Suchergebnisse

BACKGROUND: Mitochondria are sensitive to environmental toxicants due to their lack of repair capacity. Changes in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content may represent a biologically relevant intermediate outcome in mechanisms linking air pollution and fetal growth restriction. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether placental mtDNA content is a possible mediator of the association between prenatal nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure and birth weight. METHODS: We used data from two independent European cohorts: INMA (n = 376; Spain) and ENVIRONAGE (n = 550; Belgium). Relative placental mtDNA content was determined as the ratio of two mitochondrial genes (MT-ND1 and MTF3212/R3319) to two control genes (RPLP0 and ACTB). Effect estimates for individual cohorts and the pooled data set were calculated using multiple linear regression and mixed models. We also performed a mediation analysis. RESULTS: Pooled estimates indicated that a 10-μg/m3 increment in average NO2 exposure during pregnancy was associated with a 4.9% decrease in placental mtDNA content (95% CI: -9.3, -0.3%) and a 48-g decrease (95% CI: -87, -9 g) in birth weight. However, the association with birth weight was significant for INMA (-66 g; 95% CI: -111, -23 g) but not for ENVIRONAGE (-20 g; 95% CI: -101, 62 g). Placental mtDNA content was associated with significantly higher mean birth weight (pooled analysis, interquartile range increase: 140 g; 95% CI: 43, 237 g). Mediation analysis estimates, which were derived for the INMA cohort only, suggested that 10% (95% CI: 6.6, 13.0 g) of the association between prenatal NO2 and birth weight was mediated by changes in placental mtDNA content. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that mtDNA content can be one of the potential mediators of the association between prenatal air pollution exposure and birth weight. ; The research leading to these results was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS-PI11/00610, FIS-PI041436, FIS-PI081151, FIS-PI042018, and FIS-PI09/02311), the European Union (EU) (FP7-ENV-2011 cod 282957 and HEALTH.2010.2.4.5-1), the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Red INMA G03/176, CB06/02/0041, FIS-FEDER 03/1615, 04/1509, 04/1112, 04/1931, 05/1079, 05/1052, 06/1213, 07/0314, 09/02647, 11/01007, 11/02591, CP11/00178, FIS-PI06/0867, and FIS-PS09/00090), the Conselleria de Sanitat Generalitat Valenciana, the Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT (1999SGR 00241), the Obre Social Cajastur, the Universidad de Oviedo, the Department of Health of the Basque Government (2005111093 and 2009111069), and the Provincial Government of Gipuzkoa (DFG06/004 and DFG08/001). The ENVIRONAGE cohort is supported by the EU Program "Ideas" (ERC-2012- StG 310898) and by the Flemish Fund for Scientific Research (FWO 1516112N and G073315N).

INTRODUCTION: Children are more vulnerable to the effects of environmental elements. A variety of air pollutants are among the identified factors causing neural damage at toxic concentrations. It is not obvious, however, to what extent the tolerated high levels of air pollutants are able to alter brain development. We have specifically investigated the neurotoxic effects of airborne copper exposure in school environments. METHODS: Speed and consistency of motor response were assessed in 2836 children aged from 8 to 12 years. Anatomical MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, and functional MRI were used to directly test the brain repercussions in a subgroup of 263 children. RESULTS: Higher copper exposure was associated with poorer motor performance and altered structure of the basal ganglia. Specifically, the architecture of the caudate nucleus region was less complete in terms of both tissue composition and neural track water diffusion. Functional MRI consistently showed a reciprocal connectivity reduction between the caudate nucleus and the frontal cortex./nCONCLUSIONS: The results establish an association between environmental copper exposure in children and alterations of basal ganglia structure and function. ; This work was supported by the European Research Council under the ERC (grant number 268479)—the BREATHE project. The Agency of University and Research Funding Management of the Catalonia Government participated in the context of Research Group SGR2014-1673.

