Suchergebnisse

Many conflicts in the 21st century are perceived as intractable: long-lasting, brutal, irreconcilable, of a zero-sum nature. One of these conflicts – over a century long Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This conflict is a struggle between two nations claiming their rights to the same territory which they both consider to be their homeland. This struggle is usually perceived as a zero-sum conflict over the territory but one of the main propositions of this research is that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict for many years was perceived as a zero-sum struggle over national identity as well. For over four decades many Jews and Palestinians believed that one nation can implement its national aspirations only at the expense of the other nation. This belief was the principal impediment for the conflict to break-through. This mutual belief also resulted in neglecting any possibility to recognize the other nation's legitimacy and therefore – permanent confrontation and conflict escalation. This paper seeks to take a different approach to the analysis of conflict. One fundamental statement of this research is that many academics limit their analysis of Israeli-Palestinian struggle to mechanistic and deterministic explanations this way failing to explain some crucial factors having tremendous impact on the course of the conflict. This research paper emphasizes the role of national identity in conflict resolution and claims that the condition for peace between these two nations was never only about Israel's retreat from the occupied territories. The premise of this paper is that there is a direct connection between national identity and state's foreign policy decisions. The paper is based on the constructivist approach of international relations which emphasizes constitutive nature of social reality: the lived life and knowledge about it are socially constructed. But the research was also very much influenced by Michael Barnett's theoretical "hybrid" – conditional combination of constructivism and institutionalism. This theoretical approach emphasizes that constructivist theories fail to incorporate a core insight of institutionalism – actors strategize in an institutional setting – and therefore is not able to address foreign policy change. On the other hand institutionalism fails to incorporate a core insight of constructivism – actors are embedded in a normative structure – and therefore is unable to explain what creates and constitutes legitimate action. The aim of this paper is after determining how and when national identity influences state's foreign policy decisions to analyze Israel's national identity's influence on the course of Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This conflict is analyzed from its beginning at the end of the 19th century seeking to reveal what caused changes in Israel's foreign policy decisions. But the focus of analysis is Israel's national identity in the years 2000–2007. The goal of this analysis is to determine what influence this identity had on the renewed peace talks with Palestinians in 2007.

Object of the research – public debt. Aim of the research – to evaluate the Lithuanian public debt, to assess its influence on social expenditure. Objectives of the research: 1. to present the concept of public debt and to discuss the factors, which influence government borrowing needs; 2. to define the debt burden and to determine the effect of public debt on economy; 3. to provide the public debt evaluation criteria; 4. to evaluate the Lithuanian public debt in respect to the situation in the EU countries according to the identified criteria; 5. to determine the impact of the Lithuanian public debt on social expenditure and to compare it with that in other EU countries. Research methods. Analysis and synthesis of scientific literature and legal documents, statistical data collection and analysis methods, comparative analysis, graphical representation techniques, logical analysis, regression analysis. Research results. Part One introduces the concept of public debt, analyzes the factors influencing government borrowing needs, importance of borrowing to economy and structured models of debt burden. Part Two, having analyzed various scientific articles, provides criteria of the public debt evaluation, reasons importance of the public debt composition and presents the assessment model of the impact of public debt on social expenditure. Part Three gives structural and dynamic analysis of the Lithuanian public debt, evaluates the amount of public debt, according to the mentioned criteria for public debt assessment, and discusses the impact of the Lithuanian public debt on social spending and compares with that in other EU countries. The results of research show that the Lithuanian public debt is one of the smallest amounts borrowed by the EU countries, but it is rapidly increasing (during 2004-2010 tripled). Analysis of the impact of the public debt on social expenditure shows that the effect of public debt of health costs is negligible, while growth of public debt has positive impact on the costs of education and social security. Increasing spending for education is evaluated as acceptable, while a nonproportional increase of government expenditure on social security is not considered an effective investment and can cause serious problems in the future management of public debt.

