plough, Seed/Fertilizer Drill, Sprinkler, Weeder and Harvester.  The result shows that, the average value of plough was Rs. 10,000, seed/ fertilizer drill was Rs. 15,000, Sprinkler was Rs. 5,000 Weeder was Rs. 200 and Harvester was Rs. 150. 2  The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 5.71 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.97, average own labour (women) available was 1.32, average hired labour (men) available was 7.23 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.49.  The results indicate that, 91.43 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Balachakra-1 micro-watershed possess 24.63 ha (60.25 %) of dry land and 16.25 ha (39.75 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 6.21 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 16.39 ha (91.01 %) of dry land and 1.62 ha (8.99 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (19.88 %) of dry land and 8.15 ha (80.12 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 6.48 ha (100 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 966,080.52 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 381,419.68. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 740,195.44 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,073,382.71 for dry land and Rs. 370,500 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 790,400 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 429,032.26 of irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 324,187.50 of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 5 de-functioning and 9 functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there were 1 de-functioning and 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 25.71 per cent of the farmers and open well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 17.68 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 1.31 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small, semi-medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.89 ha, 1.62 ha, 7.02 ha and 4.45 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (11.08 ha), cotton (17.01 ha), sorghum (2.43 ha), Groundnut (9.54 ha) and paddy (3.04 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Balachakra-1 micro-watershed was found to be 95.26 per cent.  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. 3  The results indicate that, 31.03 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank and 6.90 per cent of the households have Grameena Bank and 34.48 per cent of the households have borrowed from moneylender traders.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 90,517.24.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, 55.56 per cent of the households borrowed from private sources for the purpose of agricultural production, 11.11 per cent of the households borrowed from private sources for the purpose of income generating activities, Construction-house, Construction-cattle shed and Healthcare.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households not paid their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, around 30 per cent opined that the loan amount was adequate to easy accessibility of credit around and 70 per cent opined that the loan amount was adequate to helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 44235.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 43599.31. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. -636.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.99.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 45439.91. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65467.19. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 20027.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.44.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 46322.08. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40755. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. -5567.08. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.88.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 52546.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 87949.72. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 35402.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.67.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate. 4  The results indicate that the annual gross income for marginal farmers it was Rs. 103,777.78, for small farmers it was Rs. 122,000, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 189,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 112,500.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,223.25. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,209.88, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,064.36, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 14,836.73 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 28,388.89.  The results indicate that, households have planted 34 neem and 1 Peepul tree in their field also 2 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6,942.86 for land development and Rs. 142.86 for irrigation facility.  The results indicated that Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 65.71 per cent for land development and 2.86 per cent for irrigation facility.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 96.45 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 64.62 per cent and red gram was sold to the extent of 88.24 per cent.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 74.29 per cent of them sold in regulated markets and 5.71 per cent of them sold in cooperative marketing Society.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 2.86 per cent of the households have used Cart as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 42.86 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent have field bunding and graded bund, 37.14 per cent have adopted Summer Ploughing, 25.71 per cent have adopted Dead Furrow and 14.29 per cent have adopted Mulching.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent have graded bund.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.86 per cent of the households used Dung Cake as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 88.57 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and 11.43 bore well was the major source of drinking water for 11.43 per cent.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. 5  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent, pulses were adequate for 94.29 per cent, oilseed were adequate for 74.29 per cent of the households, vegetables were adequate for 65.71 per cent, fruits was adequate for 34.29 per cent and milk were adequate for 51.43 per cent, Egg were adequate for 42.86 per cent and Meat were adequate for 20 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 5.71 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate 25.71 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 34.29 per cent, fruits was inadequate for 65.71 per cent, milk were inadequate for 45.71 per cent and egg were inadequate for 54.29 per cent and meat were inadequate for 77.14 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 80 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (25.71 %), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.57%) and low price for the agricultural commodities (67.65%), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (80 %), high rate of interest on credit (80 %), Low price for the agricultural commodities (77.14 %), and Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (88.57 %), Inadequate extension services (65.71 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (85.71 %) and Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (2.94%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project