Children are more vulnerable to the effects of environmental elements due to their active developmental processes. Exposure to urban air pollution has been associated with poorer cognitive performance, which is thought to be a result of direct interference with brain maturation. We aimed to assess the extent of such potential effects of urban pollution on child brain maturation using general indicators of vehicle exhaust measured in the school environment and a comprehensive imaging evaluation. A group of 263 children, aged 8 to 12years, underwent MRI to quantify regional brain volumes, tissue composition, myelination, cortical thickness, neural tract architecture, membrane metabolites, functional connectivity in major neural networks and activation/deactivation dynamics during a sensory task. A combined measurement of elemental carbon and NO2 was used as a putative marker of vehicle exhaust. Air pollution exposure was associated with brain changes of a functional nature, with no evident effect on brain anatomy, structure or membrane metabolites. Specifically, a higher content of pollutants was associated with lower functional integration and segregation in key brain networks relevant to both inner mental processes (the default mode network) and stimulus-driven mental operations. Age and performance (motor response speed) both showed the opposite effect to that of pollution, thus indicating that higher exposure is associated with slower brain maturation. In conclusion, urban air pollution appears to adversely affect brain maturation in a critical age with changes specifically concerning the functional domain. ; This work was supported by the European Research Council under the ERC [grant number 268479]—the BREATHE project. The Agency of University and Research Funding Management of the Catalonia Government participated in the context of Research Group SGR2014-1673.

Individuals' life chances in the future will very much depend on how we invest in our children now. An optimal human capital model would combine a high mean with minimal variance of skills. It is well-established that early childhood learning is key to adult success. The impact of social origins on child outcomes remains strong, and the new role of women poses additional challenges to our conventional nurturing approach to child development. This paper focuses on skill development in the early years, examining how we might best combine family inputs and public policy to invest optimally in our future human capital. I emphasize three issues: one, the uneven capacity of parents to invest in children; two, the impact of mothers' employment on child outcomes; and three, the potential benefits of early pre-school programmes. I conclude that mothers' intra-family bargaining power is decisive for family investments and that universal child care is key if our goal is to arrive at a strong mean with minimal variance.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about developmental neurotoxicity of particulate matter composition. We aimed to investigate associations between exposure to elemental composition of outdoor PM2.5 at birth and cognitive and psychomotor functions in childhood. METHODS: We analyzed data from 4 European population-based birth cohorts in the Netherlands, Germany, Italy and Spain, with recruitment in 2000-2006. Elemental composition of PM2.5 measurements were performed in each region in 2008-2011 and land use regression models were used to predict concentrations at participants' residential addresses at birth. We selected 8 elements (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium and zinc) and used principal component analysis to combine elements from the same sources. Cognitive (general, verbal, and non-verbal) and psychomotor (fine and gross) functions were assessed between 1 and 9years of age. Adjusted cohort-specific effect estimates were combined using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: 7246 children were included in this analysis. Single element analysis resulted in negative association between estimated airborne iron and fine motor function (-1.25 points [95% CI -2.45 to -0.06] per 100ng/m3 increase of iron). Association between the motorized traffic component, derived from principal component analysis, and fine motor function was not significant (-0.29 points [95% CI -0.64 to 0.06] per unit increase). None of the elements were associated with gross motor function or cognitive function, although the latter estimates were predominantly negative. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that iron, a highly prevalent element in motorized traffic pollution, may be a neurotoxic compound. This raises concern given the ubiquity of motorized traffic air pollution. ; This work was supported by the European Community's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/ 2007–2011), grant agreements 211250 and 243406. The European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (no.: 633595, DynaHealth) and also received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 733206 (LifeCycle). Also by the EU Commission (261357).