Object of the research – public debt. Aim of the research – to evaluate the Lithuanian public debt, to assess its influence on social expenditure. Objectives of the research: 1. to present the concept of public debt and to discuss the factors, which influence government borrowing needs; 2. to define the debt burden and to determine the effect of public debt on economy; 3. to provide the public debt evaluation criteria; 4. to evaluate the Lithuanian public debt in respect to the situation in the EU countries according to the identified criteria; 5. to determine the impact of the Lithuanian public debt on social expenditure and to compare it with that in other EU countries. Research methods. Analysis and synthesis of scientific literature and legal documents, statistical data collection and analysis methods, comparative analysis, graphical representation techniques, logical analysis, regression analysis. Research results. Part One introduces the concept of public debt, analyzes the factors influencing government borrowing needs, importance of borrowing to economy and structured models of debt burden. Part Two, having analyzed various scientific articles, provides criteria of the public debt evaluation, reasons importance of the public debt composition and presents the assessment model of the impact of public debt on social expenditure. Part Three gives structural and dynamic analysis of the Lithuanian public debt, evaluates the amount of public debt, according to the mentioned criteria for public debt assessment, and discusses the impact of the Lithuanian public debt on social spending and compares with that in other EU countries. The results of research show that the Lithuanian public debt is one of the smallest amounts borrowed by the EU countries, but it is rapidly increasing (during 2004-2010 tripled). Analysis of the impact of the public debt on social expenditure shows that the effect of public debt of health costs is negligible, while growth of public debt has positive impact on the costs of education and social security. Increasing spending for education is evaluated as acceptable, while a nonproportional increase of government expenditure on social security is not considered an effective investment and can cause serious problems in the future management of public debt.

Title of the work – "Urban lifestyle influence on students free time". Urbanization is one of major phenomena of modern society steadfastly determining the occurrence of qualitative territorial differences. It could be defined as a process of urban expansion including the mutually related expansion of urban environment and urban way of life (on local level). The aim of the study - to examine how urban life affects academic youth leisure then they cames to Vilnius from villages. The pressure of today's life, reinforced by workplace, economic, social and political climate, has reduced students quality of life. We live to work and don't work to live. It is asserted that access to and enjoyment of leisure are central to a high quality of life for individuals and, indirectly, to quality of the society as a whole, The recovery of leisure must begin by asking what are students priorities and raising they consciousness as to what constitutes leisure for them.

Title of the work – "Urban lifestyle influence on students free time". Urbanization is one of major phenomena of modern society steadfastly determining the occurrence of qualitative territorial differences. It could be defined as a process of urban expansion including the mutually related expansion of urban environment and urban way of life (on local level). The aim of the study - to examine how urban life affects academic youth leisure then they cames to Vilnius from villages. The pressure of today's life, reinforced by workplace, economic, social and political climate, has reduced students quality of life. We live to work and don't work to live. It is asserted that access to and enjoyment of leisure are central to a high quality of life for individuals and, indirectly, to quality of the society as a whole, The recovery of leisure must begin by asking what are students priorities and raising they consciousness as to what constitutes leisure for them.

Modern society institutions are changing very rapidly and much faster than the traditional institutions of the world. Educational system, it's objectives and functions in Lithuania were changing in the late modernism and post-communist period (from 1990 on). From sociological point of view, education reform can be analyzed as educational change. Regional policy change, the transition to democracy and free markets influenced individual social and economic life. It also affected education, school and school community: parents, teachers and schoolchildren. Education policy is one of public policy areas. Changing public policy determines reforms in education system. After the restoration of independence education system was modelled, reformed and reorganized not only by nation, but also by educational concept of independent state. Because of political changes in Lithuania education took a new purpose – to deny the Soviet education system as "the only correct" ideology. Education will replace the post-soviet mentality of society, will increase its fundamental democratic values, ideals, new policy and economic literacy, cultural and moral maturity, and will become a principal factor in the evolution of society and the basis for social reforms, and will influence the general development of society.

Modern society institutions are changing very rapidly and much faster than the traditional institutions of the world. Educational system, it's objectives and functions in Lithuania were changing in the late modernism and post-communist period (from 1990 on). From sociological point of view, education reform can be analyzed as educational change. Regional policy change, the transition to democracy and free markets influenced individual social and economic life. It also affected education, school and school community: parents, teachers and schoolchildren. Education policy is one of public policy areas. Changing public policy determines reforms in education system. After the restoration of independence education system was modelled, reformed and reorganized not only by nation, but also by educational concept of independent state. Because of political changes in Lithuania education took a new purpose – to deny the Soviet education system as "the only correct" ideology. Education will replace the post-soviet mentality of society, will increase its fundamental democratic values, ideals, new policy and economic literacy, cultural and moral maturity, and will become a principal factor in the evolution of society and the basis for social reforms, and will influence the general development of society.

Modern society institutions are changing very rapidly and much faster than the traditional institutions of the world. Educational system, it's objectives and functions in Lithuania were changing in the late modernism and post-communist period (from 1990 on). From sociological point of view, education reform can be analyzed as educational change. Regional policy change, the transition to democracy and free markets influenced individual social and economic life. It also affected education, school and school community: parents, teachers and schoolchildren. Education policy is one of public policy areas. Changing public policy determines reforms in education system. After the restoration of independence education system was modelled, reformed and reorganized not only by nation, but also by educational concept of independent state. Because of political changes in Lithuania education took a new purpose – to deny the Soviet education system as "the only correct" ideology. Education will replace the post-soviet mentality of society, will increase its fundamental democratic values, ideals, new policy and economic literacy, cultural and moral maturity, and will become a principal factor in the evolution of society and the basis for social reforms, and will influence the general development of society.

Modern society institutions are changing very rapidly and much faster than the traditional institutions of the world. Educational system, it's objectives and functions in Lithuania were changing in the late modernism and post-communist period (from 1990 on). From sociological point of view, education reform can be analyzed as educational change. Regional policy change, the transition to democracy and free markets influenced individual social and economic life. It also affected education, school and school community: parents, teachers and schoolchildren. Education policy is one of public policy areas. Changing public policy determines reforms in education system. After the restoration of independence education system was modelled, reformed and reorganized not only by nation, but also by educational concept of independent state. Because of political changes in Lithuania education took a new purpose – to deny the Soviet education system as "the only correct" ideology. Education will replace the post-soviet mentality of society, will increase its fundamental democratic values, ideals, new policy and economic literacy, cultural and moral maturity, and will become a principal factor in the evolution of society and the basis for social reforms, and will influence the general development of society.