This book introduces studies on infant and early childhood development that are in a permanent dialogue with the psychology of music, the philosophy of mind, and human movement studies. They are based on an innovative framework that combines embodied cognition, the multimodal approach to child development, and the second-person perspective in social cognition. This frame of reference allows authors to revisit relevant topics in developmental psychology, such as adult-infant interactions; early intersubjective experiences; the development of perceptual, verbal and gestural communication skills; as well as the complexity of play in infancy and early childhood. In the field of infancy and early childhood studies, the three viewpoints brought together in this volume had a clear innovative impact. Embodied psychology showed the body to be the primary agent in the interactions that shape the infant's psyche. The second-person perspective exhibited the direct, transparent, I-Thou contact involved in the first patterns of reciprocity between adult and infant, and the multimodal theory of perceptual development revealed an infant immersed in a multisensory environment conveying information to all perceptual systems as a unified experience. The studies presented in this volume combine these three viewpoints and link them through the use of analytical tools and concepts from the temporal arts (music and dance). This way of conducting empirical research on some central topics in early infancy led to an aesthetic conception of development that emphasizes bodily experience, temporal affects and their intertwining with symbolic capacities Moving and Interacting in Infancy and Early Childhood: An Embodied, Intersubjective, and Multimodal Approach to the Interpersonal World will provide innovative tools for developmental and cognitive psychologists studying the development of early socio-cognitive skills in infants and young children, and will also serve as a rich source of information for researchers and practitioners in other fields, such as education and nursing, who can benefit from cutting-edge knowledge in developmental sciences.

Treball Final de Màster Universitari en Estudis Internacionals de Pau, Conflictes i Desenvolupament (Pla de 2013). Codi: SBG119. Curs acadèmic: 2016/2017 ; La entrada a Europa desde el Estrecho de Gibraltar siempre ha sido un tema conflictivo tanto por la cercanía de las costas española y marroquí como por la tragedia que marca sus aguas. Miles de vidas, entre ellas las de muchas mujeres, se han perdido en este paso hacia una vida mejor. Aquéllas que han podido cumplir el objetivo de poder cruzar a España luego hacen frente a la tarea de empezar una nueva vida en este país, con el consiguiente proceso de integración y los obstáculos que en ocasiones se presentan. La sociedad civil de Algeciras acoge a estas inmigrantes que consiguen quedarse en la ciudad, y con su ayuda, ellas consiguen participar de la vida de este lugar, pero no siempre la administración es favorable a este proceso. Pese a tener unas políticas de integración definidas, la seguridad prima sobre la solidaridad y ello dificulta que la población inmigrante reciba ayuda por parte de los entes políticos. ; The entrance to Europe via the Strait of Gibraltar has always been a conflictive subject due to the proximity of the Spanish and Moroccan coasts as well as for the tragedy marking these waters. Thousands of lives, amongst them many women's, are drowned in this way to a better life. Those ones who could accomplish the objective of crossing to Spain, then they face the starting of a new life in this country, with the following process of integration and the odds that, occasionally, can come. The civil society of Algeciras fosters theses immigrant women that can stay in the city, and with their help, they get to participate in the life of this place, but the administration is not always positive to this process. Despite having defined integration policies, security prevails over solidarity and that obstructs the fact that the immigrant population receives help from the part of the politic entities.

The text is divided into three parts: I. The contents of the results works entitled: PHYTOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDY OF FICUS REFLEXA THUMB. MORACEAE II. The restitution of the results works to the society III. Researchers problems I." PHYTOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDY OF FICUS REFLEXA THUMB. MORACEAE " This research concerns the bioactive plants to contribute in the fight against the infantile malnutrition in Madagascar. We chose this subject because we felt that the development depends on people activities. If people are malnourished, any development is possible. Like in many poor countries, Madagascar has a high infant mortality rate: This is 94 per 1000 children in 2006 in spite of the great campaign of vaccination and the many measures in the health field since many years. To solve this problem, since ten years, one of the ways carried out by the government is to urge the mothers to feed their babies by breastfeeding. Then the mothers must feed their babies only with their milk at each demand during the six first months. In this method, the problem is to provide enough milk in order to satisfy baby's needs in quantity and in quality. It depends on mothers 'nutrition. Many products are suggested but we were inclined towards an endemic plant of Madagascar which is very known by Malagasy people. ; Peer Reviewed

The text is divided into three parts: I. The contents of the results works entitled: PHYTOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDY OF FICUS REFLEXA THUMB. MORACEAE II. The restitution of the results works to the society III. Researchers problems I." PHYTOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDY OF FICUS REFLEXA THUMB. MORACEAE " This research concerns the bioactive plants to contribute in the fight against the infantile malnutrition in Madagascar. We chose this subject because we felt that the development depends on people activities. If people are malnourished, any development is possible. Like in many poor countries, Madagascar has a high infant mortality rate: This is 94 per 1000 children in 2006 in spite of the great campaign of vaccination and the many measures in the health field since many years. To solve this problem, since ten years, one of the ways carried out by the government is to urge the mothers to feed their babies by breastfeeding. Then the mothers must feed their babies only with their milk at each demand during the six first months. In this method, the problem is to provide enough milk in order to satisfy baby's needs in quantity and in quality. It depends on mothers 'nutrition. Many products are suggested but we were inclined towards an endemic plant of Madagascar which is very known by Malagasy people. ; Peer Reviewed