The final Master's work topic in Public Sector Economics is relevant since gender mainstreaming in the budget – is one of guarantees of high economic power. Legislation is insufficient to prevent gender inequality, which is deeply rooted in our society and supports the stereotypical approach to men's and women's roles. The main problem in this work: budget – one of the most important tools in implementing the decisions taken by politicians, that is way the opinion that it is and should be gender-neutral is false and, from a state of economic growth and the country's welfare perspective, costs a lot to society. The research subject is gender-sensitive budget, which may improve the gender analysis of the state budget in the context of resource allocation. The integration of gender aspect in the budget is a process when the the state budget is being considered, in order to determine whether it evaluates different social roles of men and women, and modifications are being suggested in order to implement the actual gender equality. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the importance of gender aspect, when the state budget is being formed. Currently, the allotment of budget in Lithuania does not consider gender, hereby inequality between women and men increases. To achieve the higher mentioned aim the tasks are put in: 1. to lay the analysis of foreign countries and Lithuania in the context of gender equality; 2. to justify the necessity of gender-sensitive budget in Lithuania; 3. to investigate the women's impact on gross domestic product (GDP) in Lithuania; 4. when the anlysis of the state and munivipal budgets is done, to compare their expense in the context of gender aspect; 5. to explore the tax revenue of the state and municipal budgets in the context of gender aspect; 6. to compare the tax burden, that goes to men and women; 7. to analyse the role of gender in large and small and medium business; 8. to investigate the affect of value added tax concession for food on women's economical and social status. Hypotheses in this work: 1. Lithuanian GDP structure does not reflect this important economic sector, as the so-called reproductive economy, which is "responsible" for the reproduction of human potential and for quality of human resources, and in wich value-added is being generated as well. And that brings marked contribution to the country's GDP. Human resource and labor costs remain invisible in the economy, reproductive work remains outside of the country's GDP, it can't be measured and paid; 2. State budget is not gender neutral. The allocation of expenditure affects differently upon women's and men's social and economical status. Herewith, the revenue and expenditure of budget is under the negative influence of gender asymmetry; 3. State and municipal budgets in Lithuania are actually formed in gender philosophy. Gender asymmetry could be seen when the expenditure of national budget is being allocated . In this way, gender inequalities are being kind of encouraged; 4. The existing tax system in Lithuania have unequal impact on women's and men's social-economic situation. Higher tax burden goes to women than men. Methods used in this work: 1. the analysis of data and graphs of the Department of Statistics and the Ministry of Finance; 2. the analysis of the expense and tax revenue of the state and municipal budgets; 3. regression analysis (statistical program Eviews); 4. graphic analysis (Excel). The combination of econometric and economic research parts, has shown that the meat prices, excluding value added tax (supplier prices), does not affect the cash flow of household consumption expenditure for meat. Therefore the benefit of the concession does not reach the end user (a woman), and so it devolves upon on supplier (a man). All of the above hypotheses have been adopted, when the data analysis and research was done. The principal conclusions were that there is obvious gender inequality in the state budget, women pay more taxes and receive lower part of allocations, also the tx concession that is devoted to consumers (women) doesn't "reach" them and sinks in the suppliers (men) profit. The first part is devoted to analyse the theoretical aspects and to describe the gender equality programs that were put in practice in Lithuania and other foreign countries. The second part is devoted to the structural and dynamic analysis in gender aspect of expense of state and municipal budgets in Lithuania. There was also studied women's contribution to GDP in Lithuania. In the third paragraph there was analyzed tax revenue of the national budget and the tax burden on the public and private sectors in gender aspect. In this part with the aid of statistical program Eviews and Excel there has been also analyzed the affect of value added tax concession for food on women's economical and social status.