[eng] Development economics seeks to provide evidence to improve life quality standards of the societies. This thesis contributes to this field with a multidisciplinary research on health, environmental and crime economics. This essay is composed of 3 academic papers that analyze actual social problems that have received little attention by policy makers and scholars, and that are negatively affecting newborns health and women wellbeing, in the context of Ecuador. The pivotal economic literature has shown the relevance of studying the impact of different types of externalities on health at birth and infant health (Barker, 1995; Almond et al., 2005; Black et al., 2007; Almond and Currie, 2011; Almond, Currie, and Duque, 2018). Social problems such as insecurity or environment pollution play a fundamental role in the newborns' growing environment. Nowadays, there is a wide evidence on the consequences that adverse environmental externalities received during intra-uterine growth generate in the future development and living conditions of the population, affecting relevant aspects like their cognitive ability, psychological and personality traits, scholarity, and wages (Currie and Vogl, 2013; Bharadwaj et al., 2013; Almond, Currie, and Duque, 2018). Similarly, there is a growing empirical evidence on the negative consequences of insecurity and crime on infant cognitive capacity and human capital formation (Duque, 2017; Sharkey et al., 2012). Moreover, crime generates psychological stress to those individuals who are directly or indirectly exposed to it (Aizer, 2016; Koppensteiner and Manacorda, 2016; Currie et al., 2020). This thesis contributes to this literature examining three relevant problems that affects the population of Ecuador: environmental pollution due to the use of pesticides in agriculture; maternal stress due to violent crimes, and violence against women. Moreover, each chapter provides strong evidence to address future public policy design. The second chapter of the thesis examines the effects of the use of pesticides in the banana plantations of Ecuador on newborns' health outcomes. The results drawn from this research reveal that the exposure to the intensive use of pesticides leads to a deficit in the birth weight when the exposure occurs during the first trimester of gestation. Moreover, exposure to intensive use of pesticides during the last gestation stage increases the likelihood of low birth weight and low Apgar score at first minute. The third chapter of the thesis reveals the existence of a retaliation effect after a reform of the penal code in 2014 that increased the penalties for gender-related violence and that introduce the femicide penalty type. I show that this legislative reform, and its enforcement, led to a (temporally) increase in the women victimization rates. The fourth chapter of this thesis examines the effects of the maternal stress generated by violent crimes on newborns' health outcomes. The results obtained from this research reveal that mothers' indirect exposure to homicides during pregnancy causes a deficit in the birth weight, which is especially important when this exposure occurs during the first trimester of gestation. Moreover, I demonstrate that mothers' past exposure to violent crimes attenuates the effects of homicides during pregnancy. Furthermore, the exposure to homicides during the last gestation term reduces gestation length and the Apgar score at the first minute.

L'educació, la salut i la protecció són els drets més coneguts i respectats pels adults, pero hi ha un clar dèficit en relació amb els drets relacionats amb l'exercici de la participació i l'expressió. El coneixement dels drets d'expressió i participació de la infància es dóna més entre els polítics i educadors socials que entre els pares i professors, el que seria un indicador d'una manca greu de polítiques institucionals i culturals. Les polítiques de família reforcen la institució familiar i, per tant, poden incloure els infants sense donar-los protagonisme. Per contra, les polítiques específicament adreçades a la infància i adolescència afavoreixen el procés d'autonomització i responsabilització en el desenvolupament dels infants i joves. ; La educación, la salud y la protección son los derechos más conocidos y respetados por los adultos, pero existe un claro déficit en relación con los derechos relacionados con el ejercicio de la participación y la expresión. El conocimiento de los derechos de expresión y participación de la infancia se da más entre los políticos y educadores sociales que entre los padres y profesores, lo que sería un indicador de una carencia grave de políticas institucionales y culturales. Las políticas de familia refuerzan la institución familiar y, por consiguiente, pueden incluir a los niños sin darles protagonismo. Por el contrario, las políticas específicamente dirigidas a la infancia y adolescencia favorecen el proceso de autonomización y responsabilización en el desarrollo de los niños y jóvenes. ; While education, heallh and protection are the children 's righls mosl widely-known and respected by adults, there is a marked deficit when it comes to the rigihts of participation and expression. Awareness of childhood rights to expression and participation is conmoner among politicians and social educators than among parents and teachers, indicating serious shortfalls in institucional and cullural policies. Family policies reilnforce the family as an institution and so may include children without allowing them protagonism,. Conversely, policies specifically directed al childhood and adolescence favour attainment of autonomy and responsibility as parl of children 's and young people's development.

Promoure la democràcia és un repte i una responsabilitat permanents de l'educació, un repte perenne que convida a la promoció i al desenvolupament de processos d'escolta i participació que sustentats en el reconeixement de l'altre condueixin a compartir l'experiència personal fins a fer d'ella un bé de possessió comuna. Per això, en aquest treball s'apel·la a Dewey per justificar la importància dels processos d'escolta i participació dels infants des de l'etapa d'Educació Infantil com a garants d'una escola promotora de la democràcia que ajudi a construir conjuntament als infants des de les edats més primerenques, per donar sentit i significat a aquests termes (democràcia i participació) des del valor de l'experiència d'aprendre amb els altres i dels altres, expressar el que un pensa i sent, ser escoltat i tingut en compte, respectant-se la individualitat de cada ésser humà. ; The promotion of democracy is a constant challenge and responsibility of education, a perennial goal that encourages the advancement and development of listening and participation processes. Based on recognition of the other, such processes lead to sharing personal experience until it becomes a common good. In this study, we refer to Dewey to justify the importance of listening and participation processes for children from the stage of early childhood education to ensure that schools promote democracy. This helps to construct together with children from very early ages the meaning and significance of these terms (democracy and participation), based on the value of the experience of learning with and from others, expressing what you think and feel, being listened to and considered and respecting each person's individuality. ; Promover la democracia es un desafío y una responsabilidad permanentes de la educación, un reto perenne que invita a la promoción y desarrollo de procesos de escucha y participación que sustentados en el reconocimiento del otro conduzcan a compartir la experiencia personal hasta hacer de ella un bien de posesión común. Por ello, en este trabajo se apela a Dewey para justificar la importancia de los procesos de escucha y participación de los niños desde la etapa de educación infantil como garantes de una escuela promotora de la democracia que ayude a construir conjuntamente a los niños desde las edades más tempranas, para dar sentido y significado a estos términos (democracia y participación) desde el valor de la experiencia de aprender con los otros y de los otros, expresar lo que uno piensa y siente, ser escuchado y tenido en cuenta, respetándose la individualidad de cada ser humano.