The final Master's work topic in Public Sector Economics is relevant since gender mainstreaming in the budget – is one of guarantees of high economic power. Legislation is insufficient to prevent gender inequality, which is deeply rooted in our society and supports the stereotypical approach to men's and women's roles. The main problem in this work: budget – one of the most important tools in implementing the decisions taken by politicians, that is way the opinion that it is and should be gender-neutral is false and, from a state of economic growth and the country's welfare perspective, costs a lot to society. The research subject is gender-sensitive budget, which may improve the gender analysis of the state budget in the context of resource allocation. The integration of gender aspect in the budget is a process when the the state budget is being considered, in order to determine whether it evaluates different social roles of men and women, and modifications are being suggested in order to implement the actual gender equality. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the importance of gender aspect, when the state budget is being formed. Currently, the allotment of budget in Lithuania does not consider gender, hereby inequality between women and men increases. To achieve the higher mentioned aim the tasks are put in: 1. to lay the analysis of foreign countries and Lithuania in the context of gender equality; 2. to justify the necessity of gender-sensitive budget in Lithuania; 3. to investigate the women's impact on gross domestic product (GDP) in Lithuania; 4. when the anlysis of the state and munivipal budgets is done, to compare their expense in the context of gender aspect; 5. to explore the tax revenue of the state and municipal budgets in the context of gender aspect; 6. to compare the tax burden, that goes to men and women; 7. to analyse the role of gender in large and small and medium business; 8. to investigate the affect of value added tax concession for food on women's economical and social status. Hypotheses in this work: 1. Lithuanian GDP structure does not reflect this important economic sector, as the so-called reproductive economy, which is "responsible" for the reproduction of human potential and for quality of human resources, and in wich value-added is being generated as well. And that brings marked contribution to the country's GDP. Human resource and labor costs remain invisible in the economy, reproductive work remains outside of the country's GDP, it can't be measured and paid; 2. State budget is not gender neutral. The allocation of expenditure affects differently upon women's and men's social and economical status. Herewith, the revenue and expenditure of budget is under the negative influence of gender asymmetry; 3. State and municipal budgets in Lithuania are actually formed in gender philosophy. Gender asymmetry could be seen when the expenditure of national budget is being allocated . In this way, gender inequalities are being kind of encouraged; 4. The existing tax system in Lithuania have unequal impact on women's and men's social-economic situation. Higher tax burden goes to women than men. Methods used in this work: 1. the analysis of data and graphs of the Department of Statistics and the Ministry of Finance; 2. the analysis of the expense and tax revenue of the state and municipal budgets; 3. regression analysis (statistical program Eviews); 4. graphic analysis (Excel). The combination of econometric and economic research parts, has shown that the meat prices, excluding value added tax (supplier prices), does not affect the cash flow of household consumption expenditure for meat. Therefore the benefit of the concession does not reach the end user (a woman), and so it devolves upon on supplier (a man). All of the above hypotheses have been adopted, when the data analysis and research was done. The principal conclusions were that there is obvious gender inequality in the state budget, women pay more taxes and receive lower part of allocations, also the tx concession that is devoted to consumers (women) doesn't "reach" them and sinks in the suppliers (men) profit. The first part is devoted to analyse the theoretical aspects and to describe the gender equality programs that were put in practice in Lithuania and other foreign countries. The second part is devoted to the structural and dynamic analysis in gender aspect of expense of state and municipal budgets in Lithuania. There was also studied women's contribution to GDP in Lithuania. In the third paragraph there was analyzed tax revenue of the national budget and the tax burden on the public and private sectors in gender aspect. In this part with the aid of statistical program Eviews and Excel there has been also analyzed the affect of value added tax concession for food on women's economical and social status.

High value of intellectual capital is believed to be source of innovation-based competitive advantage, which is main factor of business and whole economy growth. However, the link between national intellectual capital and economic growth remains the object of scientific discussions. The purpose of this dissertation is upon examination of the theoretical approaches to the national intellectual capital and designing the intellectual capital measurement model, to determine the intellectual capital value in the European Union countries, and its impact on economic growth. The dissertation fleshed out national intellectual capital concept and structural model, as well as summarized studies of national intellectual capital influence on economic growth. The national intellectual capital measurement model was proposed based on postulates of national intellectual capital theoretical model and analysis of its measurement models. An empiric study evaluated national intellectual capital of the EU countries during the period of 2002-2012 and its influence on economic growth. The influence of national intellectual capital on economic growth is analysed in clusters of counties based on their economic development, long-term and short-term influence is analysed, national intellectual capital and its components' influence are separately evaluated.

High value of intellectual capital is believed to be source of innovation-based competitive advantage, which is main factor of business and whole economy growth. However, the link between national intellectual capital and economic growth remains the object of scientific discussions. The purpose of this dissertation is upon examination of the theoretical approaches to the national intellectual capital and designing the intellectual capital measurement model, to determine the intellectual capital value in the European Union countries, and its impact on economic growth. The dissertation fleshed out national intellectual capital concept and structural model, as well as summarized studies of national intellectual capital influence on economic growth. The national intellectual capital measurement model was proposed based on postulates of national intellectual capital theoretical model and analysis of its measurement models. An empiric study evaluated national intellectual capital of the EU countries during the period of 2002-2012 and its influence on economic growth. The influence of national intellectual capital on economic growth is analysed in clusters of counties based on their economic development, long-term and short-term influence is analysed, national intellectual capital and its components' influence are separately evaluated.