Treball Final de Màster Universitari en Cooperació al Desenvolupament (A distància). Codi: SRP531. Curs acadèmic: 2017-2018 ; Entre los años 2016 y 2017 participé en un proyecto de formación de matronas en Dajla, uno de los cinco campamentos de refugiados saharauis de Tindouf, Argelia. Se calcula que alrededor de 155.000 habitantes1 sobreviven en cinco campamentos en la hammada argelina, región especialmente árida del desierto del Sáhara, en la frontera con Marruecos y Mauritania. Argelia cedió este territorio a los refugiados saharauis hace 42 años tras la llamada "Marcha Verde". Dajla es el campamento más alejado al Hospital Nacional Saharaui (170 km). Esta situación, junto con el escaso número de matronas (la asistencia al embarazo, parto y puerperio es atendida por dos matronas tituladas cuya disponibilidad está muy limitada por causas familiares y una partera, que las coordina) se consideran las principales causas de que la mortalidad materno-infantil de este campamento esté aumentada en relación a los demás. Tener más matronas capacitadas y que la formación ocurriera en la misma Dajla, fue una necesidad expresada por el Gobierno Saharaui. En 2016 se inició la formación de tres enfermeros titulados y una partera para capacitarlos como matronas. La duración del proyecto fue de dos años. En el primer año se aportaron los conocimientos teóricos y en el segundo, las habilidades prácticas. En la actualidad está pendiente la acreditación oficial de matronas y la planificación y puesta en marcha de la formación de la próxima promoción. A este proyecto se le denominó "2017, siete matronas en Dajla", fue coordinado por la Asociación de Amigos del Pueblo Saharaui Carmona y Sáhara (CARYSA) y financiado por el Ayuntamiento de Carmona y la Diputación de Sevilla. ; Between 2016 and 2017 I took part in a training project for certified nurse midwives in Dajla, one of the five Sahrawi refugees' camps in Tindouf, Algeria. It is estimated that about 155000 inhabitants1 survive in those five camps in the Algerian Hammada, an especially arid region in the Sahara Desert, located within the borders of Morocco and Mauritania. Algeria ceded this territory to Sahrawi refugee 42 years ago after the so called "The Green March". Dajla is the farthest camp to the Sahrawi National Hospital (almost 106 miles). This location, together with the scarce number of certified nurse midwives is considered one of the main causes for the rise of maternal and infant mortality in this camp in relation to others; only two certified nurse midwifes, whose availability is strictly limited due to family causes, and a midwife who coordinate them, assist during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium. Sahrawi Government expressed the necessity of having more trained and certified nurse midwives as well as the training taking place in Dajla. In 2016, a curse started for three nurses and a midwife to be qualified as certified nurse midwives. The program had a two-year duration. During the first year, the participants were provided with the technical skills, whereas in the second all the practical skills were learned. Nowadays, the official accreditation for certified nurse midwives is still pending approval, as well as the planning and setting up of the training for the next class. This project was named "2017, seven certified nurse midwives in Dajla" and it was coordinated by the Friends of the Sahrawi People Carmona and Sahara (CARYSA in Spanish) and sponsored by the Carmona Council and the Seville Provincial Council.

<p>El procés de presa de decisions en l'àmbit de protec­ció a la infància comporta sovint molta complexitat. A Catalunya, una de les mesures amb les que comp­ten els Equips d'Atenció a la Infància i Adolescèn­cia (EAIA) per donar suport als infants per tal que continuïn convivint amb la seva família d'origen és el Compromís Socioeducatiu (COSE), posat en marxa a partir del seu establiment a la Llei 14/2010 d'Infàn­cia. En el present article es presenta una primera ava­luació dels aspectes del disseny, del desenvolupament i de l'aplicació tècnica del COSE per tal de fer propos­tes per millorar, si s'escau, la seva eficàcia. S'ha seguit una metodologia mixta, recollint dades quantitatives i qualitatives a través d'unes anàlisis secundàries de les bases de dades, juntament amb l'ús de qüestionaris i entrevistes a professionals i pares i mares. Els resultats mostren l'increment del seu ús amb el pas dels anys però sense consens sobre la seva efi­càcia, evidenciant una gran variabilitat al llarg del territori. S'enumeren recomanacions per avaluar i millorar-ne l'eficàcia en tant que mesura orientada a la superació d'unes situaci­ons de risc. També s'aconsella repensar l'ús de la prestació econòmica, reelaborar el format i redacció del document del COSE, així com compartir coneixement i bones pràctiques entre els EAIA de diferents territoris.</p><p>The decision-making process in the field of child protection often involves a lot of com­plexity. In Catalonia, one of the measures that the Childhood and Adolescent Attention Teams (EAIA) have in order to support the children to remain with their family of origin is the Socio-educational Agreement (COSE) since the Law 14/2010 on Childhood. This article presents a first evaluation of the aspects of the design, development and technical application of the COSE in order to make proposals to improve, if applicable, its effecti­veness. A mixed methodology has been followed, collecting quantitative and qualitative data through secondary analysis of the databases, and also the use of questionnaires and interviews with professionals and parents. The results show an increase in its use over the years but without consensus on its effectiveness, showing great variability throughout the territory. Recommendations are given to evaluate and improve their effectiveness as a measure aimed at overcoming situations of risk, rethinking the use of the economic be­nefit, re-elaborating their format and writing, and sharing knowledge and good practices among different areas.</p><p> </p>

El document es presentarà com a pòster a l'European Population Conference (EAPS. Stockholm, del 13 al 16 de juny de 2012) i com a comunicació al III Encuentro de la Asociación Española de Historia Económica (Centre d'Estudis "Antoni de Capmany" d'Economia i Història Econòmica; Departament d'Història i Institucions Econòmiques de la UB. Barcelona, 7 de setembre de 2012). ; This paper seeks new insights concerning the relationship between environmental conditions and the anthropometric measures of a population. We analyse cohort trends and spatial patterns of physical robustness (height, weight and chest circumference) during the process of economic development in twentieth-century Spain. The data were drawn from Spanish Military Statistics that record male cohorts from 1934 to 1973. Dramatic socioeconomic and demographic changes occurred during that period and consequently the life course of those cohorts witnessed very diverse environmental contexts. Time-cohort series and anthropometric cartography are presented and discussed in light of supplementary data on GDP and infant mortality. Our results show convergence in height and robustness across Spanish regions. This process was especially intense among cohorts born during the 1950s and the 1960s. Spatial patterns -primarily tall-robust North-Eastern regions and short-weak Central-Southern regions- of development persisted at least until the 1990s (cohorts born during the 1970s). These patterns are only partly associated to economic disparities and there are also remarkable discrepancies between height and robustness patterns which moderates conclusions on the evolution of living conditions exclusively approached by height. ; Es cerquen noves idees explicatives de la relació entre les condicions ambientals i les mesures antropomètriques de la població. S'analitzen les tendències de cohort i els patrons espacials de variables físiques (alçada, pes i mesura pectoral) durant el procés de desenvolupament econòmic a l'Espanya del segle XX. Les dades provenen d'estadístiques militars espanyoles que registren cohorts masculines nascudes entre 1934 i 1973. Durant aquest període, es donaren importants canvis socioeconòmics i demogràfics i, en conseqüència, aquestes cohorts han viscuts contextos ambientals molt diversos. Es mostren les sèries temporals de cohort i la cartografia antropomètrica i es complementa l'anàlisi amb dades sobre el PIB i la mortalitat infantil. Els resultats mostren una convergència, a totes les regions espanyoles, en l'alçada i el pes. Aquest procés va ser especialment intens entre les cohorts nascudes durant els anys 1950 i 1960 en les regions del Nord-Est i menys intens en les regions del Centre i Sud, a on aquest procés de convergència va persistir, almenys fins a la dècada de 1990 (cohorts nascudes durant els anys setanta). Aquests patrons venen només en part associats a les disparitats econòmiques. De fet, sí que expliquen l'homogeneïtzació de l'alçada però menys en la del pes, que derivaria d'altres condicions. ; Este documento busca nuevas ideas explicativas sobre la relación entre las condiciones ambientales y las medidas antropométricas de la población. Se analizan las tendencias de cohortes y los patrones espaciales de variables físicas (altura, peso y medida pectoral) durante el proceso de desarrollo económico en la España del siglo XX. Los datos provienen de estadísticas militares españolas que registran cohortes masculinas nacidas entre 1934 y 1973. Durante este período, se dieron importantes cambios socioeconómicos y demográficos y, como consecuencia de ello, estas cohortes han vivido contextos ambientales muy diversos. Se muestran las series temporales de cohorte y la cartografía antropométrica y se complementa el análisis con datos sobre el PIB y la mortalidad infantil. Los resultados muestran una convergencia, en todas las regiones españolas, en altura y peso. Este proceso fue especialmente intenso entre las cohortes nacidas durante los años 1950 y 1960 en las regiones del Noreste y menos intenso en las regiones del Centro y Sur, donde, este proceso de convergencia, persistió por lo menos hasta la década de 1990 (cohortes nacidas durante los años setenta). Estos patrones no sólo vienen asociados a las disparidades económicas. De hecho, sí que explican la homogeneización de la altura pero menos la del peso, que derivaría de otras condiciones.