State debt: structure, process and influence to Lithuanian economy/ Master's Work in Business Equity Economics. Supervisor assoc. doc. dr. L. Šadžius. – Vilnius: Faculty of Economics and Finance Management, Mykolas Romeris University, 2009. – 89 p. The relevance of Master's work in Business Equity Economics is disclosed by the fact that state debt is one of the most talking points in modern day society, because it involves not only the state, the state government, but also the whole population, their social environment and future generations. The state debt and its coming reasons are important to science of economy, because it is an important factor to the growth of state economy. Performing the descriptive analysis it is pursued to identify the borrowing peculiarities of separated periods, to reveal the aspects and effectiveness of Lithuanian state debt management by analyzing the structure, changes of Lithuanian state debt and its influence to Lithuanian economy. During the analysis the hypothesis (H1) would be tested: The borrowing risk and the problem of state debt growth are managed wrongly. The object of the analysis is Lithuanian state debt. The main purpose of this master thesis is to analyze the theoretical aspects of state debt, the process of Lithuanian state debt by analyzing statistical and analytical data and to analyze the estimation and management problems of Lithuanian state debt influence to Lithuanian economy. While writing the master thesis, the statistical and analytical data about the Lithuanian state debt and state economy were analyzed. In different aspects the various science articles about the Lithuanian debt, its management and influence to economy problems were interpreted. The performed analysis partially confirms the raised hypothesis. The hypothesis only proves the problem concerning the growth of the state debt. Meanwhile, the risks related to the state debt are managed properly in Lithuania. The work consists of three main parts. The first part describes the theoretical aspects of state debt conception, structure, and main law acts, which regulates the administration and management of state debt. The second part is appointed to analyze the process of Lithuanian state debt. The third part describes the influence of Lithuanian state debt to economy and the peculiarities of the management of debt risks in accordance with presented models of estimation and management.

State debt: structure, process and influence to Lithuanian economy/ Master's Work in Business Equity Economics. Supervisor assoc. doc. dr. L. Šadžius. – Vilnius: Faculty of Economics and Finance Management, Mykolas Romeris University, 2009. – 89 p. The relevance of Master's work in Business Equity Economics is disclosed by the fact that state debt is one of the most talking points in modern day society, because it involves not only the state, the state government, but also the whole population, their social environment and future generations. The state debt and its coming reasons are important to science of economy, because it is an important factor to the growth of state economy. Performing the descriptive analysis it is pursued to identify the borrowing peculiarities of separated periods, to reveal the aspects and effectiveness of Lithuanian state debt management by analyzing the structure, changes of Lithuanian state debt and its influence to Lithuanian economy. During the analysis the hypothesis (H1) would be tested: The borrowing risk and the problem of state debt growth are managed wrongly. The object of the analysis is Lithuanian state debt. The main purpose of this master thesis is to analyze the theoretical aspects of state debt, the process of Lithuanian state debt by analyzing statistical and analytical data and to analyze the estimation and management problems of Lithuanian state debt influence to Lithuanian economy. While writing the master thesis, the statistical and analytical data about the Lithuanian state debt and state economy were analyzed. In different aspects the various science articles about the Lithuanian debt, its management and influence to economy problems were interpreted. The performed analysis partially confirms the raised hypothesis. The hypothesis only proves the problem concerning the growth of the state debt. Meanwhile, the risks related to the state debt are managed properly in Lithuania. The work consists of three main parts. The first part describes the theoretical aspects of state debt conception, structure, and main law acts, which regulates the administration and management of state debt. The second part is appointed to analyze the process of Lithuanian state debt. The third part describes the influence of Lithuanian state debt to economy and the peculiarities of the management of debt risks in accordance with presented models of estimation and